Pesticide Residues In Food Research Articles

In-situ preparation of Ferrero® chocolate-like Cu2O@Ag microsphere as SERS substrate for detection of thiram

It is a challenging and valuable work to synthesize surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with low cost and high performance by simple methods, and use it to detect pesticide residues in food. Here, Ferrero® chocolate-like Cu2O@Ag microspheres (FRC-Cu2O@Ag) were fabricated by a facile in-situ redox reaction. Cu2O directly acted as templates and reducing agents to induce the nucleation and growth of Ag nanoparticles on the microspheres surfaces. The prepared semiconductor-noble metal hybrids of Cu2O@Ag were utilized as SERS substrates to detect 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) and thiram molecules. The distinguished SERS effect was achieved when target molecules absorbed on the FRC-Cu2O@Ag composite. The substrate presented excellent sensitivity and reproducibility for the detection of 4-MBA and thiram with the limit of 10−10 and 10−9 M, respectively. Due to combining both advantages of electromagnetic enhancement of Ag metals and chemical enhancement of Cu2O semiconductors, the obtained FRC-Cu2O@Ag microspheres provided a SERS platform to conveniently detect molecules with thiol groups. When it was applied to detect thiram residues on apple peel and the detection limit was 1.2 × 10−7 M, low than maximal residue limit (MRL) of 7 × 10−6 M in fruit prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Development of QuEChERS extraction method for the determination of pesticide residues in cereals using DART-ToF-MS and GC-MS techniques. Correlation and quantification study

Cereal crops comprise more than 60 % of agricultural production worldwide. To ensure high production, the extensive use of pesticides is common practice. Analysis of pesticide residues in food and particularly cereals has become an essential requirement for consumers, producers, food inspectors and authorities. However, the determination of pesticides in cereal samples is not an easy task due to the complexity of the matrices and the trace levels of pesticides. In this study, a simple and high-throughput method was validated for the determination of multi-residue pesticide in 30 different types of cereals which are commonly consumed around the world. QuEChERS procedure has been developed, a mixture of primary-secondary amine and C18 proved better performance for the reduction of the interfering substances from the cereal grains than multiwalled carbon nanotubes. For a comprehensive investigation, the pesticide cereals contents were purified following the established cleanup method and detected by DART-ToF-MS and GC-MS. As “soft” and “hard” MS ionization methods, DART-ToF-MS and GC-MS are strong nominated for comprehensive studies of the unknown molecules. The results showed that 19 pesticides were successfully identified by both techniques in all samples, 16 by DART-ToF-MS and 13 using GC-MS. Regarding the correlation between the developed methods, 10 pesticides were detected as a commonality between the two techniques, this indicates that a single MS technique is not sufficient to detect all of the existing pesticides in cereals. The findings exposed that the two MS techniques are complementary, and both can be used for comprehensive identification of the pesticides presented in cereals. Quantitative analysis was performed using GC-MS under the selective ion monitoring mode by external and internal standard methods. Tributyl phosphate has been used as an internal standard. The measured limits of detection ranged between 4 and 9 μg kg−1 for all pesticides, while the limit of quantification values was <34.8 μg kg−1, which were below the regulatory maximum residue limits. The coefficient of determination was >0.9980 within the calibration linearity range of 15–6250 μg kg−1 for the detected pesticides. The recovery of all detected pesticides was in the range 75.28–122.02 % (n = 3) with associated RSDs <14 % indicating satisfactory accuracy.

Cold plasma for mitigating agrochemical and pesticide residue in food and water: Similarities with ozone and ultraviolet technologies

Pesticide and agrochemical residues in food and water are among hazardous chemicals that are associated with adverse health effects. Consequently, technologies for pesticide abatement in food and water remain in focus. Cold plasma is an emerging decontamination technology, that is being increasingly explored for the abatement of agrochemical and pesticide residue in food and water. In some cases, rapid and complete degradation of pesticide residues has come to light. Such promising results encourage exploring scale-up and commercialization. To achieve this, unraveling mechanisms involved in plasma decontamination and the nature of degradation products is needed. The present review identifies the mechanisms involved in plasma- assisted removal of pesticide residues from food and water, draws parallels with mechanism of ozone and ultraviolet technologies, investigates the chemistry of the intermediates and degradates, and identifies some future research needs. The review recognizes that mechanisms involved in plasma processes have overlapping similarities to those identified for ozone and ultraviolet light, involving oxidation by hydroxyl radical and photo-oxidation. The toxicity of intermediates and degradates in plasma processing have not received much attention. The safety aspects of end products form plasma led degradation of pesticides should be considered for practical exploitation. Identification of intermediates and degradation products, recognition of most potent plasma species, understanding the influence of co-existing entities, the energy efficiency of plasma reactors, and the process economics deserve research focus.

APLICACIÓN DE LA TÉCNICA LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY A LA DETECCIÓN DE Cl EN ACELGA PARA INFERIR LA PRESENCIA DE PLAGUICIDAS

Pesticide residues in food are a threat to consumption. However, detecting residues quickly and directly on the sample is a complex job. In this work, the potential application of the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for the rapid measurement of pesticide residues (imidacloprid, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos) in chard leaves is explored by registering the chlorine emission line (725.66 nm). Significant differences can be observed with respect to the control sample, evidencing the applicability of this technique as a potential tool for the study of pesticide residues in food matrices.

Quantitative and Confirmatory Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Cereal Grains and Legumes by Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

For controlling pesticide residues in food and ensuring food safety, multiresidue methods that can monitor a wide range of pesticides in various types of foods are required for regulatory monitoring. In this study, to demonstrate the applicability of liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS) for quantitative and confirmatory analysis of pesticide residues in cereal grains and legumes, the LC–QTOF-MS method using full-scan acquisition was validated for 151 pesticides in brown rice, soybeans, and peanuts at a spiked level of 0.01 mg/kg. With the exception of 5 out of 151 target pesticides, sufficiently high signal intensities were obtained at 0.005 μg/mL (corresponding to 0.01 mg/kg). Trueness was in the range 70–95%, with intra- and inter-day precisions below 16% and 24%, respectively, with the exception of 7 pesticides in brown rice, 10 pesticides in soybeans, and 9 pesticides in peanuts. No interfering peaks were observed near the retention times of the target pesticides. Furthermore, information on accurate fragment-ion masses obtained by a data-independent acquisition enabled unambiguous confirmation. The results suggest that the LC-QTOF-MS method is suitable for pesticide residues’ analysis of cereal grains and legumes, and can be utilized for regulatory routine analysis.

ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES FILTRATION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

This research focused on reviewing organophosphate monitoring in European countries that was carried out by various researchers independently to National authorities or official European monitoring bodies, during the last ten years. A modified QuEChERS method (a solid phase extraction technique for detection of pesticide residues in food) seems to be the most preferable method used lately in private or educational laboratories, while ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) systems, are gradually gaining ground in trace analysis. Considering the collected published data, organophosphates seem not to be so intriguing to monitor and research, besides being still one of the most frequently applied pesticides used for cultivation purposes today. The question is, will public health be exposed to adverse effects of produce sold, especially in local markets, without the necessary “free from pesticide residue” certification? Traceability and food labeling techniques can provide evidence for certain production methods (eg organic food) or specific food product origin, while facilitate traceability in case of MRLs violation.

Identification and detection of pesticide in chard samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using chemometric methods

Pesticide residues in food represent a significant threat to consumers. However, the fast detection of traces directly in samples involves a complex task. In this work, we explore the potential application of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for the rapid measurement of pesticide residues in chard leaves by identifying them from the signal recording of the emission lines of P, S, C and Cl. They are subsequently jointly described through a principal components analysis (PCA) and grouping of the samples according to their pesticide was corroborated by means of a linear discriminant analysis (LDA), with an error rate of less than 9.5%. Moreover, differences can be observed in the classification of groups with a 95% confidence level. There is thus, clear evidence of the applicability of this technique as a potential tool for the study of pesticide residues in food matrices.

Pesticide use in vegetable production in rural Uganda - A case study of Kabale District, South western Uganda

A study to investigate commonly grown vegetables, commonly used pesticides, and pesticide use practices was conducted in Kabale District, in South-western Uganda. This is because indiscriminate pesticide use and poor application practices can leave pesticide residues in food rendering it unsafe for consumption. The study revealed extensive pesticide application in Brassica oleracea; var. capitata (cabbage), Brassica oleracea; var. botrytis (cauliflower), Solanum lycopersicum, (tomato) and Beta vulgaris (beet root). Information obtained using interviews revealed that 16.5% of the traders in Kabale Municipality sold pesticides and 70% of the farmers in the major vegetable growing subcounties of Kaharo, Kyanamira and Kamuganguzi sprayed their vegetables with pesticides. Only 18% of the interviewed farmers could interpret instructions on pesticide container or bag labels correctly. All farmers (100%) had never attended any training on pesticide use. Cypermethrin, dimethoate, dichlorvos, metalaxyl, profenofos, malathion and mancozeb were mentioned as commonly used pesticides in vegetables grown in the district. Some of the farmers (42%) used mixed different pesticides in the vegetables. Limited knowledge about pesticide application, inability to interpret instructions, non-observance of pre-harvest intervals, mixing pesticides and lack of training on pesticide use contribute to pesticide use malpractices which may put farmers’ health at risk and reduce food quality. Therefore, there is need to address the identified knowledge gaps on safer pesticide application in order to attain safe agricultural productivity for sustainable food security, safeguarding human health and community development in Kabale District, Uganda. Key words: Pesticides, vegetables, pesticide use practices, Kabale District, Uganda.

Pesticide residues in food: distribution, route of exposure and toxicity: in review

The safety of food has significant impact on human health hence the increasing concern on safe food consumption. One of the recent issues that have globally attracted the concern of consumers is the presence of pesticide residues in food. These residual chemicals are persistent organic contaminants that have serious lethal effect on human health when exposed beyond certain levels. The fears of the envisaged increased in the global population has further increased the use of pesticides due to concern for food productivity and security. The present paper examines the presence of pesticide residues in food, their sources and strategies for reducing the concentrations of these toxic chemicals. Attempt is also made in reviewing the Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residue in Food.

Hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical SnO2 nanomaterials for high-efficiency detection of pesticide residue

Acephate pesticide contamination in agricultural production has caused serious human health problems. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor can be used as a portable and promising alternative tool for efficiently detection of acephate. In this study, hierarchical assembled SnO2 nanosphere, SnO2 hollow nanosphere and SnO2 nanoflower were synthesized respectively as high efficiency sensing materials to build rapid and selective acephate pesticide residues sensors. The morphologies of different SnO2 3D nanostructures were characterized by various material characterization technology. The sensitive performance test results of the 3D SnO2 nanomaterials towards acephate show that hollow nanosphere SnO2 based sensor displayed preferable sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response (9 s) properties toward acephate at the optimal working temperature (300 °C). This SnO2 hollow nanosphere based gas sensor represents a useful tool for simple and highly effective monitoring of acephate pesticide residues in food and environment. According to the characterization results, particularly Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis), the obvious and fast response can be attributed to the mesoporous hollow nanosphere structure and appropriate band gap of SnO2 hollow nanosphere.

Pesticide residue in grain‐based food: Effects on health, grain quality, and chemical properties of biomacromolecules

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe use of pesticides has been increasing over the years, and although the application of pesticides has some benefits, concerns over pesticide residue in food are increasing. Additionally, pesticides can affect biochemical pathways in affected plants as determined by their mode of action. To this end, the objective of the review was to provide an overview of the issues concerning pesticide residue in grain‐based food and discuss potential implications of preharvest herbicide application on grain quality and chemistry.FindingsThere is mounting evidence that pesticide residue in food can lead to health concerns as well as environmental concerns. Additionally, relatively new agricultural practices like the preharvest application of herbicides in small grains can impact grain quality as well as the physicochemical properties of grain starch and proteins, depending on the dose and application time among other factors. Such effects need to be critically evaluated in order to elucidate how preharvest herbicide application interferes with biochemical pathways in plants.ConclusionsWith health and environmental concerns over the use of pesticides in agriculture and new evidence suggesting that preharvest application of herbicides can impact grain quality and chemistry, especially if applied early, it is critical to re‐evaluate the use of pesticides in grain production.Significance and noveltyThis review provides an insight into the effects of pesticides, especially the effects of herbicides that are applied preharvest and provides a holistic view on approaches that can be used to decrease the use of such compounds in grain production systems.

The dietary risk index system: a tool to track pesticide dietary risks

BackgroundFor years the United States Department of Agriculture’s Pesticide Data Program and the United Kingdom’s Food Standards Agency have published annual or quarterly data on pesticide residues in foods. Both programs report residues in conventionally grown, organic, and imported foods. The US program has tested about 288,000 food samples since 1992, primarily fruits and vegetables consumed by children. Since 1999 the UK has tested about 72,000 samples of a wider range of foods. These data are vital inputs in tracking trends in pesticide dietary risks.MethodsThe Dietary Risk Index (DRI) system facilitates detailed analyses of US and UK pesticide residue data, trends, and chronic risk distributions. The DRI value for a pesticide is the dietary intake of that pesticide from a single serving of food divided by the pesticide’s acceptable daily intake as set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. It can be calculated based on average annual residue concentrations, and on residue levels in individual samples of food. DRI values can be aggregated over multiple pesticides in single foods, and over individual pesticides in multiple foods.ResultsThe DRI system provides insights into the levels, trends, and distribution of pesticide dietary risk across most widely consumed foods. By drawing on both US Pesticide Data Program and UK-Food Standards Agency residue data, the DRI is capable of assessing pesticide risks in a significant portion of the global food supply. Substantial reductions in pesticide dietary risks occurred in the early 2000s, primarily from replacement of organophosphate insecticides with seemingly lower-risk neonicotinoids. However, there remain several areas of concern and opportunities to reduce risks. Both herbicide and fungicide dietary risks are rising. Organically grown produce poses risks far lower than corresponding, conventionally grown produce. Risk differences are inconsistent between domestic and imported foods.ConclusionsThe surest ways to markedly reduce pesticide dietary risks are to shift relatively high-risk fruits and vegetables to organic production. For other foods, reducing reliance on pesticides overall, and especially high-risk pesticides, will incrementally lower risks. The DRI system can help focus such efforts and track progress in reducing pesticide dietary risk.

Gut microbiota influence on oral bioaccessibility and intestinal transport of pesticides in Chaenomeles speciosa

There is limited research focusing on the effects of human gut microbiota on the oral bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption of pesticide residues in food. In the present study, we use a modified setup of the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem for the determination of pesticide residue bioaccessibility in Chaenomeles speciosa, and a Caco-2 cell model of human intestinal absorption. Results showed that gut microbiota played a dual role based their effects on contaminant release and metabolism in the bioaccessibility assay, and Lactobacillus plantarum was one of key bacterial species in the gut microbiota that influenced pesticide stability significantly. The addition of L. plantarum to the system reduced the relative amounts (by 11.40–86.51%) of six pesticides. The interaction between the food matrix and human gut microbiota led to different absorption rates, and the barrier effects increased with an increase in incubation time.

A Critical Review of the Status of Pesticide Exposure Management in Malawi.

Pesticides pose a significant risk to humans and the environment. This paper analyzes the measures used to manage pesticides in Malawi. Malawi’s regulatory authority of pesticides, the Pesticides Control Board (PCB), faces a number of challenges including lack of facilities for analyzing pesticides and inadequate personnel to conduct risk assessment of pesticides. The PCB needs to provide access to information and opportunities among the public to make contributions regarding requirements, processes and policies for assessing pesticide risk and efficacy. There is also a need to enhance the capacity of PCB to assess pesticide poisoning in workers, monitor pesticide residues in food and environmental contamination, as well as to control the illegal importation and sale of pesticides. Just like in other countries such as South Africa, India and Sri Lanka, Malawi urgently needs to implement measures that can restrict the importation, production, sale and use of very toxic pesticides. Malawi also needs to develop measures for the effective management of pesticide waste containers as well as obsolete pesticides, where potential solutions include reducing the purchase of (unneeded) pesticides, treatment of obsolete pesticides in high-temperature cement kilns, as well as requesting pesticide dealers to adopt life-cycle management of their products.

The challenge of combined exposure to multiple chemicals: scientific and regulatory approaches to protect human health

Abstract Every day we are exposed to low levels of hundreds of different manmade chemicals present for example in our food, consumer products and the air we breathe. Combined exposure to multiple chemicals can lead to adverse effects on human health or the ecosystem, even if single chemicals in the mixtures are below their individual safety thresholds. However, current safety assessment practice is primarily based on understanding the potential risk posed by single chemicals rather than their 'real life' combinations. In particular, while manufactured products such as pesticide formulations or cosmetic products are covered, unintentional mixtures which are coincidentally formed such as mixtures of contaminants in indoor air, are not consistently addressed. Their composition is often unknown and changes over time. The assessment of unintentional mixtures is therefore usually limited to specific legislative sectors only, such as pesticide residues in food. Generally, methodologies to address chemical mixtures have been developed; however, there are still several data and methodological gaps to be addressed. New approach methodologies can support the filling of knowledge gaps on the toxicity and mode(s) of action of individual chemicals, to unravel links between chemical exposure and health effects. (Bio)Monitoring, modelling, and better data sharing will support the derivation of more realistic co-exposure scenarios. Considering the large number of possible combinations of chemicals in mixtures, prioritization is needed, so that actions first address mixtures of highest concern and chemicals that drive the mixture risk. As chemicals with different applications and regulated separately might lead to similar toxicological effects, it is important to consider chemical mixtures across legislative sectors. This contribution to the workshop will summarise current challenges and ways forward in the risk assessment and risk management of mixtures for protecting public health.

An international probabilistic risk assessment of acute dietary exposure to pesticide residues in relation to codex maximum residue limits for pesticides in food

The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) is the scientific body assessing the risk of exposure to pesticide residues in food and proposing maximum residue levels (MRLs) to the Codex Alimentarius Commission. When agreed, these levels become Codex maximum residue limits (CXLs), to be potentially adopted by countries and used as references for trade disputes. In the context of a review of models and methodologies used by JMPR to assess acute dietary exposure to pesticide residues, WHO performed a probabilistic dietary exposure assessment, which takes into consideration actual measured pesticide residues and agricultural practices, to serve as a “real world”–based estimate of the actual acute dietary exposure to 38 pesticides in eight countries. The results show the absence of appreciable risk for all countries and populations considered, even with the conservative scenario based on 100% usage of pesticides in all foods. Moreover, our results indicate that, with only a few exceptions, most of the CXLs established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission would provide a high level of protection even if risk managers do not request a specific level of protection from risk assessors.

PERANAN PESTISIDA BOTANI DALAM MENDUKUNG PERTANIAN ORGANIK

Until recently the use of synthetic pesticides to control pest and plant diseases proved effective, but on the other hand, the excessive use of synthetic pesticides cause many negative effects, such as the development of pest and disease resistance, second pest explosion, death of natural enemies and pesticide residues in food and environment. One alternative that can be done to solve this problem is the use of botanical pesticides. Botanical pesticides are compounds produced as a plant defence response to disturbances and stimulation. These compounds generally are of secondary metabolites that have many functions, such as growth hormones (Auxin, gibberellins and cytokinins), anti-fungal or anti-bacterial, antibiotics, and toxic to animals and insects. The advantage of botanical pesticides is that they have toxicity similar to synthetic pesticides, but the botanical pesticides can be used to support sustainable organic agriculture. Experiments in the utilization of botanical pesticides to control plant pest have been carried out. One example application is the use of botanical insecticides from “Brotowali” leaf extract (Tinospora crispa) to control the diamond black caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage plants. In addition, the use of ‘basil’ oil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) has a real impact in population control of the fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). In addition to pest control, botanical pesticides are also reported to effectively control plant diseases. Use of ‘galangal’ (Alpinia galanga) and papaya (Carica papaya) has a high ability to inhibit the growth of Ceratocystis sp. On PDA and fruits. The combination of ‘betel’ leaf extract (Piper betle) and ‘galangal’ (A galanga) can suppress the growth of banan wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum and / or the Ralstonia solanacearum. The use of ‘galangal’ (A. Galanga) extract with a concentration of 5%, can also inhibit the growth of stem rot disease (F. oxisporum) on vanilla seedlings. In addition, the use of ‘betel’ ieaf P. Bettle in the field can suppress black rot disease on cocoa pods (cocoa black pd disease)

Electrochemical behavior of reduced graphene oxide/cyclodextrins sensors for ultrasensitive detection of imidacloprid in brown rice

Various pesticides employed in modern agriculture result in large amounts of pesticide residues in agricultural production, greatly threatening human health. Herein, we report a facile approach to fabricate a reduced graphene oxide/cyclodextrin modified glassy carbon electrode (rGO/CD/GCE) for the sensitive electrochemical sensing of imidacloprid (IDP). Three different modified electrodes using CDs (α-, β-, γ-CD) were fabricated, and their electrochemical performance was further studied. The results demonstrate that α-CD possesses the best signal amplification for IDP. Compared with wet-chemical synthesis of rGO/CDs (W-rGO/CDs), the electrochemical synthesis of rGO/CDs (E-rGO/CDs) produced sensors that showed better performance for IDP sensing. Taking advantage of prepared E-rGO/α-CD nanocomposite, the fabricated sensor offered a low detection limit (0.02 μM) with a wider linear range (0.5–40 μM) and long-term stability. The new sensor was successfully applied for the detection of IDP in brown rice, providing a new technique for efficient and convenient monitoring of pesticide residues in food.

The potential risks of paclobutrazol residue on yogurt fermentation from the level of chiral enantiomers

In recent years, pesticide residues in food have increasingly become the focus of public attention. However, the standard system of pesticide maximum residue limits in fermented food is imperfect, which can lead to potential safety risks to consumers. In this context, the aim of the study was to assess the potential effects of paclobutrazol residue on the yogurt fermentation process. We examined the stereoselective behaviors of the 2 paclobutrazol enantiomers from the perspective of chirality during the yogurt fermentation process. The results indicated that no significant degradation occurred for either of the 2 enantiomers (2R, 3R-paclobutrazol, 2S, 3S-paclobutrazol), and no visible enantiomer conversion behavior was observed. In addition, the reason paclobutrazol did not significantly degrade was explained from the perspective of the microbial function. Results from 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that paclobutrazol significantly affected the microbial composition and inhibited metabolic function of microorganisms to exogenous substances, which impeded the degradation of residual pesticide in yogurt. Furthermore, the stable residue of exogenous substance may cause potential food safety problems. Microbial α-diversity analysis indicated that fermentation time played a more important role on diversity than did paclobutrazol concentration. Moreover, Staphylococcus was found in yogurt after treatment with paclobutrazol; Staphylococcus aureus causes dangerous infectious diseases in humans. We devised a method to investigate the presence of pesticide residues during food fermentation and provided a theoretical basis for food safety assessment.

Freeze-drying of a mixture of bacterium and yeast for application in postharvest control of pathogenic fungi

The use of formulations based on microorganisms for the control of phytopathogenic fungi increases continuously, due to the risk of pesticide residues in food and the negative impact on the environment. Herein we present the obtaining by lyophilization of a dry mixed formulation containing two biological control agents, the bacterium Kosakonia radicincitans and the yeast Cryptococcus laurentii for the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum on stored apple fruit. For the formulation is used a complex cryoprotectant, that consists of 10% skimmed nonfat milk, 0.5% yeast extract, and 1% glucose. Two pre-freezing temperatures and different concentrations of the cryoprotectant are tested. Survival and antagonistic capacity of the formulation are compared with the mix of the bacterium and the yeast separately lyophilized. Results show higher antagonism of the mixture against B. cinerea and P. expansum than each microorganism separately. Concerning survival, it decreases significantly for both microorganisms in comparison when they are lyophilized individually. The bacterium seems the most affected by joint lyophilization. In the lyophilized mixture, the viability of the microorganisms is 38.8% for K. radicincitans and 44.7% C. laurentii. While for microorganisms that are lyophilized individually, the viability is 92.5% for the bacterium and 81.9% for the yeast. The change in concentration of complex cryoprotectant improves survival. K. radicincitans reaches the highest survival value (53.9%), but the survival of C. laurentii is not altered. The antagonistic activity of the lyophilized mixture also improves. The incidence of disease for P. expansum decreases to 26% and for B. cinerea to 16%. The formulation developed could have practical advantages for its commercialization and application since the two biological control agents are present in a single product.