PET Fabrics Research Articles

Rejection of far infrared radiation from the human body using Cu\u2013Ni\u2013P\u2013Ni nanocomposite electroless plated PET fabric

An experimental investigation was utilized to present the IR rejection performance of Cu–Ni–P–Ni composite double-layer electroless plated PET fabric compared to fabric samples composed of Cu–Ni–P metallic monolayer. Accordingly, the effect of a range of operational parameters was explored on the conductivity of electroless plated PET fabric. Results indicate higher conductivity and lower durability for Cu–Ni–P-coated samples compared to its counterpart with same sub-layer included with nickel on top layer. The SEM image of Cu–Ni–P particle on PET fabric shows a hexagonal non-homogenous morphology with nanoscale crack on its surface. However, the micrograph of the Cu–Ni–P–Ni electroless plated fabric shows an extremely compact and continuous phase with clear boundaries containing semispherical particles. The thermopile radiated sensing system was used as a sophisticated device to show the thermal energy absorption level. The acquired data indicate a 2.3 and 2.7 unit reduction in transmitted radiated power, respectively, for Cu–Ni–P and Cu–Ni–P–Ni conducting fabric. The captured thermal camera images of human body while keeping in front of a Cu–Ni–P conducting fabric revealed a nearly black and blue feature which proves the significant decrease in body radiated thermal energy. However, the thermal image of Cu–Ni–P–Ni conductive fabric shows almost black appearance in all areas. It can be presumably due to improving of the IR rejection performance and also formation of a massive barrier against body thermal radiation for promising camouflage applications.

Combined ultrasonic and gamma-irradiation to prepare TiO2@PET-g-PAAc fabric composite for self-cleaning application

The grafting of polyacrylic acid (PAAc) onto the fabric of Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) was loaded with TiO2 by a mixture sonication of TiO2 dispersed in AAc dissolved in acetone solvent. Ultrasonic irradiation was utilized as a tool for a good dispersion of TiO2 onto the PET fabric. The grafted PET fabrics with acrylic acid AAc monomer were successfully obtained using gamma-ray induced graft polymerization, the degree of grafting PET-g-PAAc fiber was 105%. The chemical compositions and crystal structure of grafted TiO2@PET-g-PAAc fabrics were characterized by ATR-FTIR and XRD. It was found that loading of PET fiber with in TiO2 particles showing the formation of anatase and rutile as performed by XRD. The thermal property of TiO2@PET-g-PAAc was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The obtained result indicated the thermal property of the grafted TiO2@PET-g-PAAc was increased. Image of scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated the good adherent and good distribution of PAAc and TiO2 with PET fabric. The self-cleaning property of TiO2@PET-g-PAAc has been evaluated by using three kinds of dyes as models.

Modeling and Optimizing of Producing Recycled PET from Fabrics Waste via Falling Film-Rotating Disk Combined Reactor

Recycling and reusing of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics waste are essential for reducing serious waste of resources and environmental pollution caused by low utilization rate. The liquid-phase polymerization method has advantages of short process flow, low energy consumption, and low production cost. However, unlike prepolymer, the material characteristics of PET fabrics waste (complex composition, high intrinsic viscosity, and large quality fluctuations) make its recycling a technique challenge. In this study, the falling film-rotating disk combined reactor is proposed, and the continuous liquid-phase polymerization is modeled by optimizing and correcting existing models for the final stage of PET polymerization to improve the product quality in plant production. Through modeling and simulation, the weight analysis of indexes closely related to the product quality (intrinsic viscosity, carboxyl end group concentration, and diethylene glycol content) was investigated to optimize the production process in order to obtain the desired polymer properties and meet specific product material characteristics. The model could be applied to other PET wastes (e.g., bottles and films) and extended to investigate different aspects of the recycling process.

A novel and simple method of printing flexible conductive circuits on PET fabrics

Flexible conductive circuits on PET fabrics were fabricated by a simple approach. Firstly, well dispersed nano-silver colloids with average size of 87nm were synthesized with poly (vinyl pyrrolidone). Then, by adding polyurethane and thickening agent into these colloids, Ag NP-based ink was produced and printed on PET fabrics by screen printing. Conductive patterns were achieved through the swelling process of polyurethane and the decrease of contact resistance between nano-silver particles when immersed in dichloromethane (DCM) and diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) mixed solution. After it was dried at 40°C,the surface resistivity was about 0.197Ωcm with width 1.9mm, and thickness 20μm. Moreover, the effects of different DCM contents on the conductivity and the film forming ability have been investigated. We believe these foundings will provide some important analysis for printing flexible conductive circuits on textiles.

A protective polyester fabric with magnetic properties using mixture of carbonyl iron and nano carbon black along with aluminium sputtering

In the present work, polyester fabric with protective and magnetic properties is introduced using mixture of micro magnetic carbonyl iron powder and nano carbon black through pad-dry-cure method and sputter coating with aluminium (Al). This leads to X-band microwave absorbing properties as the great demand for protective garment. The morphology, static magnetic and X-band microwave absorbing properties of the treated fabrics were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer and vector network analyzer in the range of 8.2–12.4 GHz. Normal-angle X-ray diffraction was used to study the crystalline structure of treated PET fabric. Compared with the blank polyethylene terephthalate fabric without Al sputter coating, the presence of nano carbon black and carbonyl iron powder on the polyethylene terephthalate fabric sputter coated with aluminum exhibited higher microwave absorbing properties particularly in the primary range of 8.2–12.4 GHz. The results in the whole frequency range investigated were remarkable; however, the reflection loss was found to be lower than −5.9 dB in the entire frequency. The maximum reflection loss value was reached to −7.7 dB at the frequency of 8.2 GHz. Overall, the co-application of nano carbon black and carbonyl iron powders on the polyethylene terephthalate fabric opens up a new coating method for X-band microwave absorbing properties.

Durable, Washable, and Flexible Conductive PET Fabrics Designed by Fiber Interfacial Molecular Engineering

Conductive fibers and fabrics are an essential part of wearable electronics and devices. How to fabricate durable conductive substrate is still a huge challenge to the application and commercialization of wearable electronics. Here an effective and economic process to obtain conductive yarns and fabrics localized copper plating onto synthesized polymers: poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is reported. The active interface is created via plasma treatment to generate active chemical groups on PET substrate, which react with atomic transfer radical polymerization initiator for the following polymerization. The Pd ion entrapped by polymer brushes are then reduced in situ and the Pd0 species act as a catalytic seed layer for following electroless copper nanoparticles growth on the active interface. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy are used to characterize the samples in this process, and the copper loading is quantified by weight. The morphology and composition analysis shows that the copper coating on PET fabrics is compact and continuous, which leads to excellent electronic conductivity. The copper coating obtained in this polymer brushes bridged process can pass through the hand washing challenge, and shows excellent adhesion with PET substrate.image

Production of electromagnetic shielding fabrics by optimization of electroless silver plating conditions for PET fabrics

This study aimed to investigate the optimal electroless silver plating conditions on poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to develop electromagnetic shielding fabrics by comparison with two different activation agents (silver nitrate mixture and palladium chloride mixture). The add-on yield and thickness of plated fabrics were improved when the electroless silver plating was performed after the activation by silver nitrate mixtures compared to the activation by palladium chloride mixtures. The stability of plated surfaces after the activation by silver nitrate mixtures was proved after laundering by surface morphology and electromagnetic wave shielding effectiveness. The electroless silver plating condition was optimized to temperature of 15 °C, plating time of 30 min, dextrose concentration of 45 g/L, and silver nitrate concentrations as a plating material of 50 g/L. The electromagnetic wave shielding effectiveness and electrical conductivity of plated fabrics were maintained even after repeated laundering cycles. Electron probe microanalysis was concluded that the silver was attached on plated PET surfaces, and about 17.8% of silver was observed by inductive coupled plasma spectrometer.

A novel method to bind soybean protein onto the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric

In this study, –NH2 groups were introduced to a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric to make the fabric hydrophilic and, then, soybean protein was bonded on the surface of the modified PET fabric to obtain a soybean protein/PET composite fabric. The –NH2 groups allowed the soybean protein to be firmly bonded on the surface of the modified PET fabric. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the surface of each modified PET fiber had a small number of grooves and that there was a thin film on each soybean protein/PET fiber. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrated that the nitrated and reduced PET fibers were introduced –NH2 groups and that there were –CO–NH– groups on the surface of soybean protein/PET fibers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that there was a nitrogen element on the modified PET fibers. The X-ray diffraction patterns suggested that the crystal structures of the modified fibers did not change significantly during the modification processes. The thermogravimetry results showed that the thermal stability of soybean protein/PET fiber kept well. The wearability tests indicated that the breaking strength and elasticity of the original fabric were well retained by the modified fabrics. The soybean protein/PET fabric had good levels of hydrophilicity and softness when the binding rate was below 3.0%.

Facile fabrication of polyester filament fabric with highly and durable hydrophilic surface by microwave‐assisted glycolysis

ABSTRACTPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric with highly and durable hydrophilic surface was fabricated using microwave‐assisted glycolysis. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst was proven to be suitable for PET glycolysis under assistance of microwave. The modified PET fabric (0.5% NaOH, irradiation 120 s) showed high surface hydrophilicity with a contact angle of 17.4 ° and a wicking length of 19.36 mm. The exposure of the carboxyl‐ and hydroxyl‐end groups on the surface of PET and the introduction of etches were confirmed by Methylene Blue staining and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), receptively. Although the strength of PET fabric decreased after modification, it was still high enough for textile applications. The thermal properties of the modified PET fabrics were well maintained. The high hydrophilicity and its original properties of PET could be controlled by changing the irradiation time from 60 s to 120 s and adjusting the content of sodium hydroxide from 0.2% to 0.5%. These results suggest microwave‐assisted glycolysis with sodium hydroxide is an effective method for PET hydrophilic finishing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44069.

Preparation and dyeing of super hydrophilic polyethylene terephthalate fabric

In this study, the dyeing properties of PET fabrics modified with sulfuric acid was investigated using disperse red E-4B and disperse blue 2BLNG-L at high temperature and high pressure. The results revealed that the sulfuric acid modification improved the K/S value of dyeing PET fabrics, and the modified PET fabric could be dyed uniformly. The a, b, C, L and H of modified PET fabric were almost the same as that of original PET fabric. The water contact angles were still 0o after 10s, indicating that the hydrophilic property of modified PET fabrics still kept excellent. The wash fastness of dyed PET fabrics after modification was generally good.

Crosslinking of Sericin on air atmospheric plasma treated polyester fabric

Durable and highly hydrophilic polyester fabric was produced by cross-linking Sericin on air-atmospheric plasma treated polyester fabric. Surface change properties were characterized by wettability measurements (water contact angle-WCA and % capillarity), Atomic Force Microscopy and zeta potential measurements. Chemical analyses using TBO dye were carried out to estimate surface functional groups after plasma treatment and Sericin cross-linking. Positive zeta potential values at low pH values, as well as AFM images confirm grafting of Sericin. With Sericin cross-linked onto both cleaned PET and plasma-treated PET, WCA reached that of PET subjected to plasma treatment alone, that is WCA between 40° and 46° compared to 81° for the hydrophobic untreated polyester fabric. However, plasma-treated polyester is readily subjected to aging, while cross-linked Sericin on plasma-treated PET yields a more durable hydrophilic finish with a high capillarity, 85% compared to 39% for Sericin on the untreated PET, and 3% for the untreated PET fabric. Plasma treatment creates chain-scissions at the polymer surface leading to the appearance of polar groups which promote the cross-linking of greater amount of Sericin.

Microwave-mediated rapid tailoring of PET fabric surface by using environmentally-benign, biodegradable Urea-Choline chloride Deep eutectic solvent

Deep eutectic solvent, urea-choline chloride (URC), was used to control surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric under microwave irradiation with or without sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties. Wicking and contact angle evaluations indicated that the URC-treated PET fabric drastically changed its surface characteristics from highly hydrophobic to highly hydrophilic (or vice versa) by carefully adjusting alkali concentration and microwave irradiation time. For instance, an instant wicking was achieved on URC-treated PET with 1 % NaOH at 60 s of microwave irradiation, whereas highly hydrophobic PET surface with 2600 s wicking time and 135.6 ° contact angle was acquired by adding 5 % NaOH at the same microwave irradiation. Methylene Blue staining and FTIR analyses suggested that a minimal hydrolysis occurred through URC-treatment with NaOH under microwave irradiation and hydrophilicity was mainly achieved by physical disruption of the fiber. The treated fabrics were further analyzed by DSC, TGA, and SEM. Therefore, a rapid control of hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface of PET fabric was achieved with a little side reaction by using environmentally-benign, biodegradable URC deep eutectic solvent.

Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethane for Coating Applications

Objectives: Exceptional reaction conditions can be generated by ultrasonic irradiation via acoustic cavitation, which allows for the synthesis of new materials with unusual properties. Inspired by the importance of this efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic route, waterborne polyurethane copolymer with pendant carboxylate in the hard segment is prepared. In this current attempt, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-propionic acid was used to incorporate ionic groups into polyurethane polymer. Methods/Analysis: Factors affecting the sonochemical polymerization such acoustic power, type of solvent, using of catalyst, and monomers molar ratio were studied. The prepared waterborne polyurethanes were investigated by FTIR and GPC. Furthermore, in the construction of surfaces, the influence of the application of prepared waterborne polyurethane on the interaction of polyester fabrics with methylene blue as cationic dyes was assessed. For that purpose, color strength and fastness tests were carried out to prove the effectiveness of surface modification. Findings: The results indicated that the one-shot sonochemical polymerization by ultrasound at 100 W was more effective in N,Ndimethyl formamide (DMF) than thermally assisted polyurethane polymerization. Novelty/Improvement: The rate of sonochemical polymerization is much faster than thermal polymerization. Improvement in the printability of PET fabrics treated with the prepared polyurethanes.

Surface functionalization of nanostructured LaB6-coated Poly Trilobal fabric by magnetron sputtering

Nanostructured LaB6 films were deposited on flexible Poly Trilobal substrates (PET textiles) through direct current magnetron sputtering in order to broaden its applications and realize surface functionalization of polyester fabrics. Characterizations and performances were investigated by employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometer. Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) conducted by the integral conversion was employed to measure the ultraviolet protection ability. As expected, the growth of LaB6 film depending on the pressure variation enhanced UV-blocking ability (UPF rating at 30.17) and absorption intensity of the textiles.

Adhesion of nitrile rubber to UV-assisted surface chemical modified PET fabric, part II: Interfacial characterization of MDI grafted PET

Fiber to rubber adhesion is an important subject in rubber industry. It is well known that surface treatment (i.e. physical, mechanical and chemical) is an effective method to improve interfacial bonding of fibers and/or fabrics to rubbers. UV irradiation is an effective method which has been used to increase fabric-rubber interfacial interactions. In this research UV assisted chemical modification of PET fabrics was used to increase PET to nitrile rubber (NBR) adhesion. Nitrile rubber is a perfect selection as fuel and oil resistant rubber. However it has weak bonding to PET fabric. For this purpose PET fabric was carboxylated under UV irradiation and then methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was grafted on carboxylated PET. The chemical composition of the fabric before and after surface treatment was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The sectional morphology of the experimental PET fibers and the interface between rubber compound and PET fabric was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The morphology and structure of the product were analyzed by an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). FTIR-ATR and H NMR analysis were used to assess surface modifications on the PET irradiated fabrics.

Employing ionic liquids to deposit cellulose on PET fibers

Several ionic liquids are excellent solvents for cellulose. Starting from that finishing of PET fabrics with cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids like 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate, diethylphosphate and chloride, or the chloride of butyl-methyl imidazolium has been investigated. Finishing has been carried out from solutions of different concentrations, using microcrystalline cellulose or cotton and by employing different cross-linkers. Viscosity of solutions has been investigated for different ionic liquids, concentrations, cellulose sources, linkers and temperatures. Since ionic liquids exhibit no vapor pressure, simple pad-dry-cure processes are excluded. Before drying the ionic liquid has to be removed by a rinsing step. Accordingly rinsing with fresh ionic liquid followed by water or the direct rinsing with water have been tested. The amount of cellulose deposited has been investigated by gravimetry, zinc chloride iodine test as well as reactive dyeing. Results concerning wettability, water up-take, surface resistance, wear-resistance or washing stability are presented.

Highly Flexible Organic Nanofiber Phototransistors Fabricated on a Textile Composite for Wearable Photosensors

Highly flexible organic nanofiber phototransistors are fabricated on a highly flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) textile/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composite substrate. Organic nanofibers are obtained by electrospinning, using a mixture of poly(3,3″′‐didodecylquarterthiophene) (PQT‐12) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the semiconducting polymer and processing aid, respectively. PDMS is used as both a buffer layer for flattening the PET textile and a dielectric layer in the bottom‐gate bottom‐contact device configuration. PQT‐12:PEO nanofibers can be well‐aligned on the textile composite substrate by electrospinning onto a rotating drum collector. The nanofiber phototransistors fabricated on the PET/PDMS textile composite substrate show highly stable device performance (on‐current retention up to 82.3 (±6.7)%) under extreme bending conditions, with a bending radius down to 0.75 mm and repeated tests over 1000 cycles, while those prepared on film‐type PET and PDMS‐only substrates exhibit much poorer performances. The photoresponsive behaviors of PQT‐12:PEO nanofiber phototransistors have been investigated under light irradiation with different wavelengths. The maximum photoresponsivity, photocurrent/dark‐current ratio, and external quantum efficiency under blue light illumination were 930 mA W−1, 2.76, and 246%, respectively. Furthermore, highly flexible 10 × 10 photosensor arrays have been fabricated which are able to detect incident photonic signals with high resolution. The flexible photosensors described herein have high potential for applications as wearable photosensors.

Effect of Azo Dyes on the Thermal Degradation of Post-consumer Polyester Fabrics

Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) investigations were carried out on the thermal degradation of white and red post-consumer polyester fabrics. The results show that red PET fabrics which was dyed with C.I. Disperse red 167 for its typical azo structure exhibits larger activation energy compared with white PET. The addition of azo dyes displays an inhibiting effect on the deep pyrolysis and the formation of biphenyl and bis(2-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate produced by the free radical mechanism.

Chain Extension and Thermal Behavior of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Modified by Reactive Extrusion with Triphenyl Phosphite

Reactive extrusion experiments of recycled PET fabrics (R-PET) were carried out in a Haake torque rheometer with triphenyl phosphite (TPP) and thermal behavior of modified R-PET was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The reaction mechanism which TPP acts as a cross-linker is verified by the experiment of phosphorus elemental analysis. DSC results show the presence of reaction residues may not modify melting temperature Tm and crystallization temperature Tc is controlled by the combined effect of molecular weight and reaction residues.

Improvement of Flame Retardancy of PET Fabric via UV Induced Grafting of Organic Phosphorus Monomer

Improvement of Flame Retardancy of PET Fabric via UV Induced Grafting of Organic Phosphorus Monomer