Pharmaceutical Economics Research Articles

The Social Entrepreneurship Approach to Improve the Medicinal Efficient Wild Plants' Economic Value in the Community

Indonesia has great biological prospects for the health sector, which need to be managed well. It is a fact that the raw materials used as medicinal plants to date are mostly obtained from wild plants, not cultivated plants. Several previous studies explored the ethno botanical and ethno pharmaceutical sides; this research became the basis for the researcher's study, which focused on developing social entrepreneurship programmes and activities by combining studies on pharmaceutical economics to increase the economic value of plants with medicinal potential in the social and economic development of society. This research aims to: a) explore the social entrepreneurship approach that can be used to empower the community; b) identify the obstacles and opportunities that exist in improving the community's economy through managing wild plants. The methodology of this research uses a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, where the initial stage involves collecting and analysing quantitative data, followed by collecting and analysing qualitative data in the next stage. The social entrepreneurship approach involves a series of stages that include: 1) the social entrepreneurship process; 2) identification of social problems; and 3) idea development. 2) social entrepreneurship operations: planning, programme implementation, infrastructure development, and solution implementation; as well as 3) social value creation, including social impact evaluation, community capability development, and community empowerment. In its implementation, the social entrepreneurship approach has several obstacles and barriers. Social entrepreneurship must understand the local context and design strategies that can overcome these obstacles to achieve sustainable results in developing community capabilities. Support from various parties, including governments, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector, can also help overcome some of these obstacles.

Effect of Wuzhi capsules on cyclosporine A concentration in children with aplastic anemia immunotherapy: a single-center observational study

ABSTRACT Objective This research aimed to assess the effect of Wuzhi capsules (WZC) on the blood concentration of cyclosporine A (CsA) in renal aplastic anemia recipients. Methods This observational study was carried out at the Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital between November 2019 and February 2020. A total of 102 Chinese AA recipients receiving CsA (6 mg/kg/d) with or without WZC were included in this study. Baseline data, such as age, therapeutic drug monitoring data, and follow-up information were collected. The promotion concentration of CsA was calculated, and the pharmaceutical economics evaluation with combination of two drugs was also carried out. Results Dose- and body weight-adjusted trough concentrations (C0/D/W) of CsA in the WZC group were found to be significantly higher than that in the non-WZC group (P < 0.01). The average C0 of CsA increased by (63.27 ± 45.81) ng/mL. The incidence of adverse events was also not statistically significant between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion WZC can increase CsA concentration without increasing adverse drug reactions. Efficient and convenient immunosuppressive effects on AA recipients can be achieved via immunosuppressant therapy in combination with WZC.

582Cost-effectiveness of AC-TH compared with TCH in new adjuvant therapy of breast cancer

Abstract Background To analyze the cost-effectiveness of Doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide/Paclitaxel/trastuzumab (AC-TH) and Docetaxel/Carboplatin/trastuzumab (TCH). Methods A Markov model was built to simulate the process of breast cancer events and death occurred in both AC-TH and TCH armed patients and to choose a suitable chemotherapy method. Data were collected from the clinical trials, some publicized literatures and patients’ diaries of a large Chinese comprehensive hospital. The cost-effectiveness analysis of two regimens and sensitivity analysis were performed using a Markov model. Results We identified 41 breast cancer patients at Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, among whom 15 (60%) had a partial response for AC-TH treatment and 13 (81.25%) had a partial response for TCH treatment. No cardiac toxicity was observed. Hematologic grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed in 1 of 28 patients. Nonhematologic grade 3 or 4 toxicities with a reverse pattern were observed in 6 of 29 patients. The mean QALY gain per patient compared with TCH was 0.25 with ACTH, while the incremental costs were $US 13,142. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of AC-TH versus TCH was $US 52,565 per QALY gained. Conclusions TCH neoadjuvant chemotherapy was feasible and active in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer patients in terms of the pathological complete response, complete response, and partial response rates and manageable toxicities. Key messages breast cancer; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; pharmaceutical economics; Markov model; cost-effectiveness analysis.

Application of Discrete Choice Experiment in Health Care: A Bibliometric Analysis.

Background: Discrete choice experiment (DCE) as a tool that can measure medical stakeholders' preferences especially patients recently has been increasingly applied in health care.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the hotspots and trends of the application of DCE in health care and to provide reference and direction for further development of DCE in the future.Method: A bibliometric method was implemented using the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection for the period from the database established to December 8, 2020. The data files are imported into CiteSpace and Excel to analyze and visualize the annual volume of productive, authors, countries, cited journals, cited articles, and keywords.Results: A total of 1,811 articles were retrieved, then we read the abstract of each paper one by one, and 1,562 articles were included after screening, with an exponential increase in publication volume. John F. P. Bridges contributed to 40 publications and ranked first, followed by F. Reed Johnson (n = 37), Julie Ratcliffe (n = 36). The majority of the papers were conducted in the United States (n = 513) and the United Kingdom (n = 433). The top three cited journals were “Health Economics” (n = 981), “Value in Health” (n = 893), and “Pharmaceutical Economics” (n = 774), and the top three articles were “Constructing experimental designs for discrete-choice experiments: report of the ISPOR Conjoint Analysis Experimental Design Good Research Practices Task Force,” “Conjoint analysis applications in health-a checklist: a report of the ISPOR Good Research Practices for Conjoint Analysis Task Force,” and “Discrete choice experiments in health economics: a review of the literature.” The research hotspots and trends included “health technology assessment,” “survival,” “preference based measure,” and “health state valuation.”Conclusion: The size of the literature about DCE studies in health care showed a noticeable increase in the past decade. The application of DCE in health care remains in an early growth phase, and “health technology assessment,” “survival,” “preference based measure,” and “health state valuation” reflected the latest research hotpots and future trends.

Quantitative determination of anthracene derivatives in Aloe vera leaves: Technique development

AIM: The purpose of this work is to develop and use the method for the quantitative determination of Aloe vera leaves (Aloe vera L. ex Webb) using UV spectrophotometry.&#x0D; &#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since the method of quantitative determination of Aloe vera leaves in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIV edition is not available, it was developed at the Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Management, Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmacognozy of Orenburg State Medical University. According to this method the optimal conditions for the extraction of anthracene derivatives in aloe vera leaves are the following: extractant was 96% ethyl alcohol); the ratio of raw material and extractant was 1:10; extraction time was the extraction in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes and 15 minutes in an ultrasonic bath. The registration of the spectra was performed with the use of Unico 2800 spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 190-700 nm in cuvettes with the layer thickness of 10 mm, Vilitec VBS ultrasonic bath. The UV spectra of water-alcohol and alkali-ammonia solutions of Aloe vera leaves were investigated.&#x0D; RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The quantification of the of anthracene derivatives (calculated on barbaloin) in Aloe vera leaves was carried out with the use of methodology that determines anthracene derivatives directly in the test solution without acid hydrolysis and oxidation of anthraglycosides. The developed method of quantitative analysis allowed to determine the content of the total anthracene derivatives in terms of barbaloin in fresh leaves of aloe vera, the content ranged from 3.0-5.0% (calculated on dry-air plant material).&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the content of the total anthracene derivatives in Aloe vera leaves calculated on barbaloin is 3.33%.

Pharmaceutical Education in Japan--Past, Present--, and Human Social Pharmacy Education in the Near Future.

In this paper, the foundation of the 74 Japanese pharmacy schools was reviewed. From the early Meiji era until the beginning World War II, 21 schools including Tokyo University were established. After the war, the new four-year university system was introduced from America, and the above 21 schools became universities and 25 universities were newly founded. In 2006, clinical pharmacy was introduced from America, and the six-year undergraduate system began. This system was divided into 2 groups, 1) 6 year system of clinical pharmacy plus 4 years doctor course and 2) 4 years system of pharmaceutical sciences and a master degree lasting 2 years plus a 3 year doctor course. These two systems started in 2006. The students of clinical pharmacy course must take the 22 weeks of clerkships in a community pharmacy and hospital pharmacy. The graduates (8,446) in 2015 March took the National License Examination for pharmacist, and the pass rate was 72.65%. The entrance into pharmacy school is not easy; however, the passing of the National License Examination is more difficult. The aim of pharmacy education should be to foster pharmacists with a deeper understanding of society and with richer humanity for the patient. To achieve this, what needs to be included in the curriculum are the subjects of the human social pharmacy, such as philosophy of pharmacy, ethics, religions, history of pharmacy, pharmaceutical affairs law, economics, management, and social pharmacy. The inclusion of such subjects needs to be implemented in the near future. Of course, the study of pharmaceutical sciences is a life-long endeavor.

A Special Commemorative Issue Honoring William S. Comanor and 50 Years of Pharmaceutical Economics

An introduction to the special issue on pharmaceutical economics and policy commemorating William S. (‘Bill') Comanor and 50 years of pharmaceutical economics.

Pharmaceutical Economics Since the 1960s: Plus Ça Change, Plus C’est La Même Chose

This brief introduction discusses the early days of pharmaceutical economics.

Does neurology need a faster FDA?

Does neurology need a faster FDA?

The question and analysis about maintenance therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

近年来，针对晚期非小细胞肺癌的维持治疗进行了诸多临床研究，而这些研究亦已使得部分药物通过审批应用于临床实践。但是目前维持治疗仍存在诸多不容忽视的问题和质疑，如维持治疗试验设计中存在的缺陷和疏漏；维持治疗评价金标准是什么；获益人群以及维持治疗的药效经济学等问题，本文就上述问题作进一步解析。

Cost-effectiveness analysis of three kinds of schemes in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis

Objective From the point of view of pharmaceutical economics,to analyze and compare the clinical efficacy,safety,compliance and economic effect of three kinds of scheme:1.moxifloxacin,2.moxifioxacin combined with ambroxol,3.azithromycin combined with levofloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB).Methods Retrieval Chinese joumal full-text database,Wanfang medical database and Chinese science and technology periodical full-text database,included three options for the treatment of AECB randomized controlled trial (RCT) literature,through the analysis of the data to make drug economics evaluation.Results The total effective rates of three programs were 94.92％,95.08％,94.90％,the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).The cost-effectiveness ratios were 213.34,536.40,61.22.Conclusion The efficacy of three treatment options is similar,azithromycin combined with levofloxacin has economic advantages. Key words: Bronchitis, chronic ; Cost-effectiveness analysis

English

Intangible assets are one of the most important issues in biopharmaceutical companiestoday, due to the idiosyncrasies of this business. In such an innovative sector, companies have been investing heavily in research, development and innovation and the book value often does not accurately reflect the real value of the companies. It was necessary, therefore, a new accounting model that meets the needs of this sector. This work main contribution is the design of an intellectual capital report, particularly suited to the biopharmaceutical companies, a model that has been called 3C 2P 2R. The two main conclusions of the study have to do with the growing importance of intangibles as a new way to create value and new way of organizing economic activities in biopharmaceutical companies, and the need for new forms and quality of information provided, since no proper assessment of this asset has high costs.The proposal made here may become a fundamental tool to improve the valuation ofbiopharmaceutical companies. Key words: Drug industry, pharmaceutical economics, economic value, economic models, healthcare market.

Introduction: Economics of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Essays in Honor of Henry G. Grabowski

This special issue of the International Journal of the Economics of Business honors Henry G. Grabowski, Professor of Economics and Director of the Program in Pharmaceutical Economics, at Duke Unive...

Analysis on adverse drug reactions and its treatment cost

Objective To investigate the characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in our hospital and its influence on the hospitalization expenses, and to promote the reasonable drug using in clinical medicine. Method 120 ADR cases had been collected from January 2007 to March 2009. And analyzed the drug species and clinical situation of a1l the cases, and analyzed the ages of all patients. Then used pharmacoeconomics to analyze the ADR treatment cost of 83 cases. Results Among 120 ADR cases, the highest proportion is the elderly people, which accounted for 45.83%. ADR was mainly caused by antibiotics, central nervous system drugs and traditional Chinese medicine preparation. The total ADR treatment cost of 83 patients was 6666.51 yuan; the highest single case was 1753.32 yuan; and it was 80.32 yuan per patient. Conclusion Monitoring of adverse drug reactions and prevent the occurrence of adverse drug reactions are effective ways to promote reasonable drug using in clinical medicine. Key words: Adverse drug reactions(ADR); Pharmaceutical economics; Rational use of drug

Is There a Role for Pharmacoeconomics in Developing Countries?

The special issue of PharmacoEconomics pertaining to developing nations was a welcome move, with authors discussing various themes relating to pharmaceutical economics. The topics discussed included cost-effectiveness analyses and the future of health technology assessment (HTA) in healthcare decisionmaking in the greater Asia region. However, papers in this special issue did not provide an answer to a fundamental question: why is pharmacoeconomics vital for developing countries? Pharmacoeconomics is a complex science and its practical utility depends on the context in which it is being applied. To appreciate the true value of this ‘science’ as a decision-making tool, it is important to elaborate on the context within which healthcare decisions are being made. Furthermore, an understanding of the local health system is also required in order to establish whether complex economic techniques need to be applied and whether they are feasible and valuable tools for a particular jurisdiction. We argue that there is a need for a model that could aid in determining the perceived need and benefits of using pharmacoeconomics in formulary development in a given developing country. However, we do not present a full model; rather, we highlight some of the components that could be used to build such a model. Health and pharmaceutical indicators from international agencies, evidence-based pharmacy-system research as well as the literature concerning ‘how people perceive pharmacoeconomics’ in developing countries could serve as these components. 1. The Use and Understanding of Pharmacoeconomics in Developing Countries

The Pharmaceutical Economics of Child Psychiatric Drug Treatment

The last decade, the number of health economic evaluations has increased substantially in the field of child psychiatry. The objective of the present paper is to offer an overview of economic evaluations of child psychiatric drug treatment. Major electronic databases, as well as abstract booklets from international clinical and health economics conferences with an external peer review process, were examined to search for comparative economic evaluations of child and adolescent psychiatric drug treatment. Most studies of pharmacotreatment were cost effectiveness analyses (CEAs) concerned with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Three evaluations were done by or on behalf of agencies as part of ADHD-related health technology assessments. A number of economic studies used patient-level data from specific randomized clinical trials, especially the NIMH-initiated MTA (in childhood ADHD) and TADS (in adolescent major depression) studies. Almost all studies relied on narrow scale symptom scales to assess effects of treatment, even when quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were reported. In many cases, effectiveness data came from short-term studies, and extrapolation to a one-year time horizon was usually based on assumptions. Even those evaluations attempting to address longer time horizons by way of modeling did not include the impact of treatment on long-term sequelae of the conditions studied, mainly due to a paucity of robust clinical data. Nevertheless, currently available health economic evaluations broadly suggest an acceptable to attractive cost effectiveness of medication management of ADHD, whereas there is no such evidence for child psychiatric disorders other than ADHD.

The Pharmaceutical Economics of Child Psychiatric Drug Treatment

The Pharmaceutical Economics of Child Psychiatric Drug Treatment

Health Care in America

Public Administration ReviewVolume 70, Issue 3 p. 506-509 Health Care in America Alan Lyles, Corresponding Author Alan Lyles University of BaltimoreAlan Lyles is the Henry A. Rosenberg Professor of Public, Private and Nonprofit Partnerships in the School of Public Affairs at the University of Baltimore and a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. His research interests include public, private, and third sector relationships, pharmaceutical economics, and health policy.E-mail:[email protected]Search for more papers by this author Alan Lyles, Corresponding Author Alan Lyles University of BaltimoreAlan Lyles is the Henry A. Rosenberg Professor of Public, Private and Nonprofit Partnerships in the School of Public Affairs at the University of Baltimore and a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. His research interests include public, private, and third sector relationships, pharmaceutical economics, and health policy.E-mail:[email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 26 April 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02167.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume70, Issue3May/June 2010Pages 506-509 RelatedInformation

T1030 Similarities Between Constipation with and Without Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) Population: Costs Trends By Category in the 12 Months After Diagnosis from 1997 to 2002

Jeonghoon Ahn, Ph.D.1; Richard A. Brook, M.S., M.B.A.2; Michael B. Nichol, Ph.D.1; Jeff McCombs, Ph.D.1; Nicholas J. Talley, M.D., Ph.D.3; G. Richard Locke, III, M.D.4; Robert W. Baran, Pharm.D.5 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, University of Southern California; 2Head, Retrospective Analysis, The JeSTARx Group, Newfoundland, NJ; 3Chairman of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; 4Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester MN; 5Senior Manager, HEOR, Takeda Global Research and Development, Inc., Deerfield, IL

Pharmaceutical economics and politics vs. patient safety: Lumiracoxib in Australia

Lumiracoxib (Prexige©) 200 mg was listed in Australia’s Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) schedules on 01 August 2006. The listing was intended as a cost-minimisation strategy, as lumiracoxib 200 mg was deemed equivalent in therapeutic effect to celecoxib (Celebrex©) 200 mg, and was available at a lower cost. By the time of listing on the PBS, a safety re-evaluation of the recommended daily dose of lumiracoxib was being considered in other national regulatory jurisdictions. Within 3 months of listing, the manufacturer revised the recommended dosage to half that of the PBS-listed dosage. However, the PBS listing was neither revoked nor modified. At the time of listing on the PBS, lumiracoxib was known to be 17 times as biochemically selective in inhibiting the COX-2 isoform as celecoxib, and twice as selective as rofecoxib, already withdrawn for safety reasons. Safety concerns had already been raised about adverse hepatic outcomes on daily doses of lumiracoxib 200 mg. Communication of information about the risk potential of lumiracoxib was inadequate. Economic and political considerations were prioritised over patient safety, and lumiracoxib 200 mg remained available via the PBS until 10 August 2007, when it was withdrawn for safety reasons following cases of hepatic morbidity and mortality.