Petroleum-based Oils Research Articles

Comprehensive assessment of microalgal-based treatment processes for dairy wastewater.

The dairy industry is becoming one of the biggest sectors within the global food industry, and these industries use almost 34% of the water. The amount of water used is governed by the production process and the technologies employed in the plants. Consequently, the dairy industries generate almost 0.2-10L of wastewater per liter of processed milk, which must be treated before being discharged into water bodies. The cultivation of microalgae in a mixotrophic regime using dairy wastewater enhances biomass growth, productivity, and the accumulation of value-added product. The generated biomass can be converted into biofuels, thus limiting the dependence on petroleum-based crude oil. To fulfill the algal biorefinery model, it is important to utilize every waste stream in a cascade loop. Additionally, the harvested water generated from algal biomass production can be recycled for further microalgal growth. Economic and sustainable wastewater management, along with proper reclamation of nutrients from dairy wastewater, is a promising approach to mitigate the problem of water scarcity. A bibliometric study revealing limited work on dairy wastewater treatment using microalgae for biofuel production. And, limited work is reported on the pretreatment of dairy wastewater via physicochemical methods before microalgal-based treatment. There are still significant gaps remains in large-scale cultivation processes. It is also crucial to discover robust strains that are highly compatible with the specific concentration of contaminants, as this will lead to increased yields and productivity for the targeted bio-product. Finally, research on reutilization of culture media in photobioreactor is necessary to augument the productivity of the entire process. Therefore, the incorporation of the microalgal biorefinery with the wastewater treatment concept has great potential for promoting ecological sustainability.

The benefits and challenges of treating skin with natural oils.

The term natural oil refers to a fixed (non-volatile) oil of animal or plant origin. These types of oils - in contrast to essential (volatile) oils, which are obtained by steam distillation methods of plant matter - are typically obtained from plant seeds and nuts by a mechanical pressing technique or solvent extraction. The natural movement in cosmetics of the 21st century has led to renewed interest in formulating skin care products with botanical ingredients. In this article, we discuss the benefits and caveats of natural oil treatments as moisturizing agents (as occlusives and emollients) as well as their utility in wound healing and treatment of skin diseases. We also address the paradoxical behaviour of natural oils in relation to barrier function and highlight the current state of our knowledge with respect to the use of natural oils in neonatal skin care. Finally, we provide a comparison of natural oils to conventional petroleum-based oils.

Water-in-oil microemulsions with greener oil solvents as sustainable nanoreactors of biopolymer nanoparticles

Microemulsions have been widely used in multidisciplinary fields, yet reverse water-in-oil microemulsions are traditionally dispersed in petroleum-based oil solvents. For greener approaches, it should be also feasible to use less toxic, bio-based hydrocarbon solvents as continuous oil phase. Herein, reverse microemulsions in different alkanes, middle-chain alkanols, middle-chain esters or combinations of nonpolar solvent with alkanol are compared, using Aerosol-OT as common surfactant. As model of bio-based solvents, ethyl caprylate, isoamyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol are proposed as a more sustainable approach of oil solvents. Various characterization techniques were used to compare the properties and stability of reverse microemulsions for the different oil phase compositions, ranging from ternary phase diagrams to conductometry and turbidity titrations, micro-Differential Scanning Calorimetry and cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy. As sustainable application, these microemulsions in bio-based solvents were proved suitable as template phase for the synthesis of cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles. The sizes of the resulting biopolymer nanoparticles were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy, so that the effect of different crosslinkers and different the oil phase compositions was also compared. Thus, the use bio-based alkyl esters can provide similar microemulsion properties as the conventional alkanes, especially when using a combination of nonpolar solvents with alkanols.

Structural elucidation of complex polyesters polyols from bio-lubricant using off-line liquid chromatography x supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry

Synthetic complex esters and polyol esters are incorporated as partially bio-based and biodegradable alternatives to petroleum base oils in lubricant formulations, to provide specific properties or performance and to help reducing their carbon footprint in certain cases. A sample can contain over 400 molecules of high chemical similarity including numerous isomers. To resolve such complexity, a separation technique with large peak capacity coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is essential. In this study, comprehensive off-line LCxSFC hyphenated with an Orbitrap analyzer was used for the structural elucidation of a synthetic bio-lubricant composed of a polyol reacted with fatty acids of varying length or with repetitive units of polyesters of ricinoleic acid. Retention in the LC first dimension was mostly due to the degree of oligomerization of ricinoleic acid within the polyester and to the chain length of the fatty acid. The SFC second dimension highlighted the esterification degree of the polyalcohol and the number and positions of fatty acids double bonds. The combination of both dimensions permitted the separation of isomers. The coupling of SFC with Orbitrap analyzer allowed an accurate assignment of molecular formulas. Finally, the fragmentation in the ionization source confirmed the attributed structures. By introducing a clear distribution of the chemical structures in the retention space, LCxSFC-HRMS provided a powerful analytical method for the comprehensive molecular characterization of the complex polyester polyols sample.

Multifunctional hydrophobin-like protein (HFB-NJ1): A versatile solution for wastewater treatment

As wastewater contains a variety of contaminating bacteria and oily residues, there is an urgent need for environmentally safe bactericidal agents and surfactants which can be applied for wastewater treatment. The present study emphasizes on the potential of hydrophobin-like protein (HFB-NJ1) extracted from sporulating mycelia of Aspergillus sp. NJ1 for wastewater treatment. The purified HFB-NJ1, depicted the presence of one single protein band of molecular size approximately 11–12 kDa on silver-stained SDS-PAGE gel. HFB-NJ1 also presented properties such as surface modification of glass and stable emulsification of sunflower oil. HFB-NJ1 depicted exceptional antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at low MIC of 0.5 μg/mL and 0.75 μg/mL respectively. Additionally, HFB-NJ1 depicted enhanced emulsification of various vegetable and petroleum-based oils (E24 > 80%). HFB-NJ1 effectively reduced gold ions, producing nanospheres with a size of 15.33 nm – a recognized antimicrobial agent. This study underscores the multifunctional attributes of HFB-NJ1, highlighting its efficacy in removing pathogenic bacteria, emulsifying organic compounds from wastewater, and demonstrating a reduction ability for nanoparticle synthesis.

Influence of silane-modified palm oil as a green processing oil in silica-reinforced SBR/BR compounds for tire tread applications

This study focuses on the usage of silane-modified palm oil (Si-m-PO) to replace petroleum-based processing oils, i.e., distillate aromatic extract (DAE) and treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE), in silica-reinforced styrene butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SBR/BR) compounds for green tire tread products. The preparation of a novel processing oil based on Si-m-PO was successful on the laboratory scale, as verified by nuclear magnetic resonance, where the grafting efficiency of silane in oil molecules was 58%. Among the different types of processing oils, the presence of Si-m-PO in the compounds resulted in lower filler-filler interactions than the ones with TDAE and unmodified PO but higher than DAE. The Si-m-PO showed an effective reduction in filler–filler interaction compared to unmodified PO, possibly because the Si-m-PO could cover silica surfaces via silane linkage, leading to hydrophobicity of silica surfaces. Overall, the compounds containing Si-m-PO represented higher mechanical properties than the other oils. Furthermore, the Si-m-PO provided the same level concerning rolling resistance and enhanced wet traction, when compared to unmodified PO. Therefore, Si-m-PO can be applied as a biobased processing oil in tire tread applications.

The influence of palm oil-derived plasticizers and lubricants on the rheological and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber

Researchers have recently focused on green processing aids made from plants and vegetables to avoid the high concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from petroleum-based processing oils, which is hazardous to human health. This paper focuses on the effect of lubricants and plasticisers produced from palm oil on the rheological, mechanical and thermal aging properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). These lubricants and plasticisers are known as glycerol trioleate (GTO), n-butyl stearate (NBS), ethylene bis-steramide (EBS), ethylene bis-oleamide (EBO), pentaerythritol tetrastearate (PETS) and stearyl stearate. The abrasion performance, visual inspection appearance, and cure characteristics of the lubricants and plasticisers on SBR were examined and compared to processing oil-treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE), paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, polyethylene (PE) wax, epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO), and stearic acid. It discovered that rubber compounds based on GTO, stearic acid, and EBS exhibited better abrasion resistance and cure properties than rubber compounds based on processing oil. These samples were selected and subjected to mechanical properties, thermal aging effects analysis and comparison with processing oil. Tensile strength shows that SBR with EBS (22.49 MPa) and EBS with GTO (EBS/GTO; 21.25 MPa) are closely similar to SBR compounds with processing oil (21.02 MPa). The findings imply that EBS and EBS/GTO, green plasticisers and lubricants, are viable alternatives to petroleum-based processing oils while being cost-effective for tire production.

Bio-Based Disposable Containers for Food Services

Currently, petrochemical plastics dominate the food service industry due to their good mechanical properties and barrier against heat, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. This widespread use is not only harmful to humans but also to the ecosystem as synthetic plastics disrupt ecological balance and deplete petroleum-based oil resources. Researchers and manufacturers are continuously addressing this problem by developing bio-based alternatives that provide numerous advantages including structural flexibility, biodegradability, and effective barrier properties. However, the high cost of production and unavailability of equipment for batch processing impede the potential for widespread manufacturing. Natural fibers mixed with bio-based adhesives derived from plants provide one of the biggest potential sources of bio-based materials for the food container industry. Not only does this address the issue of high raw material cost but it also has the potential to become sustainable once processing steps have been optimized. In this review, the current findings of several research related to the production of bio-based disposable food containers, packaging, and composites made from bio-based materials and bio-based adhesives are critically discussed. Several properties and characteristics important to the production of food service containers and primary packaging, as well as the existing challenges and future perspectives, are also highlighted.

Synthetic Ester-Based Oils and Their Application in Power Industry

Suitable (biodegradable) substitution of classic mineral petroleum-based oils used in power transformers is studied. Paper presents test results of six paper-oil insulation systems varying by different type of oil. Three common transformer oils and three new synthetic oils (never used in power transformers before) were selected for the purpose of experiment. The oils have been exposed to accelerated thermal aging (at the temperature of 90 °C) and their properties were measured in time intervals of 0, 50, 125, 225, 500, 1000 and 2000 hours.

Extraction of biodiesel from pomelo peel and investigation of its efficiency as a lubricant in water-based drilling fluid

Abstract Reducing friction between drill string and wellbore wall is one of the key functions of drilling fluid which may result from tight holes, key seats, differential sticking, or cutting build up along the drill string. However due to growing environmental concerns, biodegradable lubricants which are also cost-efficient are appreciated and mandated in many countries. This study discusses the performance analysis of biodegradable biodiesel produced from pomelo peels and Petroleum-based lube oil as drilling fluid lubricants. The test samples comprise 700 mL of water + 10 % bentonite + 3 % barite + 0.25 % CaCO3 + 0.25 % KOH + 1 % CMC + lubricant. Two sets of lubricants were utilized to prepare 10 samples of drilling fluid, one set with petroleum-based lubricant and other with biodiesel. Essential oil was extracted from pomelo peel with the help of the Clevenger apparatus. The oil was then converted to biodiesel through the process of transesterification. Biodiesel properties were tested for the ASTM standards. Both sets of drilling fluid samples were tested for their rheological, filtration and lubricating properties and from the results obtained it can be concluded that both type of lubricating agents have almost negligible impact on rheological and filtration loss properties. However, the lubricity coefficient values drastically decreased as we increased the lubricant content, which is an indication that biodiesel extracted from pomelo peel acts as a better lubricant. The values of the lubricity coefficient for biodiesel based drilling fluid also fell well within the advised range (<0.30). We can therefore draw the conclusion that biodiesel made from pomelo peel can replace petroleum-based lubricants while also lowering the environmental concerns related to lubricants.

Impact of Three Chainsaw Lubricants on Forest Soil Bacterial Community, Soil Respiration and Seedling Growth

Lubricants are applied onto chainsaw blades to achieve their optimum cutting performance; however, during logging or timber operations, lubricants may penetrate the forest soil. The persistent organic pollutants in lubricants may cause environmental damage, and different types of lubricants vary in terms of their environmental impact. Hence, selecting appropriate lubricants for timber operations is important for sustainable forest management. In this study, the effects of three lubricant types—biodegradable oil (bio-oil), petroleum-based bar-and-chain oil (mineral oil), and petroleum-based recycled oil (recycled oil)—on soil health were evaluated. The study was conducted in a controlled nursery setting, simulating post-logging reforestation. Sixteen types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the soil samples were analyzed. Bio-oil facilitated faster recovery from soil contamination, whereas mineral oil exhibited slow and incomplete recovery. Recycled lubricants appear to be more environmentally sustainable options, indicating lower long-term soil contamination risks than petroleum-based lubricants. From a productivity perspective, the lubricant that supported the growth of seedlings was bio-oil. The findings of our study contribute to responsible lubricant selection for enhancing the overall health and sustainability of forest ecosystems.

Waste orange seeds (Citrus sinensis seed) transformation, a viable industrial bio-oil: Oil extraction, physicochemical characterization and vital instrumental analyses studies

The processing of Petroleum-based oil has contributed to environmental challenges such as climate change. Recently, research attention has been shifted to oil extraction from different non-edible seeds as a suitable substitute. Accordingly, this study examines the physiochemical characterization, and the effect of extraction temperature on the yield of waste Citrus sinensis seed [orange seed (OS)] bio oil. Studies on the prevalent functional group, fatty acid methyl ester compositions and thermal oxidative stability were carried out using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The oil content of the OS bio oil was 46.26%w/w. The high iodine number (31.47 mg/100 g) and low pour point (4.50 °C) of the OS bio oil showed its high content of unsaturated fatty acid. The FTIR functional group of the OS bio oil showed predominantly alkane of CH stretching, aldehydes, esters, and carboxylic acid. The chemical composition of the OS bio oil as determined by GCMS (massHunter/library/NIST 14.1) showed the occurrence of octadecadienoic and oleic acids as poly-saturated and saturated fat found in plant glycosides and vegetable fats and oil. The DSC thermal stability analysis showed the possible existence of mixed triglycerides. Finally, the result from the physiochemical characterization compositions, and functional group the OS bio oil indicated its potential as a suitable substitute for petroleum-based oil.

Assessment of Performance and Emission Characteristics using Algae Biodiesel in an Additive Fuelled LHR Engine

Automobiles use compression-ignition (CI) engines because they have more pulling power, are more dependable and use less fuel than spark-ignition (SI) engines. Both CI and SI engines use petroleum-based oils, contributing to environmental pollution like acid rain, ozone depletion and climate change. The cost of petroleum-based fuel is increasing daily due to demographic growth and the development of manufacturing industries. There are four phases to the experiments. The first stage involves mixing diesel with 20% of ALME, the outcomes showed that engine operation and combustion are comparable to conventional diesel fuel. In the second stage, an LHR engine tests 20% of ALME and the results showed that BTE of LHR engine had significantly increased. In comparison, NOx increases in LHR-operated CI engine, CO, HC and smoke emissions are significantly lower than with a conventional engine. The third stage looks at how NA interacts with biodiesel to affect conventional engine’s combustion, emission and engine performance. The prepared algae biodiesel is blended with NA in various ratios of 500ppm, 1000ppm, 1500ppm and 2000ppm. At 1000ppm concentration, NOx emission from conventional and LHR engines has been effectively minimized under load conditions. Concerning diesel fuel, emissions like CO, HC and smoke are significantly reduced for all loads. In the fourth stage, tests on the LHR engine are carried out using the SBME with NA in various proportions. When compared to base fuel, it has been found that NOx emission has decreased significantly at 1000ppm compared to conventional engines and other emissions have decreased.

Behavior of Nanoparticles in Service Transformer Oils and their Performance on Laboratory Ageing

The transformer is the most critical apparatus in the electric power network. Reliable operation of it is of foremost concern for a proficient power supply. Therefore, it is vital to safeguard the transformer so that it functions at its highest capacity. In order to achieve it, an improvement in the insulation system is necessary, as the majority of faults in transformers are due to the malfunctioning of the insulation system. Petroleum-based oils are extensively used as insulating liquids in transformers. The latterly evolved field of nanotechnology has encouraged studies on Nanofluids (NFs), which are suitable as liquid insulators. In spite of the advantages of NFs in electrical and thermal behavior compared to their base fluids, further studies are needed to establish their long-standing performances as liquid insulators. In this study, three mineral oil samples, new, mid-aged, and extensively aged, were taken. Nanofluids of 0.02% Al2O3 and 0.02% SiO2 of these oils were prepared. The base fluids and nanofluids were characterized by interfacial tension, acidity, dielectric dissipation factor, resistivity, and electric strength. The nanofluids prepared were subjected to laboratory thermal ageing in the presence of copper and kraft paper for 64 hours at 150 °C. The unaged and laboratory-aged nanofluids were characterized for acidity, Interfacial Tension (IFT), Specific Resistance (SR), Tan Delta (TD), and Dielectric Strength (BDV). It was found through this work that the addition of nanoparticles upgraded the properties of oil samples. The long-term applicability and permanence of nanofluids might depend on catalytic effects. These catalytic effects are derived from the internal assembly materials of the transformer.

Purification and characterisation of post-consumer plastic pyrolysis oil fractionated by vacuum distillation

Valorisation of post-consumer plastic pyrolysis oil in steam crackers and their application as precursors to chemicals is currently hindered by the complexity of these oils in terms of their boiling range, the risk of fouling by unsaturated compounds, and the presence of contaminations (heteroatoms, metals, and halogens). To gain insights into which of these challenges is actually a potential showstopper, we have studied the vacuum distillation of pyrolysis oil derived from two sorted post-consumer waste plastics, i.e. polypropylene (PP) rigids and mixed polyolefins (MPO) rigids, in a batch fractionating column. The crude pyrolysis oil samples were distilled in three fractions i.e., the light fraction (final boiling point <175 °C), middle fraction (175–360 °C), and heavy fraction (initial boiling point >360 °C). Subsequently, comprehensive characterisation, such as physicochemical properties, the level of contaminations, and chemical composition, was performed. The suitability of the light and middle fractions for steam cracking and precursors to chemical feedstock was assessed. It was found that the density and viscosity values of light and middle fractions from the two pyrolysis oil samples were comparable to fossil naphtha and diesel, whereas total acid number (TAN) values were notably higher compared to petroleum-based oil fractions (>0.5 mgKOH/g). Analyses via GC-MS and ATR-FTIR revealed predominant concentrations of olefins. ICP-OES analysis showed that distillation removes more than 97.5% of metals in all fractions. The chlorine content (>3 ppm), nitrogen (≥0.1%), and oxygen (≥0.1%) exceed thresholds. Hence, this study shows that vacuum distillation effectively improved most, but not all, of the properties of the distilled fractions and can thus be an essential downstream process step for the application of post-consumer plastic pyrolysis oils as feedstock in steam crackers and precursors to chemicals.

Reducing the Waste Oil Decomposition and Producing a useful Energy Conversion Process

Our project is about waste oil burning system, now a days many of the fuels are available to run a vehicle or to produce power. Nowadays we are using the many source of power and the same thing it will not properly disposed and it affect the environment , we have to stop affecting the environment. So we decided to used as Waste Oil is defined as any petroleum-based oil , In world wide approximately 1.3 billion gallons of waste oil are generated from the crankcases of millions of automobiles and trucks whenever the oil is changed. Approximately 200 million gallons of waste oil are not disposed of properly. Waste oil can be disposed of in a variety of ways, including by sending it off-site (some facilities, like your local garages and waste disposal facilities, are allowed to handle the waste oil), burning it as fuel and selling the used oil claims are made that the used oil is to be burned for energy recovery, and then it is shipped to a used oil burner who burns the used oil in an approved industrial furnace or boiler. A minimum flash point of 100°F.. According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) , a waste oil furnace is a type of furnace that is used for heating and is powered by old oil that is free of hazardous impurities. Boilers powered by waste oil can be utilised for a variety of commercial tasks in addition to heating. In our project we are deside to fabricate waste oil stove by reducing the use of the LPG or other electrical stove. In the burners were developed as a way to effectively burn the waste oil and to provide alternative heating systems.In this project work all the challenging parts are fabricated as per innovative design and then rigidly assembled to perform the indented function. We have to recycle the waste oil and reduce the pollution.

Performance evaluation studies of PEG esters as biolubricant base stocks derived from non-edible oil sources via enzymatic esterification

Polyethylene glycol esters (PEGEs) as, environment-friendly biolubricants were produced from different fatty acids derived from plant oils by enzymatic esterification reaction in a solvent-free system using commercially available immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B (NS 435) biocatalyst. The raw materials used were a 1:1 ratio of oleic acid: linseed oil fatty acid, linseed oil fatty acid: ricinoleic acid, and oleic acid: ricinoleic acid as mixed fatty acids. Enzymatic esterification exhibited around 98.1%, 97.8%, and 98.5% maximum yield for three different PEGEs under the following optimum reaction conditions under vacuum: the molar ratio of mixed fatty acids to polyethylene glycol 200–2:1, reaction time - 4 h, catalyst loading - 10% (w/w), and reaction temperature - 60 °C. This study aimed to improve the thermo-oxidative stability and cold flow behavior of the esterified products. The synthesized esters were confirmed and characterized by acid value, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The fatty acid composition of PEGEs was determined by GC-FID (Gas Chromatography). Physicochemical properties, thermo-oxidative stability, and friction-reducing properties of the PEGEs were studied thoroughly and compared against conventional petroleum-based lubricants. Results revealed that the plant oil-based biolubricants had good lubricating properties like high flash point, low pour point, high viscosity index, high thermo-oxidative stability, and improved friction-reducing properties compared with petroleum-based hydraulic lube oil. Overall, the data indicated that enzymatically esterified biolubricants have significant potential as ISO VG-32, VG-46, and VG-68 grade biolubricant base stocks for various commercialized industrial applications.

Investigation of electrical properties of developed indigenous natural ester liquid used as alternate to transformer insulation

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;span&gt;performance of every electrical system depends on the different electrical devices especially transformers. Petroleum-based mineral oil is widely used for insulation and cooling purpose. The disadvantage of mineral oil is its low biodegradability and is a major threat to the ecosystem due to its poor oxidative stability. To remedy the drawbacks, focus on alternative fluids that can replace traditional mineral oil. Alternative liquids such as natural esters are used which do not panic the ecosystem. With the support of additives in natural esters liquids, the productivity of the oil can be increased, paving the path for the green conversion of liquids in high voltage applications. The purpose of this article is to analyze the electrical properties of the newly developed indigenous oil. The inhibited oil was insulating oil to which antioxidants were added such as 2,6-ditertiary-butylparacresol, butylated hydroxyl anisole and tertiary butyl hydro qunine to slow down the oxidation rate and to check the electrical properties. This article discusses the electrical properties of mineral oil, developed indigenous oil with and without antioxidants as per IEC62770 standards. A 1.1 kVA transformer was then designed in a laboratory for load tests and Indigenous oil performance under load was evaluated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Physical Properties of New Formulation of Hybrid Nanofluid-based Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) from Modified Jatropha Oil as Metalworking Fluid

As a metalworking fluid, vegetable-based crude jatropha oil (CJO) was used in place of petroleum-based oil. The use of petroleum-oil-based metalworking fluids poses significant environmental and health concerns. Furthermore, it has a large amount of free fatty acid (FFA), promoting physical damage. This research targets to substantially evaluate the modified jatropha nanofluids formulation as a metalworking fluid for machining processes. CJO was chemically altered using the esterification and transesterification processes to produce modified jatropha oil (MJO). To make the nanofluids, MJO was mixed with nanoparticles of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) + Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) and Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) + Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) at a concentration of 0.025 wt.%. The viscosity and acid value of MJO nanofluids were assessed using ASTM standards and compared to a synthetic ester (SE). All the data indicates that the physical attributes improved throughout storage. It is possible to conclude that MJOhw (MJO + 0.025 wt.% hBN + WS2) has the ability as a long-term metalworking fluid for the machining operation. According to the experiment results, MJOhw surpasses non-additive MJO in terms of kinematic viscosity by 5.91% at 40 °C and 15.6% at 100 °C. During a one-month duration of storage time, MJOhw also improve viscosity index (319) by 18.15%. Furthermore, MJOhw has an acid value ranging from 0.34 to 0.58 mg NaOH/g. Finally, the inclusion of additives aids MJO in improving its qualities by 31.1% reduction in acid value and MJOhw demonstrates outstanding lubricating properties across all samples.

Evaluation of suitability of sesame oil as an alternative for aromatic processing oil in natural rubber composites

Polycyclic aromatic oils, high in aromatic content are used in tyre compounds as processing aids and these have been found to be carcinogenic. Therefore, it is necessary to find processing aids consisting of a low content of aromatics which would help to overcome the problem associated with the use of petroleum-based aromatic oils. The main aim of this research was to develop carbon black filled natural rubber (NR) composites using environmentally friendly sesame oil as the processing aid. Initially sesame oil was characterized using Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis. Thereafter, a series of NR based tyre tread compounds was prepared by varying the sesame oil loading from 3-9 phr at 2 phr intervals. Cure characteristics, physico-mechanical and swelling properties of these composites were evaluated and compared with those of the composite prepared with the aromatic processing oil, Dutrex-R (control). Dispersibility of carbon black in all the NR composites was assessed. Viscosity, processing safety and cure rate of the composite produced with 5 phr sesame oil were higher compared to the control and indicated that the oil behaves as a co-activator in rubber compounds. Hardness, modulus at 100% elongation and abrasion volume loss of the vulcanizates prepared with more than 5 phr sesame oil were lower, whereas tensile strength, elongation at break and resilience were higher than those of the control. Tear strength and compression set of the vulcanizates prepared with 5 phr sesame oil were comparable to those of the control. Further, the former vulcanizate showed a higher and lower swelling indices in toluene and water, respectively compared to the control. Furthermore, the vulcanizates prepared with sesame oil showed better ageing resistance in comparison to the control. Hence, sesame oil could be a suitable alternative for Dutrex-R in tyre tread compounds at 5 phr level.