Petroleum Ether Extract Research Articles

In Vitro Bioactivities and Characterization of Mycelial Extracts from Different Strains of Phellinus igniarius (Agaricomycetes).

To fully utilize Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia, the present study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of four Ph. igniarius strains. Organic solvents were used to extract fatty acids, phenolics, and flavonoids from the selected mushrooms. The composition and bioactivity of the extracts were evaluated. The lipid yield obtained using petroleum ether (7.1%) was higher than that obtained using 1:1 n-hex-ane+methanol (5.5%) or 2:1 dichloromethane+methanol (3.3%). The composition and relative content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the petroleum ether extract were higher than those in other solvent extracts. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extracts had higher flavonoid and phenolic content and better antioxidant activity than other extracts; however, the 70% ethanol extracts had the best α-amylase inhibitory activity. The supernatant from the ethanol precipitation of aqueous and 1% (NH4)2C2O4 extracts could also be biocompound sources. This comparative study is the first highlighting the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of the four strains of Ph. igniarius extracts prepared using different organic solvents, which makes the investigated species and extracts promising for biological application.

Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity of Sapindus trifoliatus L.

Abstract: 
 
 Sapindus trifoliatus L. is an extremely valuable medicinal plant distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Plant extracts appear to be one of the better alternatives as they are known to have a minimal environmental impact and danger to consume in contrast to synthetic pesticides. The seed extracts of Sapindus trifoliatus L. exhibited activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of each plant extract was tested against bacterial and fungal organisms
 I.e. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
 E.coli. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavous and Fusarium spp.
 The antimicrobial activity was done for Chloroform, Ethyl Alcohol, Petroleum Ether, Acetone and Aqueous extracts. The study revealed that the ethanolic extract of the pericarp of Sapindus trifoliatus L. showed positive prominent antibacterial activity against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The ethanol extract showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigates and Aspergillus niger at 100% plant extract. The inhibitory activity of the various seed extracts like Chloroform, Acetone, Petroleum ether, Ethyl alcohol and aqueous were observed.

Hydroalcoholic extract: A potential source from Azadirachta indica a Juss flower for DNA and BSA binding, scavenging, fungicidal, and larvicidal activities

AbstractThe present study focuses on the evaluation of the DNA and BSA binding capability, anti‐fungal, metal chelation, and larvicidal activity of extracts of Azadirachta indica A Juss flower. The different extracts of A. indica was prepared by soxhlet extraction using Petroleum Ether (PE), acetone (AC), and hydroalcohol (HA) as solvents. DNA and BSA binding ability of HA extract was calculated through the UV–Visible titrimetric method. The phytochemicals present in the extract show good binding ability towards DNA and BSA. H2O2 and NO scavenging activity were evaluated and HA extracts shows good antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 62 and 48 μg/mg, respectively. The metal chelating property was calculated, where HA shows good chelating ability with the IC50 value of 32.23 μg/mg. The antifungal activity of these extracts was evaluated against different fungal stains; among them, hydroalcoholic extract shows a higher zone of inhibition in all the fungal stains than Petroleum Ether and acetone extracts and acetone extracts (i.e., 50 μg/μL MIC). The potential extract (i.e., HA extract) was used to estimate the larvicidal activity of parasites. The % of mortality was evaluated through a dose‐dependent assay and it is confirmed that when concentration increases, the mortality rate increases. The correlation between metal chelating activity and total flavonoid and phenolic content was calculated and it was found that there is a good correlation (R2 – .743 and .902, respectively). These results proved that HA extract possesses biologically important phytochemicals that contribute to pharmaceutical and biological activities and could be a natural remedy for various real‐time applications.

Protective Effect of Mucoadhesive Gel of Phytosterol of Pongamia glabra Against Arecoline-Induced OSMF Rats

Objective Isolation and interpretation of phytosterol from stem bark of Pongamia glabra P. pinnata Vent. to develop and characterize mucoadhesive gel of the isolated phytosterol and histopathological studies of extract and mucoadhesive gel on arecoline induced oral submucosa fibrosis OSMF in rats.Methods Petroleum ether extract of stem bark was used for phytochemical investigation and the isolated phytosterol was characterized spectroscopically. Mucoadhesive gel of the isolated phytosterol PGS was developed and evaluated for physicochemical properties. Histopathological studies of arecoline induced OSMF rats at the end of four months induction and four months treatment with the extract and the gel of PGS were carried out and the resultant changes in body weight were noted during the induction and the treatment. Results Spectroscopic studies of the isolated phytosterol PGS identified it as ldquostigmasterolrdquo. The formulated gel exhibited good homogeneity with no grittiness good extrudability and mucoadhesive strength optimum pH uniform drug content low viscosity and 86-88 cumulative drug release property. Histopathological study of arecoline HBr induced OSMF rats at the end of 4th month induction exhibited white patches on buccal submucosa fibrosis and significant P lt0.0001 reduction in body weight. At the end of 4th month treatment with extract of Pongaia glabra and the mucoadhesive gel of PGS epithelium regaining normal thickness and body weight was observed.Conclusion Formulated mucoadhesive gel of PGS with good physicochemical pharmaceutical properties was found to reduce arecoline induced oral submucosa fibrosis by dissolving 90 of collagen deposition at the end of four months treatment.

Terpenoids from the Petroleum Ether Extract of Artemisia argyi

Terpenoids from the Petroleum Ether Extract of Artemisia argyi

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Celtis Timorensis Leaf Extract

Objective: The objective of the present investigation is to study the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and water extracts of the leaf part of Celtis timorensis Spr. The preliminary phytochemical studies were conducted according to standard procedures. Total phenolic content was estimated using the FCA reagent method. The antioxidant efficiency of extracts was evaluated by using molybdate and DPPH methods. The antibacterial potency of leaf extracts was studied using the disc diffusion method against eight human pathogenic bacterial strains. Results: The results of preliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, phenolic components, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. The total phenolic content of the tested extracts exhibited a range between 8.82 to 68.32 mg GAE/g dwt. The highest total phenolic content was observed in the methanol extract (68.32±1.03 mg GAE/g dwt.) and the highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in the methanol extract of leaf part (700.0±0.71 mg ASE/g dwt.).Regarding DPPH scavenging activity the highest DPPH-reducing activity (>90%) was observed by methanol, ethanol and water extracts of the leaf part. Ethanol and water extracts of leaf samples strongly inhibited the gram-negative bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica (13 mm for each species) respectively. While gram-positive species i.e. Bacillus megatherium Artherobacter protophormiae and P. aeruginosa were moderately inhibited by chloroform, ethanol and water extracts (12 mm for each) respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, the selected medicinal plant C. timorensis extracts exhibited good antioxidant activity, strong antibacterial activity and rich bioactive components. It required further studies on the isolation, and characterization of active principle to evaluate its pharmacological properties.

Determination of mineral content and antimicrobial activities of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) grown under Kilis ecological conditions (Turkey)

In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits naturally grown in Kilis region and frequently used in the food of the people and to make antibiograms of the used pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol, methanol, water and petroleum ether extracts of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits was investigated. The antimicrobial effect of the obtained extracts was tested on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Bacterial strains and Penicillium thomi and Aspergillus parasiticus fungi according to disk diffusion method. Antibacterial effects of extracts of Rhus coriaria L. fruits with different solvents on different test microorganisms were measured by disc diffusion method. In the study, it was determined that the bacteria used were susceptible / resistant to various antibiotic discs, and that the ethanol extract from the microorganisms used had a maximum effect of 33 mm on the S. aureus strain. Methanol extracts (10-30 mm) of the fungi used were found to be more effective. It has been observed that petroleum ether extracts do not act against the microorganisms used. In general, it has been determined that there is antimicrobial property and protective effect against microorganisms as a natural product. Sumac is a natural food substance abundantly consumed in the region according to other regions. Consideration of commercial dimensions around the world is considered to be an important source of income in the development of our country.

Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities on Skimmia laureola Leaves Extract: A Research

Background: Skimmia laureola owned by the Rutaceae family is one of the plants that might use the Indian traditional treatment system in the Indian subcontinent and act against many diseases. So, this new research was carried out to scientifically confirm the various solvent fractions and separate the active fraction from the plant against antioxidants and bacterial and microbial growth.
 Objectives: The main objective of the study involves the Phytochemical screening and research of invitro activities i.e. antioxidant and antibacterial from the extracts of the leaves part of the Skimmia laureola plant.
 Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out of various extracts by the tests that involved it. Invitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities were examined of the plant extract through various methods DPPH, Metal chelating activity, Reducing power ability, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and Nitric oxide scavenging activity. After completion of the research, all the activity is shown graphically.
 Results: Invitro antioxidant activity shows that methanolic extract shows more antioxidant activity than other extracts. The antibacterial investigations show that the ethanolic extract of the plant removal was very compelling for bacterias Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli at 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 75 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml individually.
 Conclusion: Auxiliary metabolites (phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and content) have been quantified. In antioxidant tests such as DPPH activity, the methanolic extract of the plant outperforms other extracts such as chloroform, petroleum ether, ethanol, and aqueous extract. The antibacterial investigations show that the ethanolic extract of the plant removed was very compelling for bacterias Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and E.coli. The current study may be useful in improving data regarding its distinguishing proof boundaries expected primarily in the method of the adequacy of homegrown medications in the current situation lacking administrative laws to control the nature of natural medications, as well as discovering antioxidants and antibacterial action.

Ganoderma adspersum (Ganodermataceae): Investigation of Its Secondary Metabolites and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Potential of Its Extracts.

Ganoderma is a genus of wood-degrading mushrooms with medicinal importance. Most Ganoderma species have been studied extensively for their secondary metabolites, biological activities, and ecological value. In this study, the biological activities of the extracts of G. adspersum growing wild on Morus alba trees in the region of Western Thrace (Greece) were evaluated, and the petroleum ether, dichloromethanolic, and methanolic extracts were studied further for their secondary metabolites. Six substances were isolated by chromatographic (Clumn Chromatography (C.C.), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)) and spectroscopic methods (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)), which were classified in the following categories: (a) unsaturated fatty acids: cis-oleic acid (1); (b) sterols: ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol (3), and ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol (4); and (c) lanostane-type triterpenoids: applanoxidic acid G (5) and applanoxidic acid A (6). Finally, the biological activities of the extracts were estimated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential. The methanolic extract of G. adspersum showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The results of the antimicrobial activities indicated that all of the extracts had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 39.1 and 312.5 μg/mL. The evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the samples showed once again that the methanolic extract was the most potent among the examined extracts, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 19.22 μg/mL (Hep2c cells), 32.9 μg/mL (RD cells), and 8.94 μg/mL (L2OB cells). Moreover, the bioactivity scores of the isolated secondary metabolites were calculated using the online computer software program Molinspiration. The compounds showed promising bioactivity scores for drug targets.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents by GC-MS and Biological Activity of Eugenia caryophyllus extract

This research was carried out under laboratory conditions to test the inhibitory ability of the extracts Eugenia caryophyllus on pathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina Which is diagnosed on the plant Shalek depending on its morphological and microscopic characteristics. The active compounds found in the volatile oil separated from cloves wereidentified using GC-MS and the following active compounds were obtained )8-Dimethylnona-1, phenol ,Naphthalene, alpha-Farmesene, 1- Lsopropyl-4, 7-hexahyro-1, Caryophyllene oxide.( .Of these compounds, 1-Lsopropyl-4 gave the highest concentration at 2. 01 mg.gm-1 with a retention time of 8.537, and the separated fatty acids were identified from the clove petroleum ether extract using GC-MS, and the following fatty acids were obtained:) Palmatic, Undecanoic, Lauric, Arachidonic, Lenolinic, Linoleic, Oleic, Stearic( .Among these compounds is Linoleic Which gives the highest concentration at 27.52 mg. gm-1 With a holding time of 15.280 minutes. The inhibitory effect of clove extracts against Macrophomina phaseolina was tested. The results showed that the extracts of petroleum ether and eucalyptus oil, which were used at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml in the PDA medium, had inhibitory effects on the growth of the aforementioned fungus. Both extracts caused a significant effect on the growth of this fungus at all concentrations used. As these fungi failed to form mycelium on PDA.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIBACTERIAL AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF BOSWELLIA DALZIELII HUTCHIN FROM KALTUNGO, NIGERIA

The importance of traditional herbal medicinal system has now gained attention in developed and developing countries. Boswellia dalzielii is a tree grows in the wild usually in the Savannah region of West Africa. These work assessed the phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and insecticidal activities of the stem bark extracts of Boswellia dalzielii. The plant extracts were obtained using soxhlet method with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and water as solvents for 10 hours while the phytochemicals and insecticidal activities were determined using standard methods. The phytochemical screening showed significant presence of carbohydrate in the ethanol and water extracts while significant amount of tannin was detected only in the ethanol extract. The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate showed absence of carbohydrate, tannins, phlobotannin, cyanogenic glycoside, chlorogenic acid and alkaloid. Significant amount of flavonoid was seen in the water extract, while only the ethanolic extract showed significant amount of cardiac glycoside and alkaloid. The acetone extract showed significant quantity of alkaloid and terpenes and steroids. The antibacterial screening showed that ethanol extract had the highest inhibitory activity. The petroleum ether extract had the least active components with no activity on the test organisms. The insecticidal activity of the plant extracts showed that acetone extract had the highest insecticidal activity on both the test insects. Camponotus consobrinus shows the highest percentage mortality of 75% at a concentration of 500µg and LC50 of 1.64x102µg followed by the Acanthscelides obtectus with the percentage mortality of 53% at a concentration of 250µg and...

Antimicrobial and anti-diabetic efficiency of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extracts and major compounds characterization

This research was performed to investigate the bactericidal and fungicidal competence of extracts (methanol and petroleum ether extract) of Polyalthia longifolia leaf. Moreover, the major active compounds present in the effective crude extract (either methanol or petroleum ether extract) was determined through initially with UV–Vis spectra, FTIR, and GC-MS analyses. The methanol extract alone showed remarkable bactericidal and fungicidal activity against the bacterial (S. pyogenes > E. coli > S. aureus > S. pneumoniae > C. difficile > P. aeruginosa) and fungal (A. clavatus > C. albicans > A. niger > A. fumigatus > C. tropicalis > C. auris) pathogens at increased concentration (12.5 mg mL−1) than petroleum ether extract. The MIC and MBC values of methanol extract were found as 10–20 mg mL−1 and 30–40 mg mL−1 respectively. The MFC value of methanol extract was found as 10–20 mg mL−1. These MIC, MBC, and MFC values of methanol extract were considerably greater than petroleum ether extract. The FTIR and GC-MS characterization studies revealed that the presence of more acre functional groups belonging to bioactive compounds such as Z)-7-Hexadecenal, Aromandendrene, α-Curcumene, Caryophyllene, Methyl 14-methyl Pentadecanoat, Methyl trans-13-Octadecenoate, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, and 2-hydroxy-1- (hydroxymethyl)ethyl. As a result of these findings, it is possible that P. longifolia leaf methanol extract contains medicinally important bioactive substances with bactericidal and fungicidal properties.

Extraction, Phytochemical Screening and HPTLC Analysis of Fenugreek Gum for Analysis of Different Phytoconstituents

Fenugreek gum is a natural polysaccharide that has been explored for various biomedical applications. The present study investigated the phytoconstituent profile of fenugreek gum, revealing it as a potent source of diverse bioactive compounds. The analysis encompassed steroids, fats and oils, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, and carbohydrates. Extraction using methanol and aqueous solvents demonstrated the highest concentration of phytoconstituents, underscoring the efficacy of these solvents in isolating bioactive components from fenugreek. Further exploration involved the determination of Rf values and percentage area in chloroform, petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts, providing a comprehensive identification of the mixture’s components. The results suggested a rich and varied chemical composition in fenugreek gum, offering potential applications in diverse fields owing to the presence of steroids for physiological effects, fats and oils for nutritional benefits, alkaloids with potential pharmacological properties, proteins for cellular functions, saponins for their soap-like properties, and tannins and phenolics as antioxidants. Additionally, the presence of flavonoids and carbohydrates adds to its nutritional and medicinal value. The study’s findings contribute valuable insights into the phytochemical composition of fenugreek gum, shedding light on its potential applications in the realms of medicine, nutrition, and industry. The identification of optimal extraction methods and the characterization of phytoconstituents lay the foundation for future research and utilization of fenugreek gum as a versatile and valuable natural resource. Overall, this investigation underscores the significance of fenugreek gum as a rich repository of bioactive compounds with diverse potential applications across various domains.

GC-MS analysis of petroleum ether extract of Notothylas indica Kashyap for detecting compounds with antifeedant properties

Bryophytes are remarkable group of terrestrial plants that have several adaptations against biotic and abiotic stresses. They are a hoard of metabolites that provide protection against microbes and herbivores. Mostly bryophytes remain untouched by insect larvae as evident from the intact thallus. This can be attributed to the antifeedant compounds present in bryophytes. The current study aims at elucidating the various volatile compounds present in the petroleum ether extract of Notothylas indica and to determine the possible compounds that provide antifeedant properties. Altogether 154 compounds have been detected by GC MS analysis. 25 compounds showed a similarity of above 80 % with the NIST library and hence are evaluated for possible antifeedant activities. Insect/larval deterrent activity in N. indica may be due to compounds like 2-ethylnaphthalene, caryophyllene, phytol, beta-ionine, tridecane, undecane, tridecene. Since diverse chemicals are present in the extract with potential novelties, there are probabilities of more antifeedant compounds. Segregation and characterization of these chemicals can pave way for documentation of novel chemicals that can be used as antifeedants, thereby reducing the use of chemical pesticides in controlling pest.

Targeted screening of the synergistic components in Artemisia annua L. leading to enhanced antiplasmodial potency of artemisinin based on a "top down" PD-PK approach

Ethnopharmacological relevanceArtemisinin (ART) showed enhanced antimalarial potency in the herb Artemisia annua L. (A. annua), from which ART is isolated. Increased absorption of ART with inhibited metabolism in the plant matrix is an underlying mechanism. Several synergistic components have been reported based on a "bottom-up" approach, i.e., traditional isolation followed by pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic evaluation. Aim of the studyIn this study, we employed a "top-down" approach based on in vivo antimalarial and pharmacokinetic studies to identify synergistic components in A. annua. Materials and methodsTwo A. annua extracts in different chemical composition were obtained by extraction using ethyl acetate (EA) and petroleum ether (PE). The synergistic antimalarial activity of ART in two extracts was compared both in vitro (Plasmodium falciparum) and in vivo (murine Plasmodium yoelii). For the PD-PK correlation analysis, the pharmacokinetic profiles of ART and its major metabolite (ART-M) were investigated in healthy rats after a single oral administration of pure ART (20 mg/kg) or equivalent ART in each A. annua extract. A liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS)-based analytical strategy was then applied for efficient component classification and structural characterization of the differential components in the targeted extract with a higher antimalarial potency. Major components isolated from the targeted extract were then evaluated for their synergistic effect in the same proportion. ResultsCompared with pure ART (ED50, 5.6 mg/kg), ART showed enhanced antimalarial potency in two extracts in vivo (ED50 of EA, 2.9 mg/kg; ED50 of PE, 1.6 mg/kg), but not in vitro (IC50, 15.0–20.0 nM). A significant increase (1.7-fold) in ART absorption (AUC0-t) was found in rats after a single oral dose of equivalent ART in PE but not in EA; however, no significant change in the metabolic capability (AUCART-M/AUCART) was found for ART in either extract. The differential component analysis of the two extracts showed a higher composition of sesquiterpene compounds, especially component AB (3.0% in PE vs. 0.9% in EA) and component AA (14.1% in PE vs. 5.1% in EA). Two target sesquiterpenes were isolated and identified as arteannuin B (AB) and artemisinic acid (AA). The synergism between ART and AB/AA in the same proportion with PE extract (20:1.6:7.6, mg/kg) was verified by a pharmacokinetic study in rats. ConclusionsA "top-down" strategy based on PD-PK studies was successfully employed to identify synergistic components for ART in A. annua. Two sesquiterpene compounds (arteannuin B and artemisinic acid) could enhance the antimalarial potency of ART by increasing its absorption.

Mersin, Türkiye'den Bazı Maki Türlerinin Antimikrobiyal ve Antioksidan Aktiviteleri

In this paper, we have investigated antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of some maquis species from Mersin vil., Turkey. Extracts of Cistus creticus L. Erica manipuliflora L., Myrtus communis L., Pistacia terebinthus L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L., species, which are the elements of the scrub vegetation, were obtained by using hexane, methanol and petroleum ether solvents, respectively, and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these extracts were determined. The plant samples showed different antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Specifically, M. communis extracts has more effective antimicrobial activity against Gram(+) bacteria species. M. communis methanolic extract showed the MIC value of 31.25 µg/mL against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and E. faecalis. M. communis hexane extract showed that the MIC value of 31.25 µg/mL against E. faecalis. In the current study, the petroleum ether extract of M. communis showed the highest antifungal effect against C. parapsilosis with a MIC value of 31.25 µg/mL. The highest and lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity were calculated as 91.25 % and 63.3 % in the petroleum ether extract of P. terebinthus and in the methanolic extract of C. creticus, respectiley. Furthermore, the highest and lowest hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity were found to be 78.87 % and 45.8 % in the methanolic extract of M. communis and in hexane extract of C. creticus, respectively.

Phytochemical screening, investigations & antimicrobial activity on the various extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Alternanthera sessilis (Joyweed) and Crepidium acuminatum (Jeevak)

The antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of & using petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were tested against Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus mutans, Pseudomonas mirabilis and Bacillus fragillis. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion method. The zone of inhibition was compared with the standard drug i.e. Penicillin. Petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and ethanol extracts were effective against the entire four test microorganism used respectively when compared to standard drug penicillin. The preliminary phytochemical screening of contains alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols, cardiac glycosides and quinones. indicated the presence of saponins, essential oils, athraquinones, sterols, coumarins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and glycosides. Quantitatively alkaloids, resins, tannins, crude fibre, saponin, phenolic, flavonoids, carbohydrate and saponins were determined by different methods.Acetone extract was more effective followed by ethanol extract as antimicrobial agents when compared to other extracts of aerial parts of & . shows antihypertensive remedy, helps to treat hepatitis, bronchitis, asthma, central –stimulating & analgesic activity. shows aphrodisiac, haemostatic, anti-diarrheal, and styptic, anti dysenteric, febrifuge, cooling and tonic activity.Total Carbohydrate and Saponin contents are calculated by standard curve methods by us ing 80% ethanol and aqueous extract correspondingly. Quantities are found to 112±1.7 (μg Glucose equivalents/ml of extract) in 80% ethanol extract and 184±1.2 (μg saponin equivalents/ml of extract) in aqueous extract. Saponin content has also been measured by double solvent gravimetric method and it is found to be 2±0.48%. Quantity of Total Fat Content, Total Alkaloid Content, Total Resin Content, Total Tannin Content and Total Crude Fibre Content were calculated.Work is under progress to reveal the chemical nature of the active constituents responsible for the antimicrobial activity & its P’cological activities reported for aerial parts of the plant.

In silico Based Virtual Screening of Non-polar Phytochemicals obtained From Petroleum Ether Extract of Asparagus racemosus by GC-MS Analysis

In silico Based Virtual Screening of Non-polar Phytochemicals obtained From Petroleum Ether Extract of Asparagus racemosus by GC-MS Analysis

Phytochemical analysis and molecular identification of Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook. f. & Thomson) H. Keng from Northeast India

Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook. f. & Thomson) H. Keng has been a traditionally important plant among the tribes of the Northeastern region of India. The present study aimed at the identification of this indigenous tree M. hodgsonii using DNA barcoding and analysis of their phytoconstituents using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The GC-MS analysis of petroleum ether extract (HSTP01_PET), detected 31 compounds including sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, fatty acid methyl ester and lignan derivatives. Among them methyl 6,8-octadecadiynoate (33.58%), alpha-bisabolol (20.25%), 1h-cycloprop[e] azulene, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl (15.65%), cyclohexene, 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene (13.44%) and furan 2,5-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) tetrahydro-3,4-di (1.12%). In LC-MS/MS analysis, both methanolic (HSTM-01) and aqueous (HSTA-01) extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, coumarin and amino derivative compounds. Five bioactive compounds namely, 4-hydroxy 5 (3′, 4′ dihydroxyphenyl) valeric acid, Harmine, (+) – Catechin -3-O glucose, Lysine-Betaxanthin and Rheumlhasol A were detected in both the extracts. The rbcL and matK sequence was employed as a molecular marker in DNA barcoding. The phylogenetic tree was generated in MEGA X using the maximum likelihood method, and the robustness of the tree was evaluated using bootstrapping with 1000 replicates. This study revealed that M. hodgsonii is closely related to M. pterocarpa and M. liliifera. This is the first study of the chemical components of essential oil isolated from M. hodgsonii leaves. The use of molecular barcoding in identifying M. hodgsonii as well as the chemical composition may form an important marker in the compilation of future herbal pharmacopeia for its proper identification and medicinal use.

Nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of Urtica hyperborea: A phytofood of Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh, India

Urtica hyperborea Jacquem. ex Wedd., a perennial plant of Urticaceae family is considered as a wild vegetable in the mountainous region of Ladakh. Due to its application in many forms of traditional culinary in every household during the harsh winter season, the plant ensures the food security. However, the nutritional composition and phytochemical analysis of U. hyperborea responsible for these beneficial features have not been explored widely. The present study aims to determine the nutritional composition (e.g., macromolecules, pigments, minerals, phenolics and flavonoid contents), antioxidant activity and the phytochemical analysis of this plant species present in Ladakh, India. The radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of the plant were evaluated by assays like 2,2‒diphenyl‒1‒picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl (ºOH), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) for different extracts prepared in water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. Macromolecules such as protein, carbohydrate, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in U. hyperborea were found to be 62.28±6.67, 170.80±3.98, 24.47±0.39 and 5.43±0.97 mg g-1, respectively. Similarly, dried powder of U. hyperborea was found to be rich in different mineral contents such as potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, zinc and iron. Among the various solvents used for exploring scavenging and antioxidant potential, aqueous extracts showed highest activity with 79.2% in DPPH assay as compared to other extracts. Similar trend was observed for other assays where aqueous extracts exhibited higher activity followed by methanolic, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts. Significant positive linear correlations were observed between the radical scavenging/antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts and their content of phenolic/flavonoid compounds. The identification of phenolic compounds such as coumarin, quercetin, and ferulic acid confirm the antioxidative nature of the plant. Overall, rich macromolecule and mineral contents, as well as higher radical scavenging/antioxidant activities in aqueous extracts of U. hyperborea revealed that the plant has significant potential to be utilized as a phytofood source in harsh environmental conditions.