Petroleum Coke Research Articles

Transforming Waste into Wealth: Advanced Carbon-Based Electrodes Derived from Refinery and Coal By-Products for Next-Generation Energy Storage.

This comprehensive review addresses the need for sustainable and efficient energy storage technologies against escalating global energy demand and environmental concerns. It explores the innovative utilization of waste materials from oil refineries and coal processing industries as precursors for carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage systems, including batteries and supercapacitors. These waste-derived carbon materials, such as semi-coke, coal gasification fine ash, coal tar pitch, petroleum coke, and petroleum vacuum residue, offer a promising alternative to conventional electrode materials. They present an optimal balance of high carbon content and enhanced electrochemical properties while promoting environmental sustainability through effectively repurposing waste materials from coal and hydrocarbon industries. This review systematically examines recent advancements in fabricating and applying waste-derived carbon-based electrodes. It delves into the methodologies for converting industrial by-products into high-quality carbon electrodes, with a particular emphasis on carbonization and activation processes tailored to enhance the electrochemical performance of the derived materials. Key findings indicate that while higher carbonization temperatures may impede the development of a porous structure, using KOH as an activating agent has proven effective in developing mesoporous structures conducive to ion transport and storage. Moreover, incorporating heteroatom doping (with elements such as sulfur, potassium, and nitrogen) has shown promise in enhancing surface interactions and facilitating the diffusion process through increased availability of active sites, thereby demonstrating the potential for improved storage capabilities. The electrochemical performance of these waste-derived carbon materials is evaluated across various configurations and electrolytes. Challenges and future directions are identified, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of the microstructural characteristics that influence electrochemical performance and advocating for interdisciplinary research to achieve precise control over material properties. This review contributes to advancing electrode material technology and promotes environmental sustainability by repurposing industrial waste into valuable resources for energy storage. It underscores the potential of waste-derived carbon materials in sustainably meeting global energy storage demands.

АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННЫЙ РАСЧЁТ ОБЪЕМОВ ОСТАТКОВ НЕФТЯНОГО КОКСА НА СКЛАДАХ ХРАНЕНИЯ

The procedure for estimating petroleum coke residues by the height of the void in the silo is consid-ered and an automated calculation of coke volume in spreadsheet format is implemented

Effect of high-pressure pyrolysis on syngas and char structure of petroleum coke

Petroleum coke, a byproduct of petroleum refining, is considered a potential alternative fuel owing to its low ash content and high calorific value. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the pyrolysis process and its potential applications by investigating the effect of pressure on the pyrolysis of petroleum coke, focusing on changes in its syngas composition and char structure. High-pressure pyrolysis was employed to explore structural changes, decomposition pathways, and gas production. High pressures increase the residence time and promote secondary pyrolysis, leading to the increased production of hydrogen. Also, high pressure can promote gasification reactions such as methanation. The influence of pressure on the chemical and physical structures of the produced char was also observed. Higher pressures resulted in more active secondary pyrolysis, causing a decrease in the aromatic groups and an increase in the aliphatic and oxygen-containing groups in the char. The surface area and porosity of char increased at higher pressures, enhancing its reactivity and gasification rate. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the effects of pressure on petroleum coke pyrolysis, shedding light on its potential as an alternative energy resource and highlighting changes in gas composition and char structure under various pressure conditions.

A novel seasonal grey prediction model with fractional order accumulation for energy forecasting

To accurately predict sequence data with seasonal characteristics, we combine data restart technology and fractional order accumulation into a novel seasonal grey model (FSGM (1,1, α)). The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to solve the fractional order and background value coefficients of the model, and the effectiveness of FSGM (1,1, α) is verified using three cases. Finally, we use FSGM (1,1, α) to predict quarterly electricity generation in Beijing and Henan Province and quarterly petroleum coke production in China from 2023 to 2027. The research results indicate that, first, FSGM (1,1, α) is reasonable and effective and has the ability to accurately capture the dynamic trend of seasonal data. Second, compared with the grey model (GM (1,1)), seasonal grey model (SGM (1,1)), data grouping grey model (DGGM (1,1)), data grouping seasonal model (DGSM (1,1)), and data grouping seasonal time model (DGSTM (1,1)), which have seasonal characteristics, FSGM (1,1, α) can better fit the original data, achieve higher prediction accuracy, and perform better. Third, from 2023 to 2027, it is predicted that there will be no significant change in Beijing's electricity generation, and the current stable trend will be maintained. Both the power generation in Henan Province and the petroleum coke production in China will steadily increase to a certain extent, with obvious seasonal cyclical fluctuations. Notably, the power generation and petroleum coke production in Henan Province in the fourth quarter of 2027 will increase by 11.50 % and 10.93 %, respectively, compared to those in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Solid waste reutilization of FCC petroleum coke for solar evaporation as a photothermal conversion material

Petroleum coke is a common industrial waste and is generally considered to be an amorphous carbonaceous or highly aromatized polymer carbide. In this study, petroleum coke was used as the main raw material and loaded on a nonwoven fabric to construct an interfacial solar evaporator with a micro-nano structure. The light absorption, evaporation rate and photothermal efficiency of CB@EM with different loading concentrations were investigated with different light intensities, coming in to evaluate the photothermal conversion performance of CB@EM. The results showed that the petroleum coke was resistant to acid and alkali. The simply prepared CB@EM has excellent photothermal conversion performance, and the evaporation rates of 50-CB@EM were 1.37, 2.34, and 5.61 kg m−2 h−1 at 0.5 sun, 1 sun, and 1.5 sun, respectively; meanwhile, the average evaporation rate of 50-CB@EM after 60 h of continuous evaporation at 1 sun, which realized efficient and continuous water evaporation was 2.39 kg m−2 h−1, the evaporation efficiency was 93.29 %, and the salt would preferentially accumulate from both ends of 50-CB@EM. In addition, CB@EM has flame retardancy, which can reduce the risk of fire during transportation. This study provides a method to treat petroleum coke industrial waste residue using clean energy and apply it in solar photo-thermal water evaporation, which has great potential for industrial application.

Comparative study on the molecular evolution of changqing petroleum coke during air and pure oxygen combustion: A ReaxFF method analysis

Based on reactive force field (ReaxFF) simulation, the molecular evolution mechanism of air combustion simulation and pure oxygen combustion simulation of Changqing petroleum coke was studied. On the basis of the original petroleum coke molecular model, N2 and O2 molecules were added to construct the air combustion simulation model and the pure oxygen combustion simulation model respectively. The number of molecules, main products, and typical hydrocarbon gases in the two simulation results were analyzed by setting up the LAMMPS in. file. Finally, the molecular changes of pyrrole and pyridine were described. The results show that the main reaction interval of pure oxygen combustion is earlier than that of air combustion. In the main reaction temperature range, the reaction rate of pure oxygen combustion is higher than that of simulated air combustion. At 170 ps, the two simulations reaction speed is the fastest time point; Pyridine is more stable than pyrrole. The research on the distinction and comparison of two kinds of simulation has certain guiding significance for the clean utilization of petroleum coke combustion process in industry.

An efficient method of preparing Si–Fe–Al–Ca alloy from coal gasification fine slag via plasma smelting and alternating current magnetic field

It is of great significance to solve the environmental problems caused by the unreasonable treatment of coal gasification slag. This study successfully produced Si–Fe–Al–Ca alloy from low-carbon fine slag with petroleum coke as reducing agent in a plasma furnace with an alternating current magnetic field, which solved the problem of the high reactivity requirement of carbon reductant for plasma smelting. The optimum carbon content of the mixed low-carbon fine slag and petroleum coke is 105% of the theoretical value. As the strength of the alternating current magnetic field increased (from 0% to 100% of the maximum power), the yield of the alloy (from 25.46% to 58.19%) and the recovery ratios of each element (Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Ti) increased. In addition, as the magnetic field strength increased, the pores inside the alloy became smaller, the composition of the alloy became more homogeneous, and a better separation of the alloy from the slag was observed. The main composition of the alloy at the strongest alternating current magnetic field is Si: 51.14 wt%, Fe: 28.41 wt%, Al: 9.14 wt%, Ca: 7.15 wt%, Ti: 2.03 wt%. We attribute the enhanced smelting effect of the alternating current magnetic field to the resistive heat and Lorentz force produced by the induced current. In addition, the skin effect concentrated the induced current on the surface of the oxide particles and carbon particles, which increased the temperature of the reaction interface and promoted the carbothermal reduction reaction.

Bio-aromatics synthesis via catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with lithium-ion battery cathodes and modified HZSM-5 coupled in-situ plasma mode

This work proposed a novel method based on in-situ plasma mode to synthetize bio-aromatics from cellulose co-pyrolyzed with lithium-ion battery cathodes and tandem catalyzed by modified HZSM-5. Ni and Ti modified HZSM-5 were compared in the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose without cathode conditions, and then cellulose was co-pyrolyzed with cathodes (LCO, LMO and LNCM). The results showed that modified-zeolites improved the upgrading of pyrolysis products, producing more refined bio-oils, and Ti-modified version was superior, while cellulose co-pyrolyzed with cathodes decreased the residual char and catalyst deposits to increase refined bio-oil. When using LNCM, the refined bio-oil yield reached 38.80%, attributing to the catalytic effect of cathodes, enhanced thermal conductivity, and micro lithium-ion battery effect. The application of cathodes and modified zeolites enhanced the conversion of furans, greatly elevating the MAHs selectivity; herein, Ni-modified version increased PAHs. After using LNCM, the selectivity of MAHs reached 77.67% (mainly C8 hydrocarbons), C10 and above hydrocarbons were suppressed, which was possibly attributed to enhanced gas-phase reactions. Abundant free radical reactions and higher cracking capability enabled coking to initially occur inside, and using LNCM decreased the catalyst coke content by approximately 80%. Co-pyrolysis with cathodes caused the surface coke to transform from filament-like to amorphous.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of N, F co-doped and etched needle coke-based lithium-ion battery anode materials by NF3 plasma treatment

NF3 plasma treatments were used to improve the electrochemical properties of needle coke-based lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode materials. The effects of the NF3 plasma treatments on the chemical, structural, and morphological properties of the needle cokes were evaluated with various analyses, and simultaneous heteroatom doping coupled with surface etching was identified. With these effects, N and F functional groups and micropores were generated on the surfaces of the needle cokes. The NF3 plasma-modified needle cokes were analyzed with LIB performance tests, and considerable enhancements were observed in the discharge capacities, rate capabilities and cycling stabilities. The resulting nitrogen functional groups and micropores improved the lithium storage capacities and rates by providing lithium-ion adsorption sites. The fluorine functional groups enhanced the cycling stability by forming LiF-based SEI layers. These effects of the NF3 plasma treatment on the electrochemical properties were proven with analytical techniques, and mechanisms for the overall process were suggested based on the results. The NF3 plasma-treated needle cokes are promising materials for fast charging LIB anodes with high stabilities and competitive discharge capacities.

The Influence of Organic and Inorganic Additives on the Specific Electrical Resistance of Coke

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of both inorganic (boron carbide nanopowders and silicon carbide (carborundum) and organic lean (petroleum coke) additives on the quality of coke produced in a laboratory furnace, as well as on its electrical properties. Analyzing the results of the quality assessment of the obtained coke, it can be argued that the addition of a fixed amount (0.25-0.5 wt.%) of non-caking nanoadditives allows to regulate the process in the plastic state in order to increase the coke strength. This modification affects the coke quality and has a significant dependence on the grade composition of the coal charge. The use of nanoadditives is especially important for coal charges with poor coking properties. Adding 5% of petroleum coke to the coal charge leads to an increase in the gross coke yield by 1.2-1.3%; a decrease in coke ash content by 0.2-0.3%; an increase in the total sulfur content in coke by 0.15-0.23%; deterioration in both mechanical (P25 − by 0. 1-0.6%; I10 − by 0.1-0.2%) and coke strength after the reaction (CSR - by 0.6-1.0%), coke reactivity (CRI - by 0.2-0.3%), as well as structural strength (SS by 0.3-0.4%), abrasive hardness (AH by 0.7-1.0 mg) and specific electrical resistance (ρ by 0.002-0.007 Om×cm). The obtained data may indicate an increase in the order degree of the coke structure and the appearance of a larger number of nanostructures. In addition, it should be noted that a sharper deterioration in blast furnace coke quality is observed when using a coal charge characterized by a lower coal content of the Concentrating Factory Svyato-Varvarynska LLC.

Research and Optimization of Operating Parameters of a Rotor Classifier for Calcined Petroleum Coke

This article explores the impact of operating parameters on the classification efficiency of a rotor classifier. Based on the experimental data of calcined petroleum coke classification, a single-factor experimental analysis is conducted to find the relationship between operating parameters and classification performance. The cut size becomes progressively smaller as the rotor speed and feeding speed increase, and progressively larger as the inlet air volume increases. Newton’s classification efficiency and classification accuracy decreased with the increase in feeding speed. The range analysis of the orthogonal experiment shows that the rotor speed and inlet air volume have significant effects on the classification performance, but the effect of feed speed is relatively weak. In addition, the optimal combination of operating parameters is obtained by optimizing the operating parameters. Newton’s classification efficiency under this combination is estimated, and the estimated value is 82%. The verification experiment reveals that the Newton’s classification efficiency is 83.5%, which is close to the estimated value. Meanwhile, the classification accuracy is 0.626. This study provides theoretical guidance for the industrial production of calcined petroleum coke and accumulates basic experimental data for the development of air classifiers.

Graphitizable Pitch from Microwave Plasma Pyrolysis of Natural Gas.

An innovative approach of microwave plasma was utilized to convert natural gas into tar, from which a highly graphitizable pitch was derived using fractional distillation. The natural gas-derived pitch (NGDP) was thoroughly characterized, and the graphitizability of the carbonized NGDP was assessed using polarized light microscopy. The NGDP and, for comparison, needle coke, petroleum coke, and shot coke were subjected to graphitization heat treatment (GR) at 2500 °C. Results indicate that the graphitizability of the NGDP exceeds those of all industrial standard cokes. The GR-NGDP showed the highest degree of graphitization and crystallite size among all samples.

Fueling the Future: A Comprehensive Analysis and Forecast of Fuel Consumption Trends in U.S. Electricity Generation

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides crucial data on monthly and annual fuel consumption for electricity generation. These data cover significant fuels, such as coal, petroleum liquids, petroleum coke, and natural gas. Fuel consumption patterns are highly dynamic and influenced by diverse factors. Understanding these fluctuations is essential for effective energy planning and decision making. This study outlines a comprehensive analysis of fuel consumption trends in electricity generation. Utilizing advanced statistical methods, including time series analysis and autocorrelation, our objective is to uncover intricate patterns and dependencies within the data. This paper aims to forecast fuel consumption trends for electricity generation using data from 2015 to 2022. Several time series forecasting models, including all four benchmark methods (Mean, Naïve, Drift, and seasonal Naïve), Seasonal and Trend Decomposition using Loess (STL), exponential smoothing (ETS), and the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) method, have been applied. The best-performing models are determined based on Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values. For natural gas (NG) consumption, the ETS model achieves the lowest RMSE of 20,687.46. STL demonstrates the best performance for coal consumption with an RMSE of 5936.203. The seasonal Naïve (SNaïve) model outperforms the others for petroleum coke forecasting, yielding an RMSE of 99.49. Surprisingly, the Mean method has the lowest RMSE of 287.34 for petroleum liquids, but the ARIMA model is reliable for its ability to capture complex patterns. Residual plots are analyzed to assess the models’ performance against statistical parameters. Accurate fuel consumption forecasting is very important for effective energy planning and policymaking. The findings from this study will help policymakers strategically allocate resources, plan infrastructure development, and support economic growth.

Optimizing the Preparation Process of Refined Asphalt Based on the Response Surface and Preparation of Needle Coke.

Refined asphalt was prepared by solvent extraction sedimentation based on the response surface design, using washing oil and kerosene as solvents and the coal tar pitch as raw materials. The mathematical models of the refined asphalt yield, quinoline insoluble (QI) content, ash content, solvent-to-oil ratio, aromatic-to-aliphatic hydrocarbon ratio, extraction temperature, and sedimentation time were proposed, analyzing the influence of each factor and their interactions on the response values. Therefore, the optimal combination of preparation process parameters and better operation window was obtained by optimizing the experiment. Meanwhile, refined asphalt with high QI content and low QI content was selected as raw material, and the needle coke was prepared through the process of carbonization and calcination. The influence of QI content on the composition and the structure of green coke and needle coke was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, and polarizing microscopy characterizations. The results showed that the solvent-to-oil ratio is 1.2, aromatic-to-aliphatic hydrocarbon ratio is 1.1, sedimentation time is 2 h, and extraction temperature is 110 °C, resulting in the yield of refined asphalt being 76%, QI content being less than 0.1%, and ash content being less than 0.05%, which meets the requirement of the high-quality needle coke. Otherwise, refined asphalt with lower QI content easily generates a mesophase with more fibers and a large structure in the thermal conversion process, and the corresponding green coke and needle coke have a relatively regular carbon microcrystalline structure.

Liquid phase oxidation enables stable soft carbon anodes for potassium-ion batteries

Soft carbon has been recognized as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), due to low cost, high conductivity and low voltage platform. However, their practical application is hampered by slow storage kinetics and unsatisfactory cycle life. In this work, pitch-derived needle coke, a typical soft carbon, was incorporated with oxygenated functional groups through liquid phase oxidation by using H2O2 oxidant. When used as anode materials for PIBs, the oxidized needle coke delivers a high reversible capacity of 322.7 mAh g−1, significantly superior to that of the needle coke (237.9 mAh g−1). The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the abundant oxygenated functional groups and resultant defects on the surface of oxidized needle coke, which not only serve as extra active sites for potassium storage, but also provide sufficient pathways for K+ migration across the adjacent carbon layers. Moreover, the expanded interlayer spacing derived from H2O2 oxidation facilitates rapid K+ intercalation and deintercalation. This work offers an effective modification strategy for the fabrication of high-performance pitch-based soft carbon anodes for PIBs.Graphical

INVESTIGATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF A SORBENT
 OBTAINED BY ACTIVATING PETROLEUM COKE WITH PHOSPHOGYPSUM

The article presents major comparative characteristics of sorbents obtained by chemical activation of petroleum
 coke with phosphogypsum, including the use of polymer binder. The study of sorbents based on phosphogypsumactivated
 petroleum coke for industrial effluent treatment is presented. The article also proposes the flowchart for
 sorbents production on the basis of phosphogypsum-activated petroleum coke with polymer binder, as well as the
 flowchart for using crushed coke for refinery industrial effluent treatment from petroleum and mechanical impurities.

Carbon structural evolution and interfacial reaction mechanism investigation of the green anode in kneading and baking via ReaxFF-MD and force-biased Monte Carlo

ABSTRACT Baking is the most costly and critical process in anode preparation, and the study from the microscopic scale is conducive to the optimisation of anode baking process. In this research, a hybrid simulation method of reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF-MD) and force-biased Monte Carlo (fbMC) was proposed to understand the interaction mechanism between coal tar pitch (CTP) and calcined petroleum coke (CPC) during kneading and baking processes, and to explore the optimal ratio of CTP from the molecular scale. Results showed that the CTP content of 14 wt.% was beneficial for anode production. The mechanism of anode coking behaviour at high temperatures was also analyzed. The carbonisation of CTP during high-temperature baking broke the carbon rings and formed straight chains, exposing active carbon atoms that can bond with the remaining layers. As the high-temperature simulation progresses, the carbon chains at the bonding sites became increasingly cyclized and aromatised, which made the layered structure of the baked block similar to that of graphite. The generation of various volatile hydrocarbons during the baking process was observed, namely CH4, C2H4, C2H2, C2H6, and C3H6. This work provides theoretical basis for process optimisation.

GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS FUTURE: A REVIEW

Gasification technology has the potential to revolutionise the energy industry by providing a clean and efficient way to produce energy from a variety of raw materials. This technology have the ability to produce synthesis gas from raw materials based on negative or low carbon values such as high sulphur fuel oil, petroleum coke, coal, domestic wastes, industrial and biomass wastes. The gas produced from the process is used to replace natural gas, to generate electricity, or as a basic raw material to produce chemicals and liquid fuels. Gasification is a process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to convert substances directly into gases, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Gasification technology has differences in various aspects but there are four engineering factors that are the core of the gasification system such as atmospheric gasification reactor (level of oxygen or air content), internal and external heating, reactor design and operating temperature. The raw material used, prepared and introduced in dry form and small particles to the reactor chamber are called gasification. Raw materials experience heat, pressure and an environment rich or low in oxygen content in the gasification. There are three main products from the gasification process which are hydrocarbon gas (also called syngas), hydrocarbon liquid (oil) and coal (carbon black and ash). Syngas can be used as a fuel to produce electricity or steam or as a based material for many types of chemicals. When mixed with air, syngas can be used in petrol or diesel engines as a vehicle fuel with minor modifications to the engine. Gasification technology has several advantages over traditional fossil fuel-based energy production methods. It is able to produce energy from a wide range of raw materials, including waste, which reduces the need for landfills and incineration. Additionally, gasification can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by producing energy from low or negative carbon value raw materials.

Synergistic effect mechanism of biomass ash-derived K-Ca-Si catalytic system on syngas production and reactivity characteristics of high-sulfur petroleum coke gasification

In this study, three typical biomass ash (BA) components, KCl, CaCO3 and SiO2, are selected as model compounds to construct BA-based key ternary component system for petroleum coke (PC) gasification. Gas product analysis was conducted using gas chromatography to study the influence of different catalysts on the gas product distribution, gas yield and carbon conversion of PC gasification, and clarify the synergistic effects of binary and ternary components in K-Ca-Si catalytic system. In addition, electron scanning microscopy (SEM) and Raman techniques are used to characterize the physicochemical structure of gasification semi-char to reveal the synergistic mechanism of K-Ca-Si system. The results show that the yield of different gases is ordered as H2 > CO > CO2 and the increment of H2 yield, CO yield, syngas yield and carbon conversion in K-Ca-Si catalytic system is 43.41 mmol/g, 26.67 mmol/g, 80.37 mmol/g and 0.49, compared with single PC gasification, respectively. By comparing the theoretical and actual value of gas yield and carbon conversion, it is found that there are synergistic catalytic effects for K-Ca-Si ternary catalyst, but Si will inhibit the activity of K and Ca. Coupled with SEM and Raman analysis, synergistic mechanism of ternary catalytic system can be revealed. KCl and CaCO3 reduce the graphitization degree of semi-char by reacting with carbon matrix, and CaCO3 can stimulate the pore structure development of semi-char, which accelerate reaction between KCl and carbon matrix to form intermediate active sites, thus favoring gasification reaction and exhibiting a synergistic effect. SiO2, on the other hand, will combine with KCl and CaCO3 to form inert silicates, resulting in the deactivation of KCl and CaCO3. It could be concluded that for high K-high Ca-low Si ternary catalytic system, KCl and CaCO3 would still show a synergistic effect due to higher CaCO3 content than SiO2.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Digital transformation, green innovation, and carbon emission reduction performance of energy-intensive enterprises

Digital transformation and green innovation are powerful initiatives to achieve carbon peaking, carbon neutrality targets and high-quality economic development. Using a sample of high energy-consuming listed enterprises from 2012 to 2021, a double fixed-effect model is constructed to verify the effect of green innovation on the carbon emission reduction performance of high energy-consuming enterprises, and digital transformation is used as a moderating variable to analyze the inner mechanism of green innovation affecting the carbon emission reduction performance of high energy-consuming enterprises under the effect of digital transformation. The empirical results show that green innovation can significantly improve the carbon emission reduction performance of energy-consuming enterprises, while digital transformation positively moderates the effect of green innovation on the carbon emission reduction performance of energy-consuming enterprises. When considering the industry heterogeneity, the moderation effect of digital transformation is significant in the chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry and the electricity and heat production and supply industry, but the petroleum processing and coking and nuclear fuel processing industry, the non-metallic mineral products industry, the ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry and the non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry are not yet significantly affected by green innovation and digital transformation. The findings of the study provide empirical evidence to promote the improvement of carbon emission reduction performance of energy-intensive enterprises in China and to achieve the "double carbon" target.