Phallus Impudicus Research Articles

Drying methods on fruit quality and antioxidant activity of two rare edible fungi (Dictyophora rubrovolvata and Phallus impudicus L.)

Fresh D. rubrovolvata and P. impudicus are perishable due to their high water content and strong postharvest respiration, which seriously affect their edible value and economic benefits. Drying performs the crucial role in maintaining the quality of edible fungi and extending their shelf life, while the extraction method after drying is also important to the material composition and functional properties of edible fungi. According to the color difference and texture indicators, 45 °C was found to be the optimal temperature choice for both hot-air and vacuum drying. In addition, polysaccharide content in the extract of dried D. rubrovolvata was higher than that of P. impudicus, while the polyphenol abundance in the extract of dried P. impudicus was better than that of D. rubrovolvata. Hot water extraction or thermal ultrasonic treatment was beneficial for the antioxidant activity in D. rubrovolvata and P. impudicus extracts. Based on the correlation analysis, it was showed that polyphenols contributed significantly more to the antioxidant capacity of D. rubrovolvata and P. impudicus, especially P. impudicus, than that of polysaccharides. The related results provided new insights into the improvement of product quality and the development of functional products for D. rubrovolvata and P. impudicus.

Composition and diversity of soil microbial communities change by introducing Phallus impudicus into a Gastrodia elata Bl.-based soil

BackgroundThe Gastrodia elata Bl. is an orchid, and its growth demands the presence of Armillaria species. The strong competitiveness of Armillaria species has always been a concern of major threat to other soil organisms, thus disrupting the equilibrium of soil biodiversity. Introducing other species to where G. elata was cultivated, could possibly alleviate the problems associated with the disequilibrium of soil microenvironment; however, their impacts on the soil microbial communities and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To reveal the changes of microbial groups associated with soil chemical properties responding to different cultivation species, the chemical property measurements coupled with the next-generation pyrosequencing analyses were applied with soil samples collected from fallow land, cultivation of G. elata and Phallus impudicus, respectively.ResultsThe cultivation of G. elata induced significant increases (p < 0.05) in soil pH and NO3-N content compared with fallow land, whereas subsequent cultivation of P. impudicus reversed these G. elata-induced increases and was also found to significantly increase (p < 0.05) the content of soil NH4+-N and AP. The alpha diversities of soil microbial communities were significantly increased (p < 0.01) by cultivation of G. elata and P. impudicus as indicated with Chao1 estimator and Shannon index. The structure and composition of soil microbial communities differed responding to different cultivation species. In particular, the relative abundances of Bacillus, norank_o_Gaiellales, Mortierella and unclassified_k_Fungi were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the abundances of potentially beneficial genera such as Acidibacter, Acidothermus, Cryptococcus, and Penicillium etc., were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by cultivation of G. elata. It’s interesting to find that cultivation of P. impudicus increased the abundances of these genera that G. elata decreased before, which contributed to the difference of composition and structure. The results of CCA and heatmap indicated that the changes of soil microbial communities had strong correlations with soil nutrients. Specifically, among 28 genera presented, 50% and 42.9% demonstrated significant correlations with soil pH and NO3-N in response to cultivation of G. elata and P. impudicus.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that the cultivation of P. impudicus might have potential benefits as result of affecting soil microorganisms coupled with changes in soil nutrient profile.

Formation of special odors driven by volatile compounds during the growth and maturation in edible fungi (Phallus impudicus)

Composition and content of volatiles, the important factors in flavor formation of edible fungi, are affected by growth process. GC–MS was performed and a total of 102 volatiles were identified in Phallus impudicus. Almost all identified volatile compounds showed an obvious upward trend at four growth period, and reached the maximum at fourth stage (PIII), of which the transition from first stage (ZP) to second stage (PI) achieved a breakthrough for 88 volatile compounds from scratch. The PCA and HCA results showed that the four stages were completely separated and appeared different, among which third stage (PII) and PIII might be the two dramatic change nodes in aroma quality. In addition, the top 50 differential metabolites were screened by OPLS-DA and PLS-DA, and correlation analysis showed that 6-undecyl alcohol, α-terpine-7-al, 2, 4-decenol, and 2-cyano-2-ethyl-butanamide, might co-regulate the flavor formation of Phallus impudicus through synergistic action of other chemical components.

Antiviral Activity of Some Compounds of Gasteroid Mushrooms from Western Siberia.

The antiviral activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts from the fruiting bodies of gasteroid Basidiomy-cetes of Western Siberia: Lycoperdon pyriforme, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Phallus impudicus, as well as an aqueous extract from cultivated mycelium of P. impudicus and total polysaccharides from it, on MDCK cell culture against influenza A virus, was studied. Aqueous and ethanol extracts from the fruiting bodies of all studied gasteroid fungi showed antiviral activity against human influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and bird A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 virus (H5N1). At the same time, extracts from P. impudicus and L. pyriforme showed more pronouncing antiviral activity compared to the activity of the reference drug Tamiflu against the A/H5N1 avian influenza virus. A high antiviral efficacy of an aqueous extract from cultivated mycelium of the P. impudicus and a sample of total polysaccharides from this extract against the A/H5N1 avian influenza virus was revealed.

Antitumor activity of chitin-glucan complex of basidiomycetes

Background:High-molecular β-D-glucans of basidiomycetes modify the immune response and indirectly affect antitumor mechanisms by stimulating the activity of various immune cells and signaling pathways. However, the severity of the immune activity of β-D-glucans depends on many factors, which indicates the need to study them to obtain standardized agents of various pathogenetic directions. Objective:Evaluation of the antitumor activity of the chitin-glucan complex in the form of aqueous suspensions obtained from the fungi Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Phallus impudicus using the Ehrlich adenocarcinoma (ACE) model.Methods:The work was carried out on male F1(C57Bl×CBA) hybrid mice. Animals were transplanted subcutaneously with ACE at a dose of 106 cells in 0.5 ml of Hank's solution. Animals were given prophylactic oral administration of suspensions of fungi for 10 days before inoculation with ACE. After inoculation with ACE, suspensions of fungi were orally administered to animals of these groups for 28 days for therapeutic purposes. From the 6th day after transplantation of the tumor, its volume was recorded in mm3 according to three linear dimensions. Results:Survival in all groups of animals within 28 days after inoculation with ACE was 100%. Administration of aqueous suspensions of Phallus impudicus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Grifola frondosa fungi to animals with ACE compensated for metabolic disturbances in the body, which increased the dynamics of their weight gain. However, the weight of these animals on the 28th day of the experiment did not reach the weight of animals that were not transplanted with ACE. Against the background of the introduction of suspensions of these fungi to animals from 6 to 11 days, a statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) effect of inhibition of the development of the ECA volume was obtained, which did not depend on the type of fungi studied.Conclusion:Aqueous suspensions of these fungi have a similar effect of inhibiting the development of ACE. This allows us to consider the chitin-glucan components of the studied mushrooms as substances with indirect antitumor activity for their standardization and optimization of their use for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes. Keywords:β-D-glucans, chitin-glucan complex, basidiomycetes, Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma.

Optimization of conditions for submerged cultivation of the fungus Phallus Impudicus

Optimization of conditions for submerged cultivation of the fungus Phallus Impudicus

Phallus impudicus . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phallus impudicus . Some information on its morphological characteristics, associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, economic impacts, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Algeria, Liberia, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe), Asi (Armenia, China, Anhui, Guangdong, Hainan, Hebei, Shanxi, Georgia, India, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Russia, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam), Atlantic Ocean (Spain, Islas Canarias), Australasia (Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New Zealand), Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico), Central America (Costa Rica, Panama), Europe (Åland Islands, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin), Pacific Ocean (Samoa), South America (Brazil, Amazonas, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Uruguay)).

The stinkhorn Phallus impudicus and the dog stinkhorn Mutinus caninus from around the Glasgow area, Scotland

The stinkhorn Phallus impudicus and the dog stinkhorn Mutinus caninus from around the Glasgow area, Scotland

Types of Mycobiota of Volgograd Region and Prospects of Their Use as a Source of Biologically Active Substances for Cosmetic Purposes

The article for the first time provides a consolidated list of mushrooms of Volgograd region used in cosmetology due to the presence of biologically active substances in their composition, for example, the polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan. These compounds have immunostimulating, radioprotective, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and anti-allergenic effects. Thanks to this, masks and creams containing these substances tone and restore the skin, while lotions and tonics strengthen the hair structure. The inventory of mycobiota was carried out using the route method. Each route was about 10 km long. The mushrooms found in laboratory conditions were identified by the microscopic analysis of the samples using modern methods of light microscopy and a standard set of chemical reagents (5% KOH alkali solution, Meltzer’s reagent). MIKMED-5 light microscope was used to study the microscopic structures and determine the samples. As a result of research in 2018–2020, 8 species of macromycetes used in cosmetology were identified in the mycobiota of the region: Amanita muscaria (L.), Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd, Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilát, Phallus impudicus L., Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, Tremella mesenterica Retz. Their extracts are widely used in the cosmetic industry by various brands, in particular, Venets Sibiri, Etude House, Sabai Thai Authentic SPA, Briogeo, Dr. Ceuracle, Nollam Lab, D’Ran, Pulanna, BioAqua, Von-U, Secrets Lan, The Skin House. The following species are regularly found in the study area: mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, which grows only on a living tree Quercus robur L.; Trametes versicolor – on stumps, dead trunks and branches of Populus alba L., P. nigra L.; Tremella mesenterica – on dead branches and branches of weakened trees Populus alba, P. nigra.

EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOCORRECTIVE EFFECT OF VESELKA ON CHANGES IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT ORGANS OF ANIMALS

The immunocorrective properties of the basidial fungus Phallus impudicus were evaluated in order to further use the drug in various dosage forms for batch control according to the indicator "Biological activity" in the conditions of control services laboratories.

Risk of wild fungi treatment failure: Phallus impudicus-induced telomere damage triggers p21/p53 and p16-dependent cell cycle arrest and may contribute to male fertility reduction in vitro

The multifunctional characteristics of Phallus impudicus extract encourage to conduct research for its potential use in medical applications. Well, science is constantly seeking new evidence for the biological activity of extracts of natural origin. Drugs of natural origin should not cause any side effects on the physiological functions of the human body; however, this is not always successful. In this study, we used in vitro approach to evaluate the toxicity of alcohol Phallus impudicus extract on spermatogenic cells. We show, for the first time, cytotoxic properties of Phallus impudicus treatment associated with a decrease in cellular metabolic activity, dysregulation of redox homeostasis and impairment of selected antioxidant cell protection systems. As a consequence, p53/p21- and p16-mediated cell cycle arrest followed by p27 activation is initiated. The observed changes were associated with telomere shortening and numerous DNA damage at the chromosome ends (altered expression pattern of TRF1 and TRF2 proteins), as well as upregulation of cleaved caspase-3 with a decrease in Bcl-2 expression, suggesting induction of apoptotic death. Therefore, these results provide molecular evidence for mechanistic pathways and novel adverse outcomes linked to the Phallus impudicus treatment towards men's health and fertility reduction.

Phallus impudicus loaded with γ-Fe2O3 as solid phase bioextractor for the preconcentrations of Zn(II) and Cr(III) from water and food samples

We investigated the application of fungus Phallus impudicus loaded γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles as a biosorbent for magnetic solid phase extractions of trace levels of Zn(II) and Cr(III) ions from natural samples before their measurements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The characterization of magnetized P. impudicus was performed using the scanning electron microscope, the energy dispersive X-ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Important experimental factors were investigated. The experimental results fitted well to the Langmuir adsorption model and pseudo-second order kinetic model. Limit of detections of targeted ions by magnetic solid phase extraction method based on use of P. impudicus were found as 10.5 ngL−1 and 12.6 ngL−1 respectively for Cr(III) and Zn(II). The sorption capacities of the biosorbent were 22.8 mgg−1 for Cr(III) and 25.6 mgg−1 for Zn(II). The preconcentration factors were achieved as 100 for both of ions. RSDs for inter- and intraday precisions were found as lower than 2.0% and 2.1% respectively for both of targeted ions. The accuracy of the recommended process was tested by recovery measurements on the certificated reference materials and successfully applied for quantification recoveries of Cr(III) and Zn(II) ions from water and food samples.

Ecological benefits of Gastrodia elata-Phallus impudicus sequential planting pattern

Gastrodia elata is a kind of precious traditional Chinese medicine. In the process of cultivation of G. elata, due to the influence of continuous cropping obstacles and other factors, the fungus materials and land that have been planted with G. elata are often abandoned, resulting in a great waste of resources. Based on the planting characteristics of G. elata and Phallus impudicus and the previous research experience in ecological agriculture, this paper analyzed the ecological adaptability characteristics of G. elata and P. impudicus, and summarized the key techniques of the G. elata-P. impudicus sequential planting pattern. Keeping track of the planting area, fungus-growing materials consumption and market sales of G. elata-P. impudicus sequential planting pattern, the ecological benefits of G. elata-P. impudicus sequential planting pattern from the aspects of utilization rate of fungus-growing materials were analyzed, the value of land resources per unit area, ecological environmental protection, labor cost and economic benefits were consi-dered. The technical principle of G. elata-P. impudicus sequential planting pattern was expounded according to their ecological habit, the season of harvest and planting, the difference of composition of fungus-growing materials, and the microbial ecology. The sequential planting pattern of G. elata-P. impudicus not only realized the double production of medicinal materials and edible fungi, reduced the waste of old fungus-growing materials, but also transformed the energy from nutrition-supplied fungi to edible and medicinal fungi, which guaranteed the ecological recycling and utilization of G. elata in the process of cultivation.

EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOCORRECTIVE EFFECT OF VESELKA ON CHANGES IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT ORGANS OF ANIMALS

The immunocorrective properties of the basidial fungus Phallus impudicus were evaluated in order to further use the drug in various dosage forms for batch control according to the indicator "Biological activity" in the conditions of control services laboratories.

Contributions to the distribution of Phallales in Turkey

New specimens of four previously reported members of the family Phallaceae, Clathrus ruber P.Micheli ex Pers., Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr., Phallus impudicus L., and Pseudocolus fusiformis (E. Fisch.) Lloyd, were collected from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. The samples were identified and brief descriptions were prepared. Current and newly determined localities of the collected species were provided together with the photographs related to their macro and micromorphologies.

Antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, and inflammation inhibitory activities of fruiting bodies of Phallus impudicus var. impudicus L.

Antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, and inflammation inhibitory activities of fruiting bodies of Phallus impudicus var. impudicus L.

Ethnopharmaceutical knowledge in Samogitia region of Lithuania: where old traditions overlap with modern medicine

BackgroundModern ethnopharmaceutical studies are still quite unusual in Northern Europe. Data regarding the medicinal use of plants, animals, and fungi and also of spiritual rituals of healing is obtained mostly from ethnographic and folkloric sources in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to assess the ethnopharmaceutical knowledge regarding traditional use of natural substances for medicinal purposes in the Samogitia region and compare with prior research conducted 10 years prior in the same region.MethodsThe study was performed during 2016–2017 in the Samogitia region (Lithuania) using the conventional technique of ethnobotanical studies. Twenty-eight respondents aged between 50 and 92 years were selected for the study using snowball techniques. Information was collected using semi-structured and structured interviews. The obtained information was recorded indicating local names of plants, their preparation techniques, parts used, modes of administration, and application for therapeutic purposes.ResultsDuring the research, 125 records of raw materials of herbal origin belonging to 55 families were made. The Asteraceae family had the highest number of references, 147 (16.6%). It was stated that the most commonly used medicinal plants were the raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) (100%), marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) (96.4%), camomile (Matricaria recutita L.) (92.9%), and small linden tree (Tilia cordata Mill.) (92.9%). The most commonly used material of animal origin was the toad (Bufo bufo) (89%). The most commonly used kind of fungi was the common stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus) (71%), and the material of the mineral origin was sand (50%). Comparative analysis of the two surveys in this region showed similar results and produced a large amount of ethnopharmaceutical information.ConclusionsLithuania belongs to the countries known for urban ethnobotany where old traditions overlap with modern healing methods. Also, because modern medical assistance is quite expensive, self-medication with home-made medicines is still popular in Lithuania. It is important to collect and systematize this information as soon as possible, to save it as a traditional Lithuanian heritage and also use it for scientific investigations.

Biologically active substances of a fungus Phallus impudicus

Phallus impudicus due to biologically active substances is a medicinal fungus used in the treatment of a number of serious diseases. It has been established that for the treatment of diseases suitable as mature fungus. Thе integration of this array of knowledge as a scientific complement in research in the field of mycology, pharmacognosy and immunology is recommended.

Химический состав и противовирусные свойства экстрактов плодовых тел гастероидных грибов Западной Сибири

Методами водного и этанольного извлечений получены экстракты плодовых тел грибов гастеромицетов — дождевика грушевидного (Lycoperdon pyriforme) и весёлки обыкновенной (Phallus impudicus). В грибных экстрактах обнаружено наличие белков, полисахаридов, катехинов, танинов, сапонинов и в некоторых экстрактах — флавонолов. Установлено, что все полученные экстракты малотоксичны для культур клеток MDCK и Vero и обладают противовирусной активностью in vitro в отношении вируса гриппа, герпеса 2-го типа и некоторых ортопоксвирусов. Растворы грибных экстрактов оказывают зависимое от концентрации влияние на снижение репродукции вируса герпеса 2-го типа и ортопоксвирусов (вирусов осповакцины и эктромелии) в культуре клеток Vero и вируса гриппа в культуре клеток MDCK. В экспериментах по защите клеток от вирусов установлено, что наибольшим противовирусным свойством обладает этанольный экстракт дождевика грушевидного, который защищает более 50 % клеток Vero от патогенного действия вирусов осповакцины и простого герпеса 2-го типа и более 75 % клеток MDCK — от цитопатического действия вируса гриппа, что может быть обусловлено большим содержанием в данном экстракте, по сравнению с другими таких БАВ, как белки и полисахариды. Исследование влияния экстрактов гастеромицетов на репродукцию вируса гриппа в культуре клеток MDCK показало, что водные и этанольные экстракты дождевика грушевидного и веселки обыкновенной оказывают ингибирующее действие на репликацию вируса гриппа А/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) и на адсорбцию вируса гриппа птиц A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 (H5N1).

Редкие и охраняемые виды грибов Томской области

The mycobiota of Tomsk oblast have been studied for many years on the basis of traditional and modern methods of systematics, biomorphology and molecular biology. Only such approach provides revealing background, and species of regional mycobiota. Basing on the results of 13-year investigations in 2004-2016 and on literature data, we extended the list of macromycetes of Tomsk oblast from 900 to 1300 species (subdivision Pezizomycotina and classis Agaricomycetes). For the stationary work in pine and cedar forests of Tomsk oblast we formed 7 long-term permanent transects with the total area of 1400 m 2 , where we collected and registered macromycetes every 10-15 days during the season. Several species were identified by Blast-N on line of the algorithm of comparing homologous sequences of ITS-region of nuclear DNA ribosomal genes in databases GenBank and BOLD. To amplify ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region we used primer ITS1F common for fungi and primer ITS4B specific for basidiomycetes. We applied the scale of categories of rarity given in the Red Data Book of Tomsk oblast. Inclusion of a species into the group was based on an expert evaluation where key factors were its occurrence (up to 10 finds in the region during the whole period of investigations), reduction in the number as a result of a negative anthropogenic influence, and an analysis of the species occurrence by regional literature sources and by the Red Data Books of adjacent territories. As a result, 192 species were registered under natural conditions and 47 - under anthropogenic ones (in total 18.4% of the regional mycobiota) and are referred to as rare. We analyzed rare species, identified by mycologists in the 1980s (20 species); 11 of them have remained and endangered (See Tables). Four species are of the utmost concern today: Gyromitra sphaerospora (Peck) Sacc.; Phallus impudicus L.; Gyromitra gigas (Krombh.) Cooke and Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr.; the last facts about them were provided in scientific literature in Tomsk oblast more than 30 years ago. Other 9 species were, on the contrary, transferred to the group; with a systematic monitoring they are regularly found in their typical habitats. For 192 presented rare species, the number of their registrations in Tomsk oblast and an overview of their conservation status in some regions of Siberia and European Russia are provided. In order to protect the regional mycobiota, we suggest establishing Specially Protected Natural Areas of different status in intact undisturbed forests and studying the mycobiota in already existing nature reserves. At the present time, this is particularly true for a fungal component of forest ecosystems of Siberia. An expansion of the list of protected species in the region seems important. E.g. in the 1 st edition of the Red Data Book of Tomsk oblast (2002) only 2 species of macromycetes and in the 2 nd (2013) - 8 species were presented; this does not correspond to the real situation and modern data on the species diversity of fungi and their status of rare and disappearing species.