Pharmaceutical Formulations Research Articles

Biological conversion of red garlic (Allium sativum L) protein to bioactive peptides: ACE- DPP-IV inhibitory, and Techno-functional features

This study explores the impact of enzymolysis on the free amino acid content, techno-functional properties, free-radical scavenging, ACE, DPP-IV inhibition, iron-ion chelation and TBARS production in O/W emulsion stabilized with red garlic protein (RGP) and hydrolysates (RGPHs). The research reveals that enzymolysis time and pH significantly influence the amino acid content (antioxidant, hydrophobic, and essential ones), functional and biological quality of RGP/RGPHs. The study demonstrates that enzymolysis positively correlates with solubility (up to 90 %), health-promoting and antioxidant characteristics like DPPH (74.2 %), ABTS (81.3 %), OH (63.4 %), Reducing power (1.1 Abs700), NO (59.5 %), TAA (1.4 Abs695), ACE (71.9 %), DPP-IV (51.5 %) inhibitory, Fe2+ chelating (46.8 %) activity, and leading to reduced water/oil holding capacities, TBARS (from 0.61 to 0.38) value and lipid oxidation. However, extensive enzymatic hydrolysis (over 90 min) reduced emulsion and foaming abilities. On the other hand, the techno-functional properties of RGP and RGPHs exhibited a significant decline near the isoelectric point. This enhancement suggests that RGP could be used as a natural antioxidant with potential health benefits (antihypertensive and antidiabetic) in food and pharmaceutical formulations.

Graphene quantum dots as eco-friendly fluorescent probes for sensitive and selective determination of lumateperone in pharmaceutical preparation: Greenness and blueness assessment

This study investigates the potential of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as fluorescent probes for the determination of the antipsychotic drug lumateperone. The spectral characteristics and sensing mechanism of the fluorescent probes were examined, revealing a static quenching mechanism as indicated by the Stern-Volmer analysis. Different factors affecting the quenching process, such as pH, concentration of QDs, and incubation time, were carefully tuned. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines, demonstrating excellent linearity in the range of 0.5–2.5 μg/mL, limits of detection and quantification of 0.1226 μg/mL and 0.3714 μg/mL, respectively, and high accuracy, precision, robustness and selectivity. Furthermore, the greenness and blueness of the proposed method were assessed using GAPI, AGREE, and BAGI tools, yielding an AGREE score of 0.78 and a BAGI score of 75 confirming its environmentally benign nature as well as analytical practicality. The method was successfully applied to determine lumateperone in a pharmaceutical formulation, highlighting its potential for routine quality control analysis. This study demonstrates the promising analytical capabilities of GQDs for the sensitive and selective detection of antipsychotic drug lumateperone, offering a simple, rapid, and green alternative to existing analytical techniques.

Chemical characterization, neuroprotective effect, and in-silico evaluation of the petroleum ether extract of three palm tree species against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rats

The burden of neurological disorders is growing substantially with limited therapeutic options, urging the consideration and assessment of alternative strategies. In this regard, we aimed to elucidate the phytochemical profile of the petroleum ether extract (PEE) of three palm tree species: Aiphanes eggersii Burret, Carpoxylon macrospermum H. Wendl. & Drude, and Jubaeopsis caffra Becc. (Family Arecaceae), and to evaluate their neuroprotective effect in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced excitotoxicity model for the first time. We identified a total of 48, 18, and 45 compounds in A. eggersii, C. macrospermum, and J. caffra, constituting 79.41 %, 60.45 %, and 76.35 % of the total detected compounds, respectively. A. eggersii extract was rich in the methyl esters of fatty acids (65.08 %) especially methyl dodecanoate (17.72 %). C. macrospermum was exclusively prolific by the triterpene 3β-methoxy-d:c-friedo-b’:a'-neogammacer-9(11)-ene (40.36 %), while J. caffra was noticeable by hydrocarbons (30.14 %) and lupeol derivatives (19.79 %). The biochemical and histopathological analysis showed that the tested extracts significantly reduced the oxidative stress, especially at the highest tested dose (1000 mg/kg). The extracts also reduced the activity of induced nitric oxide synthetase, Ca+2 level, and NR2B subunit expression and attenuated apoptosis and DNA damage. The docking results show that most active natural compounds bind to SOD-1 and NR2B-NMDARs, verifying the credibility of the biological findings. To sum up, the PEE of the three investigated palm tree species possessed a unique blend of lipophilic bioactive constituents that exert promising neuroprotective potential against MSG-induced excitoneurotoxicity. However, further preclinical investigation and pharmaceutical formulation are needed.

Continuous Wavelet Transform as a Signal Processing Technique for Spectrofluorimetric Analysis of Rosuvastatin and Losartan: Greenness and Blueness Assessment.

In this study, the application of continuous wavelet transform as a signal processing technique for the spectrofluorimetric determination of rosuvastatin and losartan is investigated. Both rosuvastatin and losartan exhibited native spectrofluorometric signals with severe overlapping peaks, making their simultaneous determination challenging. To address this issue, rbio 2.4 wavelet transformation was employed to obtain zero-crossing points in the synchronous fluorescence spectra of losartan and rosuvastatin at 346 and 408 nm, respectively, making their quantification possible. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and displayed high accuracy, precision, and specificity. The method exhibited excellent linearity over concentration ranges 0.2-2.0 and 0.25-2.0 μg/mL for losartan and rosuvastatin, respectively. In addition, LOD and LOQ were 0.046 and 0.140 μg/mL for losartan and 0.036 and 0.110 μg/mL for rosuvastatin, respectively, indicating the high sensitivity of the developed method. Moreover, greenness and blueness assessments were carried, revealing a high AGREE score of 0.71 and BAGI score of 77.5 for the developed method, making it a promising greener alternative for the reported chromatographic methods. Finally, the developed method was applied to the determination of rosuvastatin and losartan in pharmaceutical formulations, posing it as a powerful greener alternative in quality control laboratories.

Solid Contact Microfabricated Electrode for Point-of-Care Electrochemical Determination of a Parasitic Infection Managing Medication Based on a Transducer Layer Prussian Blue Analogue Decorated with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Point-of-care diagnostics (POC), often known as on-site testing has evolved as a quick and accurate methodology for analyzing and therapeutic monitoring of drugs. The aim of this study is to provide cost-effective, simple, portable, reliable, and ecofriendly methodology for determination of Tinidazole (TD); potentiometric sensors are found to be an ideal fit for achieving these goals. An advanced microfabricated ion selective electrode is provided employing two-steps procedure. The first is selecting the most selective ionophore for TD determination while the second is to improve the stability and detection limit upon doping the nanoparticles as ion to electron transducer layer between the microfabricated copper electrode and the ion selective media as it can decrease potential drift from 8.0 to ∼1.0 mV h−1. Nernstian potentiometric results were obtained for TD in range of concentration 1.0 × 10−3 to 1.0 × 10−8 M, its slope was −57.43 mV/decade with lower detection limits 2.55 × 10−9 M. Essential values of the adopted sensor are fast and stable response time (9 ± 2 s). The provided potentiometric approach succeeds to asses TD in its pure and pharmaceutical forms, furthermore in different biological fluids with satisfactory results.

La magia de la Farmacobiotecnología: De las magistrales a los virus recombinantes en terapia génica

In the history of societies, in general, there is a progressive evolution, which runs parallel to the progress of science and, in particular, of Medicine. Perhaps it is necessary to consider, without fear of misunderstanding, that Pharmacology has allowed us to live longer and better. If we look back, especially those of us who have had the good fortune of having a very old apothecary’s shop, where perhaps our great-grandfather was a pharmacist, a lifelong pharmacist, in an almost lost village in the former Castilla La Vieja, around the second half of the 19th century, we can better appreciate the progress that has been made. But, in addition, if the great-grandson in question chose to follow a family tradition of being an apothecary, things take on a different dimension, especially when his vocation has been of university professor in Pharmacy and of researcher in Biotechnology. Knowing that we are facing an extraordinarily novel pharmacological reality, it would seem that we are moving in the world of magic and surprise. Because the therapeutic purposes that are being pursued at the present time were unimaginable decades ago, and even less so with the current techniques, pharmaceutical forms and procedures that are a combination of the multidisciplinary activity of many specialists. In this evolution that goes from magistral formulas, of empirical utility, to new advanced therapies, areas have been born that are the combination of different knowledge, such as Pharmacobiotechnology. We also control, in part, biology in its most intimate “soul”, which is the genome, and we are able to create animal models with a specific pathology to study new drugs. Pharmacobiotechnology has made it possible to obtain recombinant therapeutic proteins in the laboratory; recombinant mono- and bispecific antibodies for the treatment of cancer and other diseases and, through new therapies, gene therapy and cell therapy, it is possible to correct alterations in the genes that give rise to many hereditary diseases. However, in this new world of modern pharmacology, which will be largely individualized, the bioethics of healing must be kept in mind, lest the new high-cost procedures can further increase social inequity. Keywords: Advances in Biomedicine; History; Biotechnology; Advanced therapies; Rare diseases

Development of a Novel RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Teneligliptin and Metformin in Pharmaceutical Tablet Formulation

Development of a Novel RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Teneligliptin and Metformin in Pharmaceutical Tablet Formulation

Co-sorption of volatile components in polymer-based pharmaceutical formulations

Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) are mixtures of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and polymers aiming to increase API aqueous solubility and bioavailability. ASDs are often produced using solvent-based manufacturing, such as spray drying. Due to solubility or miscibility limitations in one solvent, solvent mixtures are frequently used for this purpose. Drying solvents or solvent mixtures from polymer-based products like ASDs is an energy-intensive and time-consuming process. Designing and optimising this drying process requires knowledge of the sorption isotherms of the solvent(s) in these polymer-based products. In this work, we developed a novel approach for measuring the simultaneous absorption/desorption of two solvents in a polymer. Combining classical dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) measurements with Raman spectroscopy, this innovative approach provides a more detailed and accurate measurement of the sorption isotherms than common methods. Moreover, we developed an approach for precisely predicting the sorption equilibria in three-component systems just based on sorption data of the corresponding binary subsystems. Our modelling approach combines the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) with the Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Glassy Polymers (NET-GP). Building on the description of the sorption isotherms of either water or ethanol in poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA64) and in indomethacin (IND), we were able to quantitatively predict the simultaneous sorption of water and ethanol in PVPVA64 and the one of ethanol in an IND/PVPVA64 ASD.

Simultaneous Estimation of Atazanavir & Ritonavir in API & Marketed Formulations by Using RP-HPLC

Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in their combined tablet dosage form. Atazanavir and Ritonavir are antiviral agents used in treatment of HIV. A simple, precise, rapid, accurate and cost-effective high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was successfully developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in their combined tablet dosage form. The selected mobile phase was Methanol: Phosphate Buffer in proportion 65:35 v/v respectively. The optimized columns used are C18 column, Symmetry and Zodiac column. X bridge C18 (4.6×150 mm, 5 µm) particle size was found to be ideal as it gave good peak shape and resolution at 1ml/min flow for Atazanavir and Ritonavir. In this study, the validation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in API and marketed formulations were performed keeping in accordance with the parameters like system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision (reproducibility & repeatability), robustness. The developed stability indicating method is capable for determination of impurities of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in combined tablet dosage form as well as individual dosage forms also. The method has been successfully validated according to ICH guidelines and the results obtained by using RP – HPLC are rapid, accurate and precise. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the analysis of synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations of Atazanavir and Ritonavir.

Investigation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of cannabis in cosmeceuticals

Biotechnology, as an interdisciplinary scientific field, is crucial in identifying the valuable active ingredients of plants. Their application extends beyond medical and pharmaceutical formulations to encompass cosmetics, in which these natural substances play a significant role. This article aimed to investigate the potential advantages of integrating cannabis-derived compounds into skincare cosmetic formulations. Their therapeutic efficacy on diverse dermatoses was emphasised. The diverse applications of cannabinoids and terpenes in cosmetic formulations were also examined. Scientific report analysis confirms the beneficial effects of cannabis-derived compounds, including cannabidiol and seed oil, in enhancing skin health and addressing inflammation and dermatological issues. The potential of cannabis-derived compounds in creating novel and effective cosmeceutical products was emphasised.

DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING N-ACETYLCYSTEINE IN TABLET FORMULATIONS

Objective: This study aimed to determine the concentration of N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) in tablet formulations using UV-Visiblespectroscopy. Methods: A precise and accurate UV spectrophotometric method was developed for determining N-acetylcysteine in tablets, using 0.1N NaOH as a diluent. The drug's purity was assessed using UV-visible spectrophotometry, which validated linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, and quantification. Results: The calibration curve had a high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9992) and maximum absorbance at 235 nm. There was no interference in dosage. The results showed 100.17% mean % recovery and 100.27% tablet assay, with a precision of 0.60% and 0.57%, respectively. The method was robust and rugged. Conclusion: The method was evaluated using statistical parameters, including precision, accuracy, linearity, recovery, and robustness. The results showed no significant differences compared to other methods. The method can be used to analyse pharmaceutical formulations quickly, and no significant differences in mean values and standard deviations were found.

Aloe-emodin: Progress in Pharmacological Activity, Safety, and Pharmaceutical Formulation Applications.

Aloe-emodin (AE) is an anthraquinone derivative and a biologically active component sourced from various plants, including Rheum palmatum L. and Aloe vera. Known chemically as 1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone, AE has a rich history in traditional medicine and is esteemed for its accessibility, safety, affordability, and effectiveness. AE boasts multiple biochemical and pharmacological properties, such as strong antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor effects. Despite its array of benefits, AE's identity as an anthraquinone derivative raises concerns about its potential for liver and kidney toxicity. Nevertheless, AE is considered a promising drug candidate due to its significant bioactivities and cost efficiency. Recent research has highlighted that nanoformulated AE may enhance drug delivery, biocompatibility, and pharmacological benefits, offering a novel approach to drug design. This review delves into AE's pharmacological impacts, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and safety profile, incorporating insights from studies on its nanoformulations. The goal is to outline the burgeoning research in this area and to support the ongoing development and utilization of AE-based therapies.

Effects of the Slow-release Curcumin-loaded Selenium Nanoparticles on Experimental Peritonitis

Background: New pharmaceutical forms of natural compounds such as curcumin can be an effective intervention to control peritonitis and abdominal adhesion. Objectives: This study investigates the effects of slow-release curcumin-loaded selenium nanoparticles (Cur@S.N) on some inflammatory biomarkers in experimental peritonitis. Methods: After synthesizing selenium nanoparticles (S.N) and (Cur@S.N), experimental peritonitis was surgically induced in 80 adult male rats. The control group received no treatment, whereas the other groups received single intraperitoneal doses of 0.25 mg/kg S.N, 50 mg/kg curcumin, and 0.25+50 mg/kg (Cur@S.N). Blood malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) were measured on days 3, 7 and 14, and also intra-abdominal adhesion assessment was done. Results: On day 3, NO levels in all treatment groups significantly decreased (P>0.05), while the lowest level was seen on day 14 in the S.N group (P˂0.05). MDA was significantly lower in the S.N and Cur@S.N groups than in the control on days 3, 7 and 14 (P˂0.05). TNF-α levels in S.N and Cur@S.N groups were significantly lower than in the control group on day 3 (P≤0.05). Meanwhile, the S.N group had the lowest level on day 14. IL-6 significantly decreased on days 3 and 7 in the Cur@S.N and curcumin groups compared to the control group (P˂0.05). Conclusion: Cur@S.N group possesses significant anti-inflammatory efficacy by reducing MDA, NO, IL-6 and TNF-α, decreasing peritonitis and intra-abdominal adhesion.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Norepinephrine in Industrial Equipment Cleaning Rinse Water by Its Own Absorbance and The Tollens’ Reagent

A literature review of the available spectrophotometric methods of determination of catecholamines is presented. Based on this review, two simple spectrophotometric methods for the determination of norepinephrine bitartrate in pharmaceutical formulations and industrial equipment cleaning rinse waters were chosen and validated. The first method for the determination of norepinephrine at ppm levels utilizes the absorbance band of the solution of norepinephrine bitartrate at 279 nm. The second method for the determination of norepinephrine at ppb levels is based on the reaction of norepinephrine with the Tollens’ reagent in the presence of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride and the colorimetric determination of the formed colloidal silver nanoparticles. The calibration graphs are linear in the range from 1 to 150 mg/l of norepinephrine for the first method and 25 µg/l to 10 mg/l for the second method. The molar attenuation coefficients are 388 and 7560 m2/mol, respectively, the limits of detection are 1.1 mg/l and 3.1 µg/l, and the limits of quantification are 3.3 mg/l and 9.4 µg/l, respectively. Both methods are selective concerning the common excipients, show good accuracy (the relative uncertainties do not exceed 4 and 7%, respectively) and precision (the relative standard deviations do not exceed 4 and 7%, respectively), and do not require lengthy sample preparation and sophisticated laboratory equipment.

STABILITY INDICATING ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AMLODIPINE AND LOSARTAN POTASSIUM BY UPLC

A rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Amlodipine and Losartan Potassium, in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on Acquity BEH-shield RP18 UPLC column (3.0 mm × 100) mm, particle size Column using a mixture of Acetonitrile and Acetate buffer (pH-4.3) (35:65% v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 238nm. The retention time of the Amlodipine and Losartan Potassium was found to be 2.179, 3.610 ±0.02min respectively. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 20-60µg/ml of Amlodipine and 10-30µg/ml of Losartan Potassium respectively. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0% RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Controlled Sol-Gel Transitions of Metal-Organic Membrane-Enveloped Cellulose Nanofibrils via Metal Coordination in Aqueous Media.

We report a metal coordination-driven sol-gel transition system where cellulose nanofibrils are enveloped by a rationally designed metal-organic membrane (MOM) in an aqueous medium. Specifically, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized bacterial cellulose (TOBC) is encapsulated within an MOM comprising Zn2+ and the chelator phytic acid (PA), denoted TOBCMOM. Using the DLVO theory, we elucidate how tuning the metal ion valence in TOBCMOM modulates the sol-gel transition by controlling interfibrillar attractive forces. Notably, TOBCMOM fluids exhibit relaxation times consistent with the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) function. Significantly, we demonstrate reversible, sustainable sol-gel transitions in TOBCMOM under stepwise mechanical strain. This facile approach enables rheological tailoring of aqueous media, promising for the development of advanced stimuli-responsive smart fluids for applications in cosmetics, food science, and pharmaceutical formulations.

Determination of valsartan drug by ion pair complex formation method in tablet form

A rapid, simple, sensitive, spectroscopic, ion pair complex method was developed for valsartan (VAL ) in pharmaceutical forms. Resazurin dye was used to form an ion pairing complex with the drug valsartan. analytical characteristics of the proposed method are Beer’s law range =10-60 (μg/mL), correlation coefficient (R2) = 0.9976 , limit of detection (LOD) = 0.1076(µg/mL), limit of quantification (LOQ) = 0.3261 (µg/mL), recovery percentage (%Rec) = (101.9626% - 95.6074%), relative standard deviation (%RSD)= 0.6188% - 0.7148%, Molar absorption (ε)= 4659.85(L/mol.cm), Sandell's index(S) = 0.093458(μg/cm2),at wavelength 495 nm . The results showed high accuracy and precision of the proposed quantification method for the valsartan drug , and it was of high accuracy and consistent.

Effect of Food-Grade Pharmaceutical Excipients on Physicochemical Behaviour of Quercetin Nanocomposites: Thermal and Non-Thermal Analysis

In this study, the compatibility of Quercetin (QC) nanocomposites with some selective food-grade pharmaceutical excipients was assessed using various thermal (DSC and TGA), non-thermal (P-XRD, FT-IR, and RAMAN spectroscopy, and FESEM) techniques. All the techniques were simultaneously used and correlated to detect the QC's compatibility with the selected excipients (CO, CCO, OA, T20, T60, and T80). DSC-TG studies showed that QC-CO and QC-T60 samples exhibited irregular degradation patterns, causing the drug's transformation from crystalline to amorphous. P-XRD results showed that the crystalline behavior of QC was retained in all the samples. However, the peak intensities were reduced and shifted in some samples. The Davg. value for all samples, including pure QC, was 26.80-76.07 nm. FT-IR and RAMAN studies demonstrated that bonds including –C=O stretching, C-C stretching (ring A), and -OH bonds (in ring A, B, and C) in pure QC play a crucial role in its interaction with excipients. Furthermore, the excipients' effect on QC's morphology using FESEM showed smoothening, fragmentation, and agglomeration of the drug. In conclusion, the possible drug-excipient incompatibility can be potentially determined with the help of these analytical methods. The physicochemical studies from this work may provide immense knowledge for the researchers and manufacturers involved in quercetin-based pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations.

Characterization of extracted alpha cellulose from Manihot esculenta (cassava) peels as formulation aid for paracetamol tablet

Background: Alpha-cellulose as a pharmaceutical excipient can be employed as a binding agent in tablet formulation. Cassava peels husk are waste agricultural material and is being investigated for its α-cellulose for use in oral solid pharmaceutical formulation. Purpose: The objective of this study is to extract α-cellulose from cassava peels agro-industrial waste using a standard method, subject the extracted cassava peels cellulose and determine its phytochemical and physicochemical properties of formulated granules of paracetamol. Methods: Alpha-cellulose from cassava peel was extracted using alkali method. The fresh peels were prepared, milled into slurry and de-watered to obtain a coarse wet material, dried, milled and sieved to obtain very fine powdered particles. Phytochemical analysis and characterization of extracted α-cellulose powder were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and x-ray diffractogram (XRD) analysis of extracted cassava peel cellulose were done. Paracetamol granules was prepared by wet granulation using varying concentrations of the binders. Results: DSC and XRD results revealed a semi-crystalline material with amorphous and crystalline regions. while the SEM showed a lumpy structure and reticular shape. Pre-compression evaluations of the formulated batches of paracetamol granules showed that cassava peels cellulose (CPC) have similar flow properties with those of microcrystalline cellulose BP (MCC) and acacia BP (ACA) powders respectively. The granules have free flow properties with average angles of repose (CPC ≤ 27.60 MCC < 26.90 and ACA ≤ 25.60), compressibility index (CPC ≤ 25, MCC ≤ 23 and ACA ≤ 21.7%), Hausner’s ratio (CPC ≤ 1.32, MCC ≤ 1.31, and ACA ≤ 1.27) respectively. Conclusion: The extracted cassava peel α-cellulose was found ideal as pharmaceutical excipient binder in oral solid dosage forms.

Graphene oxide functionalized with silatrane as probe for electrochemical recognition of acetaminophen in pharmaceuticals tablets

Acetaminophen, commonly known as paracetamol, is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug that is frequently found in over-the-counter and prescription medications. Due to its extensive use, precise monitoring of acetaminophen levels is crucial for ensuring patient safety, especially to prevent accidental overdoses which can lead to severe liver damage. In this study, a novel electrochemical sensor based on graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with silatrane was developed for the detection of acetaminophen. The hybrid material was synthesized and electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode, providing a highly selective, sensitive, and reproducible platform for acetaminophen detection. The sensor exhibited a linear detection range from 2.5 to 100 μM with a limit of detection of 84.8 nM. The effectiveness of this GO-based sensing platform was demonstrated through the successful quantification of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical tablets such as Dolo 650, Paracip, and Crocin. The results highlight the potential application of this sensor in quality control and safety monitoring of pharmaceutical formulations, ensuring accurate determination of acetaminophen content.