PET Fabrics Research Articles

Surface modification of poly (ethylene terephthalate) fabric by soy protein isolate hydrogel for wound dressing application

In this study, a composite of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric and soy protein isolate (SPI) hydrogel loaded with gabapentin was developed. For covalent attachment of SPI on the surface of PET fabric, graft polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) on the surface of PET fabric was performed and then carboxyl groups available in the structure of AA were activated using EDAC and then SPI was coated on the surface of PET fabric. The results revealed appropriate connection between hydrogel and modified fabric. The hydrogel was characterized by swelling test and the drug release behavior was investigated. It was found that the casting temperature affects the swelling ratio of the hydrogel and an appropriate release profile of the drug was observed. The surface of fabric was characterized by contact angle measurement, electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. In vitro cell culture study was performed using NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts to investigate the biocompatibility of final composite and MTS results along with morphology of cells on the surface of PET fabric coated with SPI revealed the biocompatibility of final product and no cell cytotoxicity was observed in modified PET fabric.

Preparation of color polymeric nanomaterials containing dispersed dye by sunflower oil synergy and color transfer property by digital inkjet printing

The color polymeric nanomaterials containing highly dispersed dye molecules were designed and prepared by sunflower oil synergy microemulsion polymerization. The color nanoparticles can be applied to coat on the PET fabrics by digital inkjet printing technique. The sunflower oil as a dye solubilization and polymer plasticizer was used in the polymerization process. The structure and morphology of polymeric nanoparticles containing dispersive dyes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The color transfer properties from nanoparticle coating into PET fabrics by digital inkjet printing were discussed. Three color nanoparticles were homogeneous nanospheres with regular shape and size below 100 nm. The nano-balls were swelled by sunflower oil. The dye is evenly dispersed in colloidal nanoparticles. The color transfer rate of three nanoparticles containing disperse dyes with 2.43% oil by digital inkjet printing method were 97.1%, 95.3%, and 96.1%, respectively. The color transfer rates of three color nanomaterials with sunflower oil were obviously improved. The fastness properties of the PET fabrics printed with three nanoparticles with oil were excellent.

Pretreatment of low-grade poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste for effective depolymerization to monomers

Pretreatment process of silica-coated PET fabrics, a major low-grade PET waste, was developed using the reaction with NaOH solution. By destroying the structure of silica coating layer, impurities such as silica and pigment dyes could be removed. The removal of impurity was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The pretreated PET fabric samples were used for depolymerization into its monomer, bis(2-hydroxylethyl) terephthalate (BHET), by glycolysis with ethylene glycol (EG), and zinc acetate (ZnAc) catalyst. The quality of BHET was confirmed by DSC, TGA, HPLC and NMR analyses. The highest BHET yield of 89.23% was obtained from pretreated PET fabrics, while glycolysis with raw PET fabric yielded 85.43%. The BHET yield from untreated silica-coated PET fabrics was 60.39%. The pretreatment process enhances the monomer yield by the removal of impurity and also improves the quality of the monomer.

Fabrication and characterization of a flexible capacitive sensor on PET fabric

PurposeThere is a developing interest in flexible sensors, especially in the new and intelligent generation of textiles. The purpose of this paper is to fabricate a flexible capacitive sensor on a PET fabric and to investigate some affecting factor on its performance.Design/methodology/approachPET fabric, coated with graphite or with graphite/PEDOT:PSS, was applied as electrodes. Two types of electrospun nanoweb layers from polyamide and polyvinyl alcohol polymers were used as dielectrics. Some factors including electrode area, fabric conductivity, fabric roughness, dielectric thickness, dielectric insulation type and vertical pressure were considered as independent variables. The capacity of the sensor and its detection threshold considered as the outcome (response) variables. Control samples were fabricated by using aluminum plates and cellulosic layer as electrodes and dielectric, respectively.FindingsResults showed that post-coating with PEDOT:PSS would improve the conductivity of electrodes up to 300 Ω in comparison with just graphite-coated samples. It was also found that either by improving the conductivity or increasing the area of electrode plates the sensitivity of sample would be increased in pressure stimulating tests.Originality/valueThe fabric sensor showed remarkable response toward pressure with a lower detection threshold of 30mN/cm2 (obtained capacity ~ 4×104 pF) in comparison with aluminum electrode sensors.

Fabrication of electrically conductive superparamagnetic fabric with microwave attenuation, antibacterial properties and UV protection using PEDOT/magnetite nanoparticles

Incorporation of electrically conductive and magnetic materials to textiles creates flexible wearable substrates with numbers of functionality as attractive alternative in many applications. Herein, an electrically conductive fabric with superparamagnetic properties was fabricated utilizing PEDOT/magnetite nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesis and deposition was carried out on the flexible polyester fabric through facile chemical methods. Fe3O4 nanoparticles was in-situ synthesized and deposited using thiourea as the both reducing and complexing agents on PET fabric via enhanced chemical precipitation method. 3,4‑ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) was polymerized on the treated polyester fabric through chemical vapor deposition in presence of ferric (III) chloride as both oxidant and doping agents. The morphology and particles size and their distribution on the fabric, crystal phase, magnetization properties and chemical structure of the treated fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The tensile and electrical properties of the treated fabrics were measured with Instron and two probe devices. The electrical resistivity of the fabric containing magnetite/PEDOT was measured to be lower than 1000 Ω cm−1. The significant UV protection, antibacterial activities against S. aureus and electromagnetic interference shielding behavior were obtained on the treated fabrics. The conductive superparamagnetic fabric can be applied in biomedical, separation, energy generation, sensor and smart textile applications due to the considerable fastness and nontoxic behavior.

Robust multifunctional superhydrophobic fabric with UV induced reversible wettability, photocatalytic self-cleaning property, and oil-water separation via thiol-ene click chemistry

Robust superhydrophobic fabric (SF) was successfully achieved by surface modification with anatase TiO2 sol and mercapto silanes, subsequently followed by hydrophobization with perfluorooctyl methacrylate (PFOMA) via thiol-ene click reaction. The resultant SFs not only exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 157.7° and a water shedding angle of 4°, but also showed the considerable photocatalytic activity by the degradation of oil red O under UV irradiation. Moreover, the SFs exhibited a wetting transition from a superhydrophobic state to a superhydrophilic state by the alternation of UV exposure and thermal treatment. The SF could be utilized to separate oil-water mixture owing to its superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. Importantly, the SFs were tolerant towards strong acidic or alkaline environments, corrosive organic solvents, laundering, and mechanical abrasion. In addition, this facile preparation process could impart the superhydrophobicity to other substrates (such as PET fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, and sponges). Therefore, superhydrophobic materials with multi-functionality of UV induced reversible wettability, photocatalytic self-cleaning property, and oil-water separation are regarded as promising candidates for a wide range of applications.

Silicone nanomicelle dyeing using the nanoemulsion containing highly dispersed dyes for polyester fabrics

Silicone nanomicelle dyeing is a novel dyeing technique of saving water and energy. The organic silicone nanomicelles containing highly dispersed dyes were prepared. Organic silicone oil as a polymer organic phase was successfully used as nanoemulsion by solvent evaporation technique. Three nanomicelles containing three dyes are all homogeneous liquid nanospheres with regular shape and size 40–60 nm, respectively. The dyes were highly dispersed in the nanoemulsion in molecules. Dyeing for PET fabrics can be carried out in low liquor ratio. The dye was slowly released from the nanomicelle in the dyeing process and improved the leveling property of the disperse dyes. The color yields of the polyester fabrics dyed by the nanomicelle dyeing were higher than those of the samples dyed by the traditional dyeing. During the dyeing process, the organic silicon was also as softening agent, which adsorbed on the surface of the fabric to provide a good soft handle. This technique combined dyeing and finishing processes together. The nanomicelle dyeing improved the dyeing properties of polyester fabrics and to save time and reduce the water consumption.

Modeling and simulation of drag force for coated PET fabric with silica nano particles

PurposeThis paper is based on the simulation of wind tunnel experiment for better understanding and predicting the behavior of PET fabric in the wind tunnel. This software calculates the drag force of fabric, illustrates pressure in the surrounding of airfoil and velocity of wind in the tunnel during different angles of attack (0°, 45° and 90°). The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe sol-gel method was applied for the synthesis of silica nano particles. So, PET fabric was coated with precursor (Tetra ethyl ortho silicate) solution first and the process continued on PET fabric. The morphology of obtained hydrophobic fabric samples and their surface roughness was observed and determined by atomic microscopes (AFM and SEM). Experimental data were used for simulation and modeling, and then results were interpreted.FindingsIt was concluded that the surface roughness and its amount can play a significant role in the drag reduction of PET fabric, and surface roughness can change the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent.Originality/valueAt 45 degrees angle of attack, larger boundary layer separation results in a large increase in the drag force. This model is useful for predicting flow behavior in the experimental wind tunnel.

Moisture absorption, perspiration and thermal conductive polyester fabric prepared by thiol–ene click chemistry with reduced graphene oxide finishing agent

This paper reports on a novel method of endowing PET fabric with the properties of moisture absorption, perspiration and thermal conductivity. We firstly synthesized hydrophilic finishing agent with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) and isocyanatoethyl methacrylate. Then mercapto-functionalized reduced graphene oxide was dispersed into the hydrophilic finishing agent and applied on mercapto modified PET fabric to form chemical bonding through thiol–ene click chemistry under UV radiation. The process was confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared spectra and scanning electron microscope. Liquid moisture performance on the fabric was evaluated by Moisture Management Tester, and thermal conductivity is characterized by changes in the fabric temperature under a forward-looking infrared. The results revealed that the wetting time, absorption rate, spreading speed and max wetted radius of the treated fabric reached level 4 or above, and one-way transport capability achieved level 3. Besides, the thermal conductivity was obviously improved, indicating this fabric has great potential applications in sportswear fields.

Novel coating system on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics with mechanically durable liquid-repellence: Application as flexible materials with striking loading capacity

Construction of the superamphiphobic materials and their application is of particular interest both in academia and industrial circles for years. Herein, a novel coating system for fabricating superamphiphobic poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics was reported based on both aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and environment-friendly perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (FAS) co-modified SiO2 nano-particles, 3-Hydroxytyramine hydrochloride (Dopamine), amino-terminated silicone oils and etched PET fabrics via the one-step Schiff-base reaction and Michael addition reaction. The prepared fabrics displayed superamphiphobic properties, with contact angles of various liquids approaching 150°. In addition, the mechanical durability superamphiphobic fabrics were obtained, which were able to withstand 500 cycles of abrasion test, 20 cycles of sand abrasion test or 20 times standard washing. Furthermore, various liquids, including water and high viscous liquids, can easily slide off the surface of the obtained fabrics in a short time at a small angle. The prepared fabric can not only float on water or oil, but also hold up 25.7 times its own body weight things floated on water or 9 times on sesame oil without sinking. This novel and effective coating system can have more potential applications in the development of soft micro-devices working on liquid surfaces, especially on highly viscous liquid surfaces or under the environment with harsh conditions.

Highly Hydrophobic Conductive Polyester Fabric Based on Homogeneous Coating Surface Treatment

ABSTRACTA highly hydrophobic conductive polyester (PET-HE) fabric was prepared by a simple two-steps method. Firstly, homogeneous coating (the mixture of PET and carbon black (CB)) was uniformly coated on the PET fabric, which through curing in water coagulation bath and electrically conductive (PET-E) fabric was prepared. Then the solvent-induced crystallization process was adopted to PET-E fabric to endow the hydrophobic property. Investigations showed that PET-HE treated fabrics exhibited better hydrophobic and conductivity when the content of PET is 9wt% and the content of CB is the range of 8wt%-10wt%. The prepared polyester fabric proved to have such features as WCA was about 145°and surface resistance was about 300 Ω.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Robust Fluorine‐Free Superhydrophobic PET Fabric Using Alkaline Hydrolysis and Thermal Hydrophobic Aging Process

AbstractA newly developed fluorine‐free method to render robust superhydrophobic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric is introduced with alkaline hydrolysis followed by thermal hydrophobic aging process, i.e., nonchemical finishing. The superhydrophobic PET fabric shows a static contact angle of 170.7° ± 2.4° and a shedding angle of 8.6° ± 0.7°. Breathability and color of the fabricated PET fabric are improved and not changed. The alkaline hydrolyzed and thermal hydrophobic aged PET fabric is easily bent and has increased smoothness, fullness, and softness. Additionally, it has good durability for tape test, abrasion test, pH test, and washing test under an extra aging process that gives rise to self‐healing. Self‐cleaning property of the superhydrophobic PET fabric is excellent. Therefore, the alkaline hydrolyzed and thermally hydrophobic aged superhydrophobic fabric has a potential for commercial applications in functional or biomedical textiles, goods and related industries, with improved human/environmental friendliness and efficiency of care.

Fabrication of highly conductive and multifunctional polyester fabrics by spray-coating with PEDOT:PSS solutions

In this work, highly conductive and multifunctional polyester fabrics (PET fabrics) were fabricated through repeating the spray-coating process, using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) solutions containing 5 wt% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The effects of the coating amount on the conductivity and surface morphologies were investigated. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the heat performance was also investigated. Moreover, the breaking strength, rubbing and washing fastness were measured as well. Results indicate that the minimum sheet resistance is 12.10 Ω/□ when the weight gain rate is 23.4%. The enhancement of the conductivity can attribute to the improvement of uniformity, thickness, connectivity and the emergence of PEDOT microcrystals of the multiply coatings, which mean better pathways for conduction. The maximum mass-specific capacitance of the coated fabric can achieve to 75.30 F/g at the scan rate of 20 mV/s. Good fidelity and no degradation of the repeated CV curves indicates the excellent electrochemical stability. The coated fabric can be heated to 56.2 °C in 100 s under the applied voltage of 7 V. The temperature distribution of the coated fabric is quite uniform, demonstrating the homogeneity of the PEDOT:PSS coating. The increase of the sheet resistance is not significant after rubbing and washing, which illustrates good rubbing and washing fastness.

(Invited) Two-Dimensional Materials for Wearable Electronics

The term “smart-clothes” has been applied over the past few years referring to the attachment of commercial (rigid) electronic devices to an article of clothing with applications mostly in performance sports or futuristic fashion shows. An actual smart fabric comprising the seamless integration of soft (flexible) electronics within the textile itself is still mainly in the R&D stages at prohibitively high manufacturing costs. Two-dimensional materials, such as graphene and Mxene, have demonstrated attractive electrical and electrochemical properties for flexible electronic applications. However, their direct incorporation into textile structures for truly "wearable" applications have rarely been investigated or demonstrated. In this talk, we will introduce the recent progress of our research group on relevant topics, namely 1) 2D-material based hybrid yarns as supercapacitors via industrialized wet-spinning processes, and 2) wearable microsupercapacitors on various textile structures (PET or Cotton fabrics, and PP or nylon nonwovens) with good washfastness and high flexibility. We will focus on the fundamental aspects and major technological obstacles of the integration of novel functional materials with traditional textile processings and products.

Influence of non-thermal plasma treatement on the adsorption of a stimuli-responsive nanogel onto polyethylene terephthalate fabric

This paper presents an in-depth study of the surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate fabric (PET) with non-thermal plasma and temperature- and pH-responsive nanogel (PNCS) to impart smart thermoregulation properties. To increase the adsorption of the PNCS nanogel onto the PET, ammonia and oxygen plasma and a combination of both plasma gases were used. Chemical changes caused by the plasma treatment were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), morphological changes were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the swelling and de-swelling ability was determined by measuring the moisture content at 20 and 40 °C. The greatest deposition of the PNCS nanogel, with unimpaired swelling ability, was found on the oxygen-plasma-treated samples, as they had the highest O/C ratio. Meanwhile, the least promising results were found for the samples treated with a combination of oxygen and ammonia plasma, where the highest concentration of nitrogen was present on the fibre surface. Since the treatment with oxygen plasma proved to be the most effective method, different exposure times to the oxygen plasma, namely, 10, 30 and 60 s, were studied in the second part of this study. The optimal oxygen plasma treatment time was found to be 30 s, where the greatest deposition and unhindered swelling/de-swelling ability of the PNCS nanogel on the PET fabric was achieved.

A new approach for durable multifunctional coating of PET fabric

This new approach aims to impart durable multifunctional properties to polyester fabric surface via pre-modification with sodium hydroxide followed by subsequent coating with proper active ingredients such as SiO2, TiO2, ZnO and ZrO2 nanoparticles using gelatin as a green binding agent. The obtained results signify that the enhancement in the imparted functional properties like antibacterial, UV-blocking, self–cleaning capability and softness properties is governed by type of binding agent, i.e. gelatin > polyacrylate as well as kind of included metal oxide nanoparticles (MO-NPs) into the coating paste. FTIR, SEM and EDS analysis confirm the surface modification and functionalization of PET fabric surface. The obtained multifunctional coatings exhibit a remarkable washing durability even after 15 washing cycles.

Synthetic Fiber Dyeing with New Pyrazole Disperse Dyes and Their Colorimetric and Fastness Properties

A series of disazo pyrazole disperse dyes were synthesized and reported at our previous work. These 8 synthesized disazo pyrazole disperse dyes (3a-3h) were applied to poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and polyamide 6.6 fibers. Their colorimetric and color fastness properties were investigated. All studied fibers dyed with these synthesized dyes exhibited yellow-red shades. 3c (p-Cl), 3e (m-Cl), and 3h (o-Cl) disazo disperse dyes, having auxochrome -Cl, led to the lowest color yield values for all three studied fibers. The same dyes resulted in higher color strength with darker shades on the PET and PLA fabrics in comparison PA 6.6 fabrics. 3a (p-NO2), 3b (p-OCH3), 3d (m-NO2), 3f (o-NO2), and 3g (o-OCH3) disazo disperse dyes can be recommended for PLA and PET dyeing from the color point of view leading to medium to heavy depth of shades. The wash, alkaline and acidic perspiration, dry and wet rub, water and sea water fastness levels of PLA, PET, and PA 6.6 samples dyed with 3a-3h dyes were generally quite high and in the commercially acceptable range with few exceptions. Dyed PLA fabrics displayed better sublimation fastness levels than dyed PET and PA 6.6 fabrics. Synthesized disperse dyes resulted in high light fastness performance on especially PET and PLA fibers. Light fastness level was better for dyed PET samples by comparison with dyed PLA and PA 6.6 fabrics.

Development of breathable Janus superhydrophobic polyester fabrics using alkaline hydrolysis and blade coating

Alkaline hydrolysis is a common finishing method that is used to give polyester (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) a more natural touch and improved luster via chemical or physical changes in the fibers. However, its potential as a tool for surface modification in the development of single-sided superhydrophobic materials has not been studied yet. In this research, Janus superhydrophobic PET fabrics with asymmetric wetting properties (one side of the PET surface was rendered superhydrophobic while the other side was simply hydrophobic) were fabricated in two steps. Fine roughness was first achieved on the surface of PET fabrics by alkaline hydrolysis. Subsequently, optimized foam-coating emulsions were applied on only one surface of the alkaline-hydrolyzed PET. Alkaline treatment time, solution temperature, and viscosity of the foam-coating emulsions were varied to find optimal conditions in terms of structural changes, mechanical properties, superhydrophobicity, and absorption ability. The specimen treated with an aqueous solution of 8% sodium hydroxide at 70℃ for 60 min and coated with the mixture of the fluoro-emulsion and thickener in the volume ratio of 40:2 was determined to be the optimal conditions for the Janus superhydrophobic property. This sample showed a contact angle of 162.8° and a shedding angle of 5.6° on one side, whereas it completely permitted the percolation of water drops on the other side within 109 s. The mechanical properties of the developed Janus PET under the optimal conditions did not decrease significantly; its weight and tensile strength were found to have decreased by 3.3% and 19.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the single-sided superhydrophobic specimen demonstrated higher moisture transmissibility than the double-sided coated PET under the same alkaline treatment conditions. The method developed herein eliminates the requirement for an additional process to deliver nanoscale surface roughness and has the potential to produce waterproof–breathable PET fabrics for outdoor clothing.

Robust superhydrophobic surface by nature-inspired polyphenol chemistry for effective oil-water separation

With the ever-increasing oil spillages, oil-water separation has attracted widespread concern in recent years. In this work, a nature-inspired polyphenol method has been developed to fabricate the durable superhydrophobic surfaces for the oil-water separation. Inspiring from the adhesion of polyphenol and reducing capacity of free catechol/pyrogallol groups in polyphenol, firstly, the simple immersion of commercial materials (melamine sponge, PET, and nonwoven cotton fabrics) in tannic acid (TA) solution allows to form a multifunctional coating on the surface of sponge or fabrics, which was used as reducing reagent to generate Ag nanoparticles (NPs). Then, decoration of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecanethiol (PFDT) molecules produced superhydrophobic surfaces. The surface topological structure, chemical composition, and superhydrophobic property of the as-prepared surface are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The WCAs of as-prepared sponge and fabrics were higher than 150°. The stability, absorption capacity, and recyclability of as-prepared sponge and fabrics were investigated. The as-prepared sponge demonstrates high oil/water selectivity and high absorption capacity (66–150 g/g) for a broad variety of oils and organic solvents, and was chemically resistant, robust against abrasion, and long-term durability in harsh environments. Most important of all, it can continuously separate various kinds of oils or organic pollutants from the surface of water. This study presents a facile strategy to fabricate superhydrophobic materials for continuous oil-water separation, displaying great potential in large-scale practical application.

Effects of Liposome Assisted Dyeing on PET Fabric Properties

Liposome technology is applied in numerous fields, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods, detergents, textiles and other applications, because of the ability to liberate the encapsulate slowly. Application of this technology’s result is the energy saving by reducing time and temperature which should be higher in conventional wool-dyeing method and avoiding the use of any other synthetic auxiliaries. In this study, the effect of liposome, which is constituted from soya lecithin and cholesterol, on dispersion dyeing of PET fabric was investigated. Thin lipid layer method was performed for the liposome production. On the other hand the effect of the commercial liposome was also investigated. PET fabrics were dyed using different dispersion dyes and color measurement values, tensile strength, light, rubbing, washing and perspiration fastness analyses were carried out. Fastness results were evaluated according to ANOVA statistical analysis. Different temperatures (between 115°C-130°C) were compared by performing color dyeing yields to examine the effect of liposome addition to the temperature in the dying process. The results were showing that PET fabrics which were dyed with liposome had better fastness, color strength values as compared with non-liposome dyed fabrics. In addition, the energy saving by reducing temperature was obtained.