Petroleum Motor Research Articles

Creation of Technology and Devices for the Preparation of Motor Fuels Containing Biocomponents

Background: In the world, active research is being conducted to create motor fuels containing bio-oil as a component, derived from renewable, environmentally friendly sources of raw materials such as wood processing waste, agriculture, marine algae, etc. One of the most commonly used technologies for bio-oil production is fast pyrolysis. Due to the physical and chemical properties of such bio-oil, direct blending with petroleum motor fuel is not possible. Objective: The goal of the conducted research was to develop technology and devices to address this issue. Fundamental developments in the field of nonlinear wave mechanics formed the basis for these endeavors. Methods: During the research, designs for motor fuel preparation devices were developed, and mathematical modeling of the mixing processes of fuel components was carried out. The obtained data were analyzed and transferred to natural samples, which were examined during experiments. Results: As a result, blended fuels based on bio-oil (up to 15% by weight) and diesel fuel (marine) with stability of up to 10 days without the use of surface-active substances (SF) and 25-30 days with the addition of SF (up to 0.5% by weight) were obtained. Conclusion: Fuel containing SF is re-homogenized by traditional stirring for at least 3 months. The obtained results confirmed the correctness of the chosen approach and the feasibility of using the developed technology for preparing blended motor fuel containing bio-oil. conclusion: Based on the research results, the developed technology and cavitation wave devices can be recommended for the preparation of mixtures of motor fuels with bio-oil

Investigation of carbon-black emissions of a tractor biofuel diesel

BACKGROUND: On the one hand, a petroleum-based liquid fuel diesel engine is a reliable basis for tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines, and on the other hand, the current trends make us to think about the environmental component of these diesel engines and besides to remember about reasonable use of non-renewable petroleum motor fuel. In order to reduce the anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems and to assess the smokiness of exhaust gases from a tractor diesel running on ethanol and rapeseed oil, the paper considers the relevant model of the carbon-black formation inside it. AIM: Development of the relevant model of carbon-black emission in a tractor diesel running on ethanol and rapeseed oil to assess the smokiness of exhaust gases and to reduce anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. METHODS: To simulate the processes of formation and burnout of carbon-black particles in a tractor diesel engine, the volume of the combustion chamber was conditionally divided into several areas (soot content indicators in different areas were added up), and the cycle of calculating the exhaust gas smokiness level included several stages (determination of pressure, integral and differential characteristics of heat dissipation, average temperature of the working fluid, fuel supply indicators and fuel evaporation rate, local coefficients of excess air, composition of gases, concentration of decomposition and oxidation products of rapeseed oil and ethanol, the number of carbon-black particles, the mass of dispersed carbon, the rate of transition of particles to the burnout zone). RESULTS: The developed mathematical model is capable of calculating the carbon-black concentration and the main components of the gas mixture in the reaction zone of the combustion chamber, the content of carbon-black in the exhaust gases at various speed and load modes of operation of a tractor diesel engine. It is capable of obtaining valuable information about the dynamics of the main stages of carbon-black formation and burnout in the cylinder of a tractor diesel engine running on ethanol and rapeseed oil. The results of numerical simulation of carbon-black formation and burnout in a tractor diesel cylinder when running on diesel fuel, ethanol and rapeseed oil are obtained and presented. CONCLUSION: Based on the developed relevant model of carbon-black emission in a tractor diesel engine running on ethanol and rapeseed oil, an assessment of its exhaust gas smokiness was carried out, clearly showing a decrease by 3.4–3.8 times in comparison with diesel fuel operation. The presented method for calculating the carbon-black emission of tractor diesel can be used in the multi-area modeling and researches of such in-cylinder processes as heat generation, heat transfer, etc. The accuracy of calculations based on the proposed model is characterized by the perfection of mathematical algorithms describing the rate of fuel evaporation, the development of a fuel flare, the determination of local temperatures, the rate of flame propagation, the local composition of gases in the cylinder, etc.

Oil Droplet Capture and Ingestion by Filter-Feeding Sabellid and Serpulid Polychaetes

Benthic filter-feeders form an essential role in marine food chains as they constitute the bridge between the microscopic primary producers and the consumers. Although filter-feeders mainly feed on solid particles, they also capture and ingest oil droplets. Usually, these microdroplets come from the decomposition of animals or algae or from petroleum oils that enter water via spills and leakages. Here, we used videography, TRITC fluorescence microscopy, and fluid mechanics to study the capture mechanisms of canola, fish, and four petroleum motor oil droplets by the filter feeding sabellid and a serpulid polychaetes. Schizobranchia insignis, Eudistylia vancouveri, Myxicola infundibulum and Serpula columbiana actively feed on waste motor oil droplets in seawater. A further experiment found that S. insignis fed on all types of oil droplets, demonstrating no selectivity based on type. The oil droplet capture mechanism of S. insignis were direct interception and sieving, like that of solid particles. The size range of droplets ingested was 10 to 300 µm in diameter, but these ranges differed depending on the density and viscosity of the oils. Higher density and viscous oils were captured at smaller droplet sizes. These results are the first to characterize the mechanics of oil droplet capture, transport and ingestion by benthic ciliary filter feeders, and contribute to understanding the behavior of animals in response to oil emulsions, and how oils enter marine food webs.

Research of the combustion process in a tractor diesel engine when operating on alcohol and vegetable oil

BACKGROUND:Tractor diesels are widely used in agriculture, industry and transport due to their high efficiency, reliability, manufacturability and economy. Nevertheless, the ever-increasing tractor fleet is one of the main causes of environmental pollution and the increase in the consumption of petroleum motor fuel. The paper substantiates the use of an alternative fuel, suitable in its physical and chemical characteristics and properties for efficient and environmentally friendly combustion in a tractor diesel, such as ethanol and rapeseed oil. AIMS:Research of the combustion process in a tractor diesel engine operating on ethanol and rapeseed oil, establishment the dependencies of the influence of tractor diesel operating modes on the combustion process indicators and determination of their numerical characteristics. METHODS:An experimental sample of a tractor diesel engine was converted for operation on ethanol and rapeseed oil. Ethanol was used as the main fuel and was ignited with a jet of rapeseed oil entering the diesel combustion chamber. Ethanol has a lower calorific value compared to diesel fuel, therefore, there was a need to determine the optimal cyclic supply of the ignition portion of rapeseed oil and to study the indicators of the combustion process. RESULTS:The results of experimental studies of the effect of the use of ethanol and rapeseed oil as a pilot fuel on the indicators of the combustion process of tractor diesel are presented. The optimal value of the cyclic supply of rapeseed oil has been determined, a decrease in the value of which from the optimal value leads to an increase in exhaust gas temperature, specific effective and total fuel consumption, worsens the combustion process, while an increase of it worsens the environmental performance of a tractor diesel engine, including the smokiness of exhaust gases. The results of scientific research on the determination of optimal installation angles of advance injection of ethanol and rapeseed oil are presented. CONCLUSIONS:The complete replacement of petroleum diesel fuel with alternative fuels has been achieved without making significant changes to the design of a tractor diesel engine, improving its environmental characteristics while maintaining power indicators at the level of a serial diesel. On the basis of the conducted studies of the operating process of a tractor diesel engine on ethanol and rapeseed oil, the dependencies of the influence of its operating modes on the indicators of the combustion process are established and their numerical characteristics are determined.

Методичний підхід до обґрунтування оптимальних техніко-економічних характеристик виробництва біодизеля з мікроводоростей

Global experience shows that one of the important directions in overcoming the external energy dependence and mitigating its negative consequences for the country is the intensification of the use of its own resource base. Such a measure for Ukraine can be production of analogues of petroleum motor fuel from biological raw materials, namely biodiesel and biobenzine. A significant obstacle in the course of intensification of the use of the existing resource base is the lack of a scientifically based vision of the inland development of technologies for the cultivation and conversion of energy biofeedstock into motor fuel. The article is aimed at developing a methodical approach (based on the provisions of economic theory) to the gradual substantiation of optimal technical and economic characteristics of production for the cultivation and processing of microalgae to biodiesel under the conditions of existing climatic restrictions. The developed methodical approach includes the substantiation of the following: choice of raw materials, choice of method and technology of cultivation, characteristics of cultivation technology, and directly the technical and economic characteristics of production. According to the developed methodical approach, it is proved that microalgae is considered as the energy raw material of the future, while the types of microalgae of the genus Chlorella, and above all the species Chlorella vulgaris, meet the requirements of industrial cultivation the most. The more acceptable for use in the climate of Ukraine method of microalgae cultivation is cultivation in photobioreactors (PBR). The technical and economic indicators of the industrial complex for the cultivation and processing of microalgae in biodiesel indicate the expediency of practical application of the developed methodical approach. The gradual substantiation of the choice of raw materials, the method and technology of cultivation of microalgae when applying the traditional conversion of the biomass allowed to ensure the optimality of technical and economic characteristics of biodiesel production in the climatic conditions of Ukraine.

The results of the influence of methanol on the effective performance of a diesel engine when working with DFS

The most effective way to use methanol in internal combustion engines today is to supply it directly to the diesel cylinders using a dual fuel supply system and igniting the ignition portion of diesel fuel. Thus, the study of the working processes of diesel engines refitted to work on alternative renewable fuels (methyl alcohol) is an urgent scientific task of important national economic importance, since it allows replacing petroleum motor fuel, and significantly improves effective, power, economic and environmental indicators. As a result of the adjustment tests of the 2H 10.5 / 12.0 base diesel engine when operating on diesel fuel and methanol with a dual fuel supply system, we can conclude that the installation angles of feed start are optimal from the point of view of efficiency and economy Θdf = 34 ° and Θm = 34 °.

Development of environmentally friendly alcohol-fuel emulsions for diesel engines

In this work, the ecological mixture of alcohol with petroleum motor fuel was studied. Since one of the main qualities of an alcohol emulsion that determines its applicability in diesels is stability, the emulsion must have sufficient stability to operate the diesel for a long time. The results of microscopy of newly prepared samples of alcohol emulsions and samples with already started flocculation process are presented. The stability of alcohol emulsions with different amounts of alcohol and additives was studied. The optimal values of methyl and ethyl alcohol, water and additives in the emulsion intended for use in diesel engines were determined.

Method for installing cryogenic fuel tanks on the deck of BelAZ 7513 mining dump truck

The state of the issue of the relevance and efficiency of the technology of using liquefied natural gas as a partial replacement of diesel fuel in mining vehicles is considered. It is argued that this technology does not require complex and time-consuming re-engineering of internal com- bustion engines, which makes it economically feasible. It is noted that liq- uefied natural gas seems to be the most promising alternative to petroleum motor fuels in heavy-duty mining dump trucks. The use of liquefied natu- ral gas as a motor fuel reduces the environmental burden; increases the energy efficiency of the rock mass hauling process and reduces fuel costs. It is said that developments aimed at substantiating and choosing design and layout solutions for the placement and arrangement of cryogenic equipment on mining vehicles are relevant. The new method for installing cryogenic fuel tanks on the deck of the BelAZ 7513 series mining dump truck with a payload capacity of 130 tons is described in detail. Layout so- lutions for the modernization of the deck of the BelAZ 7513 series dump truck allowing placing additional cryogenic equipment on its board are presented. The data presented indicate that the successful implementation of the proposed method is confirmed by the project on equipping the BelAZ 75131 mining dump truck with cryogenic onboard fuel systems, implemented in practice.

Research of load modes of diesel engine at work on biofuel

The relevance of the article is due to the need to replace traditional petroleum motor fuels with alternative ones derived from non-oil raw materials. Quite a good prospect has a variety of alcohol fuels, allowing their physical and chemical properties to use them as additives in regular oil fuel, thereby replacing it and significantly reducing harmful emissions of exhaust gases into the atmosphere. The efficiency of using ethanol and methanol as an ecological additive to petroleum diesel fuel was confirmed and the possibility of a significant reduction in toxicity and smokiness of exhaust gases during diesel operation on biofuel was experimentally proved.

Forecast of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by road transport in Russia up to 2050

The authors make a forecast for the base (inertial), innovative and decarbonization (“1.5 degrees”) scenarios related to the Russian motor vehicle fleet using the IPCC methodology (Tiers 1–3), EMEP/EEA and other methods with account for the following factors: demographic changes, economy transition from a resource-based to a low-carbon model of development, changes in the motorization level as well as in the number of fleet vehicles and the vehicle fleet structure in terms of power unit and (energy) types and the intensity of their use, identified trends of changes in the number, energy efficiency, and eco-friendliness of passenger cars, trucks, and buses with different power units (gasoline-, diesel-, gas- or electrically-powered, hybrid) as a result of the implementation of advanced materials, information, telecommunications or logistics technologies, and mobility management. It is expected that the consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel reaching a maximum in 2030–2035, may decrease by 2050 in comparison with 2015 under the innovative scenario by 5.4 times and 12%, respectively, and under the “1.5 degrees” scenario — by 13.6 times and 1.7 times. In the given period, according to the innovative scenario, natural gas consumption is expected to increase by 6.2 times. However, if the “1.5 degrees” scenario is implemented, the consumption of natural gas as a motor fuel may stop by 2050. At the same time, natural gas can be used for the production of environmentally friendly motor fuel — hydrogen, as well as electric energy for electric vehicles. The total gross greenhouse gas emissions of the motor vehicle fleet may reach a maximum in 2030 (194 million tons of CO 2 ) but then they will decrease by 2050 according to the inertial scenario to 189.5 million tons, the innovative scenario — to 142.6 million tons and the “1.5 degrees” scenario — to 103.1 million tons of CO 2 . If the “1.5 degrees” scenario is implemented, in 2050, direct greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of petroleum motor fuels by the motor vehicle fleet will be almost 2 times less than indirect CO 2 emissions from the combustion of natural gas at thermal power plants in the production of electric energy for electric vehicles. It is expected that if the Russian economy and transport switch to a low-carbon development path, decarbonization of the vehicle fleet can be achieved after 2054.

Alteration of the Liver Biochemical Enzymes Following Dermal Exposure to Petroleum Motor Spirit (PMS)

Alteration of the Liver Biochemical Enzymes Following Dermal Exposure to Petroleum Motor Spirit (PMS)

Aerobic Biodegradation of Liquid Motor Fuels under Extreme Acidic Conditions

Biodegradation of liquid petroleum motor fuels and fuel mixtures containing biodiesel fuel (methyl ethers of rapeseed fatty acids) by aerobic acidophilic actinobacteria Mycobacterium sp. AGS10 was studied. Strain AGS10 was found to be able to grow on aviation kerosene Jet A-1 as the sole carbon and energy source under highly acidic conditions. After 21 days of cultivation at 30°C and pH 2.5, bacterial numbers increased from 4.2 × 106 to 7.0 × 108 cells/mL, while the hexane-soluble part of the fuel was degraded by 90.4%. The strain also utilized components of the winter diesel fuel, including С8–С20n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and aromatic compounds. Overall hydrocarbon consumption under the same conditions was 99.4%. The ratio of (iso-С19 (pristane) + iso-С20 (phytane))/(n-С17 + n-С18) changed from 1.21 in the control to 2.39 in the experiment with bacterial degradation, which indicated preferable utilization of n-alkanes, rather than isoprenoids. Over 90% of diesel fuel hydrocarbons were consumed from day 4 to day 12 of cultivation, while abundance of the bacterial population increased by three orders of magnitude. Strain AGS10 consumed both hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing (plant-derived) components of the fuel mixtures with biodiesel fuel. Bacteria preferentially consumed hydrocarbons, and the ratio between oil diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel in the mixture changed in the course of incubation.

English

Sediment samples from Ugbo water way, South Western Nigeria were assessed for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and trace metal concentrations. Seven sampling stations were selected and one control station. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in the sediment samples was determined using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionisation Detector (GC-FID) while trace metal concentrations were determined with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). In situ measurement of the physicochemical parameters of the water was done during sampling. The average concentration of TPH in the sediment samples is 0.131 mg/kg which is far well below the maximum permissible limit (10 mg/kg) and the occurrence of the measured trace metals is in the decreasing order for the different metals Fe>Pb>Zn>Cu>Ni>Mn>Cd. Fe had the highest concentration with an average value of 0.845 mg/kg while Cd had the lowest average concentration of 0.032 mg/kg. The highest concentration of the TPH occurs at the point of offload of petroleum motor spirit (K5) and increases outwards in the down current direction as we travel away from K5. The levels of Cd, Fe, and Mn all exceeded the U.S.E.P.A recommended limit, while the rest of the metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni) were found to be within recommended limits. Key words: Trace metal, pollution, physico-chemical parameters, sediment.

Performance of a diesel engine running on mixed biofuels with the addition of gasoline

The significance of the paper is confirmed by the need to replace petroleum motor fuels with fuels produced from alternative energy sources. Biofuels derived from various vegetable resources are considered as promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. These fuels offer significant advantages with respect to the renewability of their raw materials and good emission performances when burned in ICEs. The main problem of using vegetable oils as biofuels for diesel engines is their high viscosity. This problem can be resolved by using mixed biofuels with the addition of gasoline. The analysis of physico-chemical properties of petroleum diesel fuel (DF) and mixed biofuels containing petroleum DF, rapeseed oil (RO) and AI-80 automotive gasoline was conducted. Experimental studies of the D-245.12S diesel fuelled with these mixed fuels were carried out. The mixed fuels were prepared from 80% DF + 20% RO, from 75% DF + 20% RO + 5% AI-80, and from 70% DF + 20% RO + 10% AI-80. It was shown that the addition of gasoline to mixed biofuels could improve two main toxicity indicators of exhaust gases exhaust gases smoke and emissions of nitrogen oxides. The best emission performance was achieved for the mixture of 70% DF, 20% RO and 10% AI-80. When the diesel engine was switched from the mixture of 80% DF and 20% RO to the mixture of 70% DF, 20% RO and 10% AI-80, the exhaust gases smoke at maximum torque mode decreased from 17.5 to 14.5% on the Hartridge scale, i.e. by 17.1%. The specific emissions of nitrogen oxides decreased from 6.559 to 6.154 g/(kW·h), i.e. by 6.2%.

Защита от коррозии стали составами на базе отработавших нефтяных моторных масел

Защита от коррозии стали составами на базе отработавших нефтяных моторных масел

Money, Exchange Rate, Prices and Output in Nigeria: A Test of the P-Star Model

<p><em>The search for robust model to predict inflation within a QTM framework gave birth to P-star model which has attracted less attention of researchers and practitioners in Nigeria. This study applied the methodology to high frequency Nigerian data from 1995M1 to 2018M6 to determine the validity of the model for Nigeria using error correction model (ECM). The result supports the working of the model but with slight modification. The modification centres on the incorporation of foreign price gap, (open economy view of inflation), reserve money (Friedmanic/monetarist view), price per litre of petroleum motor spirit (PMS) and output gap (Structuralist view). With this modification, P-star model proved to be a viable inflation forecasting alternative model for Nigeria. Consequently, the Central Bank of Nigeria is advised to consider adopting this modified version of the model to forecast inflation for Nigeria at least as a complimentary model to be used side-by-side with the existing forecasting model of the Bank. This will no doubt enhance the efficacy of the monetary policy of the Bank as such policies will be predicated on sufficient information, particularly on the future path of inflation.</em></p>

Физико-химические свойства нефтяных моторных топлив с добавками растительных масел и их влияние на показатели дизеля

Физико-химические свойства нефтяных моторных топлив с добавками растительных масел и их влияние на показатели дизеля

Numerical Modelling of Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Dip Gauge

This work describes numerical modelling of underground hydrocarbon storage tank dip gauge. The work was carried out at the request of a petroleum company faced with predicament, whereby three underground tanks, for the storage of hydrocarbon products, namely, Petroleum Motor Spirits, Automotive Gas Oil, and Dual Purpose Kerosene, were fully installed and buried in the earth without provision for the fluid measuring gauge. The objective was to design and fabricate a dip gauge with the design capacity of measuring up to 30,000 L of hydrocarbon from the underground storage tank. To achieve the objective of designing an accurate and reliable gauge, mathematical analysis of the available data of tanks was carried out using Newton–Raphson iteration method. A model dip gauge was designed and calibrated with the results of mathematical analysis. The dip gauge was designed with measurement capability between the range of 200–15,886 L and 400–31,765 L of hydrocarbon in the smaller and bigger tanks, respectively. Aluminium alloy 6063-T6 was used for fabrication of the gauge on account of its excellent strength and good corrosion resistance in relevant hydrocarbon environment.

Petroleum Motor Spirit (PMS) Pricing Crisis and the Nigerian Public Passenger Transportation System

Petroleum Motor Spirit (PMS) Pricing Crisis and the Nigerian Public Passenger Transportation System

Compounds of petroleum motor fuels containing oxygen

Compounds of petroleum motor fuels containing oxygen