Petal Type Research Articles

Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis provides new insights into the mechanism of ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum

BackgroundThe ray floret shapes referred to as petal types on the chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) capitulum is extremely abundant, which is one of the most important ornamental traits of chrysanthemum. However, the regulatory mechanisms of different ray floret shapes are still unknown. C. vestitum is a major origin species of cultivated chrysanthemum and has flat, spoon, and tubular type of ray florets which are the three basic petal types of chrysanthemum. Therefore, it is an ideal model material for studying ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum. Here, using morphological, gene expression and transcriptomic analyses of different ray floret types of C. vestitum, we explored the developmental processes and underlying regulatory networks of ray florets.ResultsThe formation of the flat type was due to stagnation of its dorsal petal primordium, while the petal primordium of the tubular type had an intact ring shape. Morphological differences between the two ray floret types occurred during the initial stage with vigorous cell division. Analysis of genes related to flower development showed that CYCLOIDEA genes, including CYC2b, CYC2d, CYC2e, and CYC2f, were differentially expressed in different ray floret types, while the transcriptional levels of others, such as MADS-box genes, were not significantly different. Hormone-related genes, including SMALL AUXIN UPREGULATED RNA (SAUR), GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3), GIBBERELLIN 2-BETA-DIOXYGENASE 1 (GA2OX1) and APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF), were identified from 1532 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pairwise comparisons among the flat, spoon, and tubular types, with significantly higher expression in the tubular type than that in the flat type and potential involvement in the morphogenesis of different ray floret types.ConclusionsOur findings, together with the gene interactional relationships reported for Arabidopsis thaliana, suggest that hormone-related genes are highly expressed in the tubular type, promoting petal cell division and leading to the formation of a complete ring of the petal primordium. These results provide novel insights into the morphological variation of ray floret of chrysanthemum.

Genetic diversity analysis of Hippeastrum rutilum cultivars based on SCoT markers

Objective The objective of this study is to further analyze the genetic diversity, genetic relationship and parental identification of Hippeastrum rutilum cultivars at molecular level. Method The SCoT marker system of H. rutilum was screened by orthogonal design method, and genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 41 cultivars were analyzed. Result (1) The optimum reaction system of SCoT markers for H. rutilum (20 μL) included DNA 40 ng, primer 0.1 μmol·L−1, MgCl2 2.0 mmol·L−1, dNTPs 0.4 mmol·L−1 and rTaq DNA polymerase 0.75 U (1 U=16.67 nkat). (2) 77 polymorphic bands were obtained from 41 H. rutilum cultivars by 12 SCoT primers, and the average polymorphic band ratio was up to 86.52%. The genetic similarity coefficient between H. rutilum cultivars was 0.292 3−0.834 3, indicating that the 41 cultivars had high genetic diversity and wide genetic range. (3)UPGMA(unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means) cluster analysis showed that the SCoT marker clustering of H. rutilum had significant correlation with flower color, but not with the petal type. At genetic similarity coefficient of 0.420 0, the 41 cultivars were divided into two groups. The first group had both double and single petal cultivars. The first group was divided into four subgroups, among which those with similar flower colors were clustered into one group. In subgroupⅠd, the single-petal, white ‘Hydrangea’ (No. 20) and red ‘Miracle’ (No. 22) were the possible parents of double-petal, orange-red and white multicolor flowers (No. 21 ‘Yingchun’). The second group was mostly multicolor flowers. Conclusion SCoT marker technique can be effectively applied to genetic diversity analysis and identification of possible parents of H. rutilum cultivars. [Ch, 6 fig. 4 tab. 21 ref.]

Breeding of Standard Rose ‘Pinky Luna’ with a Fragrance, and Pastel Color of Pale Pink for Cut Flowers

A new Rosa cultivar ‘Pinky Luna’ was bred at Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. In the year 2011, between ‘Rose Yumi’ of white color as a mother plant and ‘Ocean Song’ of light purple color as a father plant were artificially crossed, and 87 seeds were obtained, subsequently 66 seedling individuals were raised during the course of the next year. The ‘R111953-25’ line, which possessed pristine characteristics such as a beautiful flower shape and petal color, a fragrance, and good productivity, was selected via the characteristic trial during the years 2012 - 2013, then finally named as ‘Pinky Luna’ after investigating the characteristics, the preference, and the productivity during the years 2014 - 2015. ‘Pinky Luna’ cultivar was a standard type for cut flower with the pastel color of pale pink (petal’s surface - pinkish white, WN155C (RHS color chart), petal’s back – very pale purple, RP69D) and a sweet fragrance within the flower. The new bred cultivar possessed several morphological characteristics including medium elliptical leaf shape, a deep green (N137A) leaf color, circular flower shape, and a broad oval petal type. The flower width and height of ‘Pinky Luna’ was larger than the control cultivar ‘Ocean Song’ at 10.5 cm, and 4.1 cm. respectively, and the number of its petals were far more than those at 67.0, and in addition, the diameter of petal was wider. The cut flower length and leaf growth of ‘Pinky Luna’ were smaller than the control cultivar, however, the annual amount of average cut flowers per square of the new cultivar were 157.6, which was 10.2 more stems than ‘Ocean Song’. Vase l ife lasted longer for a period of 11.7 days, and additionally the consumer preference of cut flowers was higher than that of ‘Ocean Song’.

Transcriptomic analysis of flower color variation in the ornamental crabapple (Malus spp.) half-sib family through Illumina and PacBio Sequel sequencing

Ornamental crabapple is an important woody ornamental plant with flower colors ranging from white to pink to red, and the degree of redness is directly related to the anthocyanin content. To explore the molecular mechanism leading to the variation in flower color in ornamental crabapple, transcriptome sequencing using the Illumina and PacBio Sequel platforms revealed the difference in gene expression between the petals of plants with white and red flowers in the half-sib family. In total, the analysis identified 603 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 449 upregulated and 154 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs showed that the oxidation-reduction process and catalytic activity were more active in red petals, and most of the DEGs were involved in secondary metabolite synthesis and plant hormone signaling. Among the 603 DEGs, 10 were enriched as structural genes. Transcription factors related to anthocyanin synthesis and five genes related to anthocyanin transport and degradation were highly expressed in red petals. In addition, this study found that five AUX gene signals were differentially expressed in the two petal types. The discovery of these DEGs indicates that plant endogenous hormones also exert a regulatory effect on flower color.

Flower Identification and Classification using Computer Vision and Machine Learning Techniques

Computer vision techniques plays an important role in extracting meaningful information from images. A process of extraction, analysis, and understanding of information from images may accomplished by an automated process using computer vision and machine learning techniques. The paper proposed a hybrid methodology using MKL – SVM with multi-label classification that is experimented on a dataset contained 25000 flower images of 102 different spices. Basic and morphology features including color, size, texture, petal type, petal count, disk flower, corona, aestivation of flower and flower class are extracted to increase the classification accuracy. Various classifiers are applied on extracted feature set and their performance are discussed. The result of MKL – SVM with multi-label classification is very promising with 76.92% as an accuracy rate. In brief, this paper attempts to explore a novel morphology for feature extraction and the applicability of symbolic representation schemes along with different classification strategies for effective multi-label classification of flower spices.

Phylogenomic analyses reveal an exceptionally high number of evolutionary shifts in a florally diverse clade of African legumes

Detarioideae is well known for its high diversity of floral traits, including flower symmetry, number of organs, and petal size and morphology. This diversity has been characterized and studied at higher taxonomic levels, but limited analyses have been performed among closely related genera with contrasting floral traits due to the lack of fully resolved phylogenetic relationships. Here, we used four representative transcriptomes to develop an exome capture (target enrichment) bait for the entire subfamily and applied it to the Anthonotha clade using a complete data set (61 specimens) representing all extant floral diversity. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered congruent topologies using ML and Bayesian methods. Anthonotha was recovered as monophyletic contrary to the remaining three genera (Englerodendron, Isomacrolobium and Pseudomacrolobium), which form a monophyletic group sister to Anthonotha. We inferred a total of 35 transitions for the seven floral traits (pertaining to flower symmetry, petals, stamens and staminodes) that we analyzed, suggesting that at least 30% of the species in this group display transitions from the ancestral condition reconstructed for the Anthonotha clade. The main transitions were towards a reduction in the number of organs (petals, stamens and staminodes). Despite the high number of transitions, our analyses indicate that the seven characters are evolving independently in these lineages. Petal morphology is the most labile floral trait with a total of seven independent transitions in number and seven independent transitions to modification in petal types. The diverse petal morphology along the dorsoventral axis of symmetry within the flower is not associated with differences at the micromorphology of petal surface, suggesting that in this group all petals within the flower might possess the same petal identity at the molecular level. Our results provide a solid evolutionary framework for further detailed analyses of the molecular basis of petal identity.

Interaction between Floral Merism and Symmetry: Evidence from Fasciated Mutant of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Leguminosae)

A significant diversity of flower structure in angiosperms is defined by few parameters, among which one may list floral merism and symmetry as the most important. However, observation of normal variation in different taxa indicates that high floral merism (more than six organs) is very rarely associated with a monosymmetry. Precise mechanisms underlying this tendency, as well as the mode of interaction between regulatory pathways of floral symmetry and merism, remain unidentified. In this work, we observed the floral ontogeny in normal plants of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Leguminosae), described the floral structure and its variations in fasciated mutant. Our results suggest that monosymmetry is regulated independently from the floral merism, so three types of petals differentiate properly even in flowers with an anomalously high number of organs. However, the adaxial floral domain is the most stable floral part, which is the least susceptible to the fluctuations of merism. This means that some genes responsible for the development of the adaxial flower domain may additionally stabilize it and hence prevent fluctuations of merism in the adaxial domain. The monosymmetry in Leguminosae is a character connected with pollination by insects and requires a precise interaction between all floral parts. That is why fluctuations, which impair this interaction and symmetry, may decrease the pollination efficiency.

An End-to-End-Based Low Dimensional Binary Embedding for Chrysanthemum Phenotypic Petal Similarity Evaluation

Plant phenotyping is widely used to identify the genotype differences and the environmental conditions of plants. These pieces of information can be gathered by various sensors conveniently and easily. The similarity evaluation of phenotypic data is essential for category classifications and stress sensitivity analysis of plants. Chrysanthemum is a flower with great varieties and petal types. The similarity evaluation of chrysanthemum flowers plays a key role in the phenotypic research. For improving the performance and effectiveness of phenotypic similarity evaluation of high-throughput chrysanthemum flower images, this paper proposes an end-to-end based low dimensional binary embedding framework by using deep learning and hash encoding approaches. Within this framework, compact binary codes are learned by deep convolutional neural networks. Firstly, features of chrysanthemum images are extracted by deep neural networks, then a binary layer is embedded for converting the features into lower dimensional bit codes. Finally, the phenotypic similarity of the chrysanthemum flower is evaluated in Hamming space with the binary codes. Extensive experiments are conducted and the results show that the performance and effectiveness of similarity evaluations are improved greatly. In summary, our research provides an end-to-end pipeline for the similarity evaluation of chrysanthemum petal phenotypes, and the proposed method is practically applicable to the high-throughput similarity evaluation. The proposed method can be used as a foundation for the in-depth research on chrysanthemum flower petals as well.

Coefficient Inequalities of Functions Associated with Petal Type Domains

In the theory of analytic and univalent functions, coefficients of functions’ Taylor series representation and their related functional inequalities are of major interest and how they estimate functions’ growth in their specified domains. One of the important and useful functional inequalities is the Fekete-Szegö inequality. In this work, we aim to analyze the Fekete-Szegö functional and to find its upper bound for certain analytic functions which give parabolic and petal type regions as image domains. Coefficient inequalities and the Fekete-Szegö inequality of inverse functions to these certain analytic functions are also established in this work.

Определение антоцианов лепестков астр китайских, Callistephus chinensis, методом обращенно-фазовой ВЭЖХ

В работе методом обращенно-фазовой ВЭЖХ определен видовой состав антоциановых комплексов лепестков цветков нескольких сортов астры китайской Callistephus chinensis. Найдено, что в лепестках всех исследованных образцов антоцианы построены на трех агликонах: дельфинидине, цианидине и пеларгонидине. Установлено, что для большинства сортов характерен биосинтез либо 3-глюкозидов, либо 3,5-диглюкозидов этих антоцианидинов, включая ацилированные малоновой кислотой, хотя для одного из образцов получена сложная смесь, включающая оба типа гликозилирования. Показано, что среди малонированных антоцианов один является доминирующим; ему обычно сопутствуют (в небольших количествах) изомеры по положению ацилирования глюкозидных радикалов, а дималонированные производные не были обнаружены ни в одном из исследованных экстрактов.

SSR Analysis of Genetic Relationship and Classification in Chrysanthemum Germplasm Collection

To further test the accuracy and rationality of the Chinese classification system for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify a collection of 88 chrysanthemum and its related genera accessions. In total, 42 effective alleles across 88 accessions were detected; 3 429 bands were obtained by PCR amplification, including 2 630 polymorphic bands. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.53 to 0.88. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA illustrated that the wild species and large-flower cultivars were first divided into two clusters, then the large-flower cultivars formed five distinct groups according to petal type, indicated that petal type can be a classification criterion. In the wild species cluster, C. vestitum and C. zawadaskii grouped with A. trilobata, suggested that the Ajania genera was closely related to the Chrysanthemum genera. ‘Hangbaiju’, ‘Gongju’ and ‘Chuju’ were grouped together, and ‘Boju’, O. longilobus and C. mongolicum constituted another branch, showed a correlation with geographic region of origin. Population structure analysis was subsequently performed with K values ranging from 2 to 10, and the most likely estimate for the population structure is five subpopulations, which is nearly consistent with the clustering results. Principle component analysis was further performed to verify the classification results. The results showed that these SSR markers are very powerful for studying genetic relationships and will be useful tools in the identification and classification of chrysanthemum.

Correlation analysis between the karyotypes and phenotypic traits of Chinese cymbidium cultivars

Chinese cymbidium are a group of valuable ornamental plants that is formed by genetically distinct species. Currently, a robust Chinese cymbidium classification system, such as that based on cytotaxonomy, is lacking. To investigate the genetic variation within Chinese cymbidium, we selected 28 individual Chinese cymbidium cultivars as experimental material to perform karyotype analysis. The results showed that chromosome number among these 28 cultivars was constant and diploid (i.e., 2n = 40). In addition, no satellite chromosomes were observed. The karyotypes were more symmetrical and consisted mainly of 1B and 2B types with a small number of 2A and 2C types. Based on principal component analysis, the five karyotype parameters with the highest classification values were screened, which revealed that the mean of long to short arm ratio, the mean relative length of long arms, and the asymmetry coefficient of karyotypes (As.K.) were reliable parameters for use in Chinese cymbidium cytotaxonomy. Cluster analysis of karyotype parameters successfully identified cultivars of the bamboo petal, narcissus petal, and plum petal types, thus confirming the accuracy of the cytological classification system. Furthermore, flower traits of Chinese cymbidium were strongly correlated with karyotype parameters. Overall, we conclude that karyotype parameters can provide valuable information for studies on the classification, identification, and genetic diversity of Chinese cymbidium.

Uniformly Alpha-Quasi-Convex Functions Defined by Janowski Functions

In this work, we aim to introduce and study a new subclass of analytic functions related to the oval and petal type domain. This includes various interesting properties such as integral representation, sufficiency criteria, inclusion results, and the convolution properties for newly introduced class.

Consumer preferences for selected exotic flowering pot plants: A market assessment study

The factors affecting consumer perception on up-country flowering pot plants were analyzed. Simple random samples of 100 end-users and 100 traders; wholesalers and retailers, who purchased flowering pot plants from nurseries in Badulla and Ratnapura districts were selected as interviewees to collect data using a researcher-administered structured questionnaire. Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonil Bolus ex Hook f.), Petunia (Petunia hybrida) and Rose (Rosa hybrida L) were the three flowering pot plant species considered in this study as they are among the most popular exotic flowering pot plant species in the market at present. A half of the respondents was in the age category of 25 to 44 years, in the income category of Sri Lanka Rs. 15,000 to 30,000 (approx. USD 95-190) per month and had a formal education up to General Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level). The key intentions of purchasing flowering potted plants were for outdoor decoration or for planting in the home garden (78%). Other uses included indoor decorations (19%) and for gifting (3%). There were relationships (p<0.05) between the plant variety with stage of blooming and flower colour at buying. However, there was no relationship (p>0.05) between plant variety and petal type; single, double and multi-petal. Most flowering pot plants were purchased from large nurseries by intermediaries to be sold as wholesale and/or retail. Results showed that the price, but not the variety, affected the purchasing decision. A seasonal effect was observed in purchasing flowering pot plants i.e. sales peaks were observed during February to April and June to September, due to special days such as Valentine’s Day. The less requirement for care was an important consideration when purchasing these plants. Majority of the customers got to know about the nurseries through word of mouth. Lack of new varieties such as spider gerbera, dwarf gerbera and spray roses, which were in demand, is one of the major constraints in purchasing flowering pot plants. Promotional campaigns including exhibitions, open fairs and home deliveries are suggested as suitable promotional strategies for nurseries. The results of this study could benefit the companies to gain a competitive advantage while expanding their market share in this important industry.

Janowski type close-to-convex functions associated with conic regions

The analytic functions, mapping the open unit disk onto petal and oval type regions, introduced by Noor and Malik (Comput. Math. Appl. 62:2209-2217, 2011), are considered to define and study their associated close-to-convex functions. This work includes certain geometric properties like sufficiency criteria, coefficient estimates, arc length, the growth rate of coefficients of Taylor series, integral preserving properties of these functions.

Association between Petal Form Variation and CYC2-like Genotype in a Hybrid Line of Sinningia speciosa.

This study used three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging to examine petal form variation in a hybrid cross of Sinningia speciosa between a cultivar with actinomorphic flowers and a variety with zygomorphic flowers. The major objectives were to determine the genotype–phenotype associations between the petal form variation and CYCLOIDEA2-like alleles in S. speciosa (SsCYC) and to morphologically investigate the differences in petal types between actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers. In this study, μCT was used to accurately acquire 3D floral images. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM) was applied to evaluate the major form variations of the petals. Nine morphological traits of the petals were defined according to the form variations quantified through the GM analysis. The results indicated that the outward curvature of dorsal petals, the midrib asymmetry of lateral petals, and the dilation of ventral region of the tube were closely associated with the SsCYC genotype. Multiple analyses of form similarity between the petals suggested that the dorsal and ventral petals of actinomorphic plants resembled the ventral petals of zygomorphic plants. This observation indicated that the transition from zygomorphic to actinomorphic flowers in S. speciosa might be caused by the ventralization of the dorsal petals. We demonstrated that the 3D-GM approach can be used to determine genotype–phenotype associations and to provide morphological evidence for the transition of petal types between actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers in S. speciosa.

Temporal, but not spatial, changes in expression patterns of petal identity genes are associated with loss of papillate conical cells and the shift to bird pollination in Macaronesian Lotus (Leguminosae).

In the generally bee-pollinated genus Lotus a group of four species have evolved bird-pollinated flowers. The floral changes in these species include altered petal orientation, shape and texture. In Lotus these characters are associated with dorsiventral petal identity, suggesting that shifts in the expression of dorsal identity genes may be involved in the evolution of bird pollination. Of particular interest is Lotus japonicus CYCLOIDEA 2 (LjCYC2), known to determine the presence of papillate conical cells on the dorsal petal in L.japonicus. Bird-pollinated species are unusual in not having papillate conical cells on the dorsal petal. Using RT-PCR at various stages of flower development, we determined the timing of expression in all petal types for the three putative petal identity genes (CYC-like genes) in different species with contrasting floral morphology and pollination syndromes. In bird-pollinated species the dorsal identity gene, LjCYC2, is not expressed at the floral stage when papillate conical cells are normally differentiating in bee-pollinated species. In contrast, in bee-pollinated species, LjCYC2 is expressed during conical cell development. Changes in the timing of expression of the above two genes are associated with modifications in petal growth and lateralisation of the dorsal and ventral petals in the bird-pollinated species. This study indicates that changes in the timing, rather than spatial distribution, of expression likely contribute to the modifications of petal micromorphology and petal size during the transition from bee to bird pollination in Macaronesian Lotus species.

Floral biology of Sesbania virgata: an invasive species in the Agreste of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil

Abstract Although reproduction seems to play an important role in the successful invasive strategy of Sesbania virgata, its floral biology is poorly known. We aimed at filling this gap by studying the floral biology of a population of S. virgata in the Agreste of Brazil. Sesbania virgata is a shrub that bears racemose inflorescences. Its flowers are zygomorphic, pedunculate, hermaphrodite, and have a pale yellow corolla, diadelphous androecium, anthers with longitudinal dehiscence, and inconspicuous stigma. S. virgata flowers display three different types of petals: banner (11.92 mm), wing (8.27 mm), and keel (9.3 mm). The flowering peak occurred from November to January. The average number of pollen grains per flower was 22,918, with a pollen viability of 99.93%. Its anthesis is diurnal and asynchronous. Although S. virgata is autogamous, its pollen/ovule ratio suggests that this plant has a mixed reproductive system (xenogamy + autogamy). Continuous flowering, flower morphology, and specialized breeding system are essential to assure the reproductive success of this species in the studied habitat. Sesbania virgata is a food source for flower visitors, due to its continuous flowering and large population. Therefore, it has an effective reproductive strategy that assures its invasion success.

Elaboration of bilateral symmetry across Knautia macedonica capitula related to changes in ventral petal expression of CYCLOIDEA-like genes.

BackgroundShifts in floral form across angiosperms, particularly from radially symmetrical to bilaterally symmetrical flowers, are often associated with shifts in speciation rates and changes in pollination syndrome. Growing evidence across both rosids and asterids indicates that CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like transcription factors from the TCP gene family play a role in establishing the dorsoventral pattern of flower symmetry, which affects the development of both the corolla and androecium. Previous studies of CYC-like genes, especially of the CYC2 clade, indicate that these genes are dorsally restricted in bilaterally symmetrical flowers. Also, gene duplication of CYC-like genes often correlates with shifts in floral form in both individual flowers and head-like inflorescences (capitula).ResultsHere, we compared the expression patterns of six CYC-like genes from dorsal, lateral, and ventral petals of internal and external florets across capitula of Knautia macedonica (Dipsacaceae). We demonstrate that multiple copies of CYC-like genes are differentially expressed among petal types and between internal and external florets. Across paralogs, there was a general trend toward a reduction in dorsal expression and an increase in ventral expression in internal florets compared to external florets. However, it was in the ventral petals where a statistically significant increase in expression correlates with a less zygomorphic flower. We also show for the first time lateral-specific expression of a CYC-like gene. Additionally, dorsoventral asymmetric expression of a CYC3 paralog indicates that this understudied gene clade is likely also involved in floral symmetry.ConclusionsThese data indicate that the elaboration of bilateral symmetry may be regulated by the dorsoventral gradient of expression, with statistically significant changes in ventral expression correlating with changes in dorsoventral morphological specialization.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0045-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genetic diversity and relationship study of single and double petal tuberose (Polianthes tuberosaL.) cultivars based on RAPD and ISSR markers

Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is a commercial ornamental bulbous crop with highly fragrant flowers. In the present study, genetic diversity among 12 tuberose cultivars were studied using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Altogether 86 amplicons were amplified with 16 selected RAPD primers out of which, 70 (81.39%) were polymorphic with an average of 4.37 amplicons per primer. Similarly, nine ISSR primers amplified a total of 40 scorable amplicons with sizes ranging between 100–3000 bp. Out of 40 ISSR amplicons, 37 (92.50%) were polymorphic, with an average of 4.1 amplicons per primer. RAPD markers based analysis grouped 12 cultivars into two clusters, whereas ISSR markers based analysis grouped 12 cultivars in three clusters. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) study showed only 5% of variation between single and double petal population, whereas, greater variation (95%) was observed only among the cultivars of each petal type. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) showed the percentage of variation explained by the first 3 axes was 51.44%.