Doses Of Pesticides Research Articles

Nanochitin whisker enhances insecticidal activity of chemical pesticide for pest insect control and toxicity

BackgroundNanomaterials in plant protection promise many benefits over conventional pesticide products. Nano-enabled pesticides may alter the functionality or risk profile of active ingredients. Cationic nanochitin whiskers (NC) possess strong biological activity against wheat aphids. However, toxicity and synergistic effects of NC with chemical pesticides against pest insects has not been systemically reported. This study investigated the insecticidal enhancement by NC with Omethoate (40% EC), Imidacloprid (10% WP), and Acetamiprid (40% WG) for pest control using wheat aphid as piercing-sucking mouthparts insect. Fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled NC was used to monitor the uptake and transportation pathway of NC inside the target insects. Toxicity of NC was tested with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for future application of NC in plant protection against pest insects.ResultsNCs synthesized by acidic hydrolysis were rod-like nanoparticles in a range of 50–150 nm in length and 30–50 nm in width, which examined by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering methods. The charge density and zeta potential were about 63 mmol/kg and + 36.4 mV, respectively. By absorption and/or contact action of 30–50 mg/L of NC suspension, the corrected mortality of wheat aphids reached up to 80% or above after 12 h treatment, NC could be distributed through digestive system and relocated from mouth to other tissues inside the insect body. When associated with dilutions of conventional pesticides, the corrected mortality were significantly increased up to 95% or above. The dosage of the chemical pesticide and nanochitin in the mixtures (1:1 by volume) were all reduced to half. The acute oral toxicity Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) to SD rat is greater than 5000 mg/kg BW (body weight) in male and female, acute dermal toxicity LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg BW of NC.ConclusionsNC has a strong promotive effect on insecticidal effectiveness of chemical insecticides. It was easily absorbed by plant, transported and distributed from mouth to other tissues of the insects while sucking plant fluid. Low acute oral and dermal toxicity to SD rat indicated that it is safe to apply in agriculture and food industry. NCs has a great potential for water-based nanopesticide formulation to reduce chemical pesticide use for future agro-environmental sustainability.

Assessing Diazinon Pollution in the Three Major Rivers Flowing into the Caspian Sea (Iran)

The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in the concentrations of a widely used organophosphorous pesticide (OPP), diazinon, and the associated risk posed by this OPP in the surface water from the three largest rivers located in the northern province of Iran: the Haraz, the Talar and the Babolrood rivers. These rivers are located in the agriculture province of Mazandaran, and are exposed to high doses of organophosphorus pesticides, especially diazinon. The concentration of diazinon was determined using gas chromatography, while the potential risk posed by diazinon was elucidated using a Risk Quotient (RQ) calculated for general (RQm) and worst-case (RQex) scenarios. The obtained results demonstrated that the average diazinon concentrations ranged from 41 ± 76 ng/L in the Talar River and 57 ± 116 ng/L in the Haraz River, to 76.5 ± 145 ng/L in the Babolrood River, with a significant difference noted between summer and autumn seasons for all three rivers. For some stations, the concentration of diazinon is higher than the standard guidelines of Australian/New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (FMWQ) and the United States Criteria Maximum Concentration (CMC). The calculated RQs indicated a medium risk of diazinon, RQm = 0.73 and RQex = 2.27, in the Talar River; RQm = 1.02 and RQex = 2.49 in the Haraz River; and RQm = 1.35 and RQex = 4.54 in the Babolrood River. The overall exposure of diazinon was defined to have a high risk (RQm and RQex > 1); however, the summer sampling revealed a high risk (RQm and RQex > 1), while the autumn had a medium risk (RQm and RQex < 1). The obtained results revealed not only elevated concentrations of diazinon in the studied rivers but most importantly the high risk posed by this OPP for the aquatic organisms and the wellbeing of the whole river ecosystem. The current study showed that development and implementation of appropriate standards and regulations toward diazinon in countries such as Iran are required to reduce the pollution levels and risks related to elevated concentrations of the studied pesticide.

Impact of the equilibrium relationship between deposition and wettability behavior on the high-efficiency utilization of pesticides.

Often, due to the occurrence of powdery mildew, cucumber leaf surfaces is changed into a more hydrophobic surface, which affects wetting and spreading of liquid pesticides, reducing their efficiency. The wetting and deposition behavior of liquid pesticides can be improved by adding surfactants to pesticides. Added surfactants affect the spray volume of the pesticide, which can lead to waste and a low utilization rate of the pesticide. It is important to further balance the relationship between deposition and wettability of pesticide liquid on the surfaces of healthy leaves and powdery mildew leaves of cucumber. This study evaluated the deposition and wettability of hexaconazole (Hexa) with surfactants on the surfaces of healthy leaves and powdery mildew leaves of cucumber. The deposition rates of Hexa with surfactants were lower than that of Hexa due to the loss of solution in conventional spray volume (750 L ha-1 ). The deposition rate of Hexa did not necessarily increase with increasing spray volume, and the deposition rate did not increase again after the spray volume increased to a certain level. Under the condition that the prevention and control effect were not reduced, we found that the volume of solution spray with added Silwet618 or AEO-5 should be adjusted to half of the normal volume, while the volume of solution spray with added 1227 or rosin-based quarternary ammonium should be adjusted to two-thirds of the normal volume to increase the deposition rate by approximately 30%. Regarding the wetting parameters, the results showed that the wettability of Hexa with Silwet618 was the best, but their combination was not ideal according to the composite index and deposition. By analyzing all the parameters, it was found that the spray volume reduction of Hexa with surfactant was approximately equal to the solution surface tension reduction, compared with the parameters of Hexa. The equilibrium relationship between deposition rate and wetting parameters was determined to provide guidance for the application of surfactants and to lower the dosage of pesticides to increase their efficiency and reduce their application. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Quantitative structural and functional assessment of various systems of the body of laboratory animals in hygienic studies

Introduction. The literature analysis of structural and functional indices clearly shows no scientifically based set of quantitative indices. It fails to allow statistical data processing and makes it challenging to assess various levels of impact objectively. The goal was to analyze the literature to select structural and functional criteria-significant indicators and develop their quantitative and point assessment. Material and methods. Based on the literature review, the authors identified indices on the analysis of the histological picture. We developed quantitative morphometric, stereometric, and point scores for various systems of the body including the heart and vascular state in the organs under investigation, small and large intestine, stomach, liver, pancreas, adrenal and thyroid, glands, lungs and bronchi, kidney, testis, spleen, thymus. There were used microscopes with the ability to transmit images to a computer screen display. Authors analyzed 6-month oral exposure of the pesticide carbamate class in doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 20 mg/kg. Results. Based on the literature review, significant structural and functional criteria indices were selected. Authors developed a quantitative assessment for them. For each body, a table is proposed to allow digital input data about indices and their statistical processing. When analyzing the effects of the pesticide on rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg, target organs were identified: the liver, which develops both damage responses and compensatory alterations, and the stomach, which is a violation of the structure of the organ. Moreover, a trend towards changes in the indices in the lungs and colon was also noted. The pesticide doses of 5 and 2.5 mg/kg for these indices of the studied organs were invalid. Conclusion. Quantitative structural and functional indices for the cardiovascular, digestive, pulmonary, excretory, endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems of rats were developed to assess toxic effects.

Honeybee colonies compensate for pesticide-induced effects on royal jelly composition and brood survival with increased brood production

Sublethal doses of pesticides affect individual honeybees, but colony-level effects are less well understood and it is unclear how the two levels integrate. We studied the effect of the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin at field realistic concentrations on small colonies. We found that exposure to clothianidin affected worker jelly production of individual workers and created a strong dose-dependent increase in mortality of individual larvae, but strikingly the population size of capped brood remained stable. Thus, hives exhibited short-term resilience. Using a demographic matrix model, we found that the basis of resilience in dosed colonies was a substantive increase in brood initiation rate to compensate for increased brood mortality. However, computer simulation of full size colonies revealed that the increase in brood initiation led to severe reductions in colony reproduction (swarming) and long-term survival. This experiment reveals social regulatory mechanisms on colony-level that enable honeybees to partly compensate for effects on individual level.

Capturing the transcription factor interactome in response to sub-lethal insecticide exposure.

The increasing levels of pesticide resistance in agricultural pests and disease vectors represents a threat to both food security and global health. As insecticide resistance intensity strengthens and spreads, the likelihood of a pest encountering a sub-lethal dose of pesticide dramatically increases. Here, we apply dynamic Bayesian networks to a transcriptome time-course generated using sub-lethal pyrethroid exposure on a highly resistant Anopheles coluzzii population. The model accounts for circadian rhythm and ageing effects allowing high confidence identification of transcription factors with key roles in pesticide response. The associations generated by this model show high concordance with lab-based validation and identifies 44 transcription factors putatively regulating insecticide-responsive transcripts. We identify six key regulators, with each displaying differing enrichment terms, demonstrating the complexity of pesticide response. The considerable overlap of resistance mechanisms in agricultural pests and disease vectors strongly suggests that these findings are relevant in a wide variety of pest species.

Efficient & eco-friendly smart nano-pesticides: Emerging prospects for agriculture

Onset of green revolution emerged as boon for the growing population by producing enormous crops. Complete reliance on the chemicals have led to mammalian toxicity, development of insecticide resistance and bio-magnification of pesticides etc. The negative impact of pesticides necessitates the concerted efforts to evolve new innovative pest-resistive, eco-friendly smart nano-pesticides. Nanotechnology with its unique properties offers an alternative that include diversity in nano-formulation and encapsulation methods. Nano-pesticides offer sustained release kinetics, solubility efficient enhanced permeability, and stability to achieve increased pest-control efficiency over longer durations and to prevent degradation of the encapsulated molecules under adverse environmental conditions to achieve maximum gain. Nanoparticles (NPs) can act as ‘magic bullets’ that can be loaded with insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides etc. and can be released to the target site. Smart delivery of nano-pesticides is quintessential to minimize pesticide dosage to achieve increased efficacy. This review summarizes the importance of nano-pesticides especially metallic NPs for Insect Pest management.

Pesticide Dose Based on Canopy Characteristics in Apple Trees: Reducing Environmental Risk by Reducing the Amount of Pesticide While Maintaining Pest and Disease Control Efficacy

Pesticide Dose Based on Canopy Characteristics in Apple Trees: Reducing Environmental Risk by Reducing the Amount of Pesticide While Maintaining Pest and Disease Control Efficacy

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA TANAM DAN DOSIS BIOPESTISIDA NABATI TERHADAP PRODUKSI TOMAT

Tomatoes are important vegetable commodities and have high nutritional value. Until now, tomato productivity was still quite low at 16.09 - 18.63 tonnes/ha from 2015 to 2019 when compared to its potential which could reach 20-30 tonnes/ha. One of the ways to increase the productivity of tomato plants is to improve cultivation techniques, especially the use of suitable planting media and pest control by utilizing natural materials. The composition of the media that was suitable for tomato plants needs to be known to produce high-quality and high-yielding tomatoes. Bio-pesticide application using several plants with the appropriate dosage can be an alternative to reduce the use of chemicals. This study aimed to determine the composition of the plant media and the effectiveness of biopesticides to increase the production of tomato plants. The study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) two factors, where the first factor is the composition of the growing media and the second factor is the dosage of vegetable biopesticides. The first factor is the composition of the growing media consisting of 4 levels, namely K0 (without bokashi), K1 (Soil: Bokashi = 11: 1 (W/W) per polybag, K2 (Soil: Bokashi = 5: 1 (W/W) per polybag), K3 (Soil: Bokashi = 3: 1 (W/W) per polybag. The second factor is the dosage of vegetable biopesticides consisting of 4 levels, namely A0 (control), A1 (20 ml per polybag), A2 (40 ml per polybag), A3 (60 ml per polybag). Each treatment consisted of 4 levels of treatment and was repeated 4 times so that there are 64 experimental units. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and the real effect then tested further using Least Significance Different at 5% level. The results showed that there was an interaction between the treatment of the composition of the planting medium and the biopesticide on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of fruits, fruit weight, and production. The composition of the soil growing media composition: bokashi (5:1) and 40 ml biopesticide (K2B2) produced the highest number of fruit which was 255.53 fruit, the largest fruit weight was 7.67 kg per plant and produce 10.22 tonnes/ha. The use of biopesticides is effectively applied to tomato plants so that it can reduce the number of plants affected by fusarium wilt disease. the ones with the highest number of healthy plants were in A2 treatment with a pesticide dose of 40 ml per plant at 81.25%.

Emamectin benzoate-loaded zein nanoparticles produced by antisolvent precipitation method

Most traditional pesticide formulations contain environmentally unfriendly components and suffer from low utilization efficiency due to the loss, decomposition and burst release of active ingredients. Encapsulating pesticides using nanocarriers is a feasible approach to overcome these defects. In this work, the emamectin benzoate-loaded zein nanoparticles were fabricated by an antisolvent precipitation method combined with orthogonal experimental design. The mean size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 168 nm and 11.8 mV, respectively. The nano-delivery system could continuously release active ingredients, and exhibited the improved retention and bioavailability compared to traditional water dispersible granules. The one-step coprecipitation technique is simple, scalable and almost applicable to encapsulate all poorly soluble pesticides that have a certain solubility in ethanol solutions. The effective, sustained release and green nano-delivery system could significantly reduce the dosage and environmental pollution of pesticide, thereby improving ecological and economic effects.

Deep eutectic solvents for solid pesticide dosage forms

Deep eutectic solvents aid the formulation of solid pesticide dosage forms for water-insoluble actives. This was demonstrated by encapsulating Amitraz powder in a low-melting matrix based on the eutectic mixture of urea (32 wt%) and 1,3-dimethylurea. Dissolution in water of melt-cast discs, containing 20 wt% active, led to the rapid release of Amitraz in a finely dispersed form. The order of magnitude reduction in particle size, after dissolution, is ascribed to the solubilization of Amitraz in the hot deep eutectic solvent and its subsequent precipitation as a separate phase on crystallization of the matrix.

Organophosphate pesticide dose estimation from spot and 24-hr urine samples collected from children in an agricultural community

BackgroundSpot urine samples are often used to assess exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides in place of “gold standard” 24-hr samples, which are cumbersome to collect. Assessment of non-persistent chemicals using spot urine samples may result in exposure misclassification that could bias epidemiological analyses towards the null. Few studies have examined the validity of measurements of urinary metabolites in spot samples to estimate daily OP dose or the potential implications of reliance on spot samples for risk assessments. ObjectiveExamine the validity of using first morning void (FMV) and random non-FMV urine samples to estimate cumulative 24-hr OP pesticide dose among children living in an agricultural region. MethodsWe collected urine samples over 7 consecutive days, including two 24-hr samples, from 25 children living in an agricultural community. We used measurements of urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites, data on nearby agricultural pesticide applications, and daily dietary intake data to estimate internal dose from exposure to a mixture of OP pesticides according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cumulative Risk Assessment guidelines. Dose estimates from volume- and creatinine-adjusted same-day FMV and non-FMV spot urine samples were compared to the “gold standard” estimates from 24-hr samples. ResultsNon-FMV samples had relatively weak ability to predict 24-hr dose (R2 = 0.09–0.38 for total DAPs) and tended to underestimate the percentage of samples exceeding regulatory guidelines. Models with FMV samples or the average of an FMV and non-FMV sample were similarly predictive of 24-hr estimates (R2 for DAPs = 0.40–0.68 and 0.40–0.80, respectively, depending on volume adjustment method). ConclusionReliance on non-FMV samples for risk assessments may underestimate daily OP dose and the percentage of children with dose estimates exceeding regulatory guidelines. If 24-hr urine sample collection is infeasible, we recommend future studies prioritize the collection of FMV samples to most accurately characterize OP dose in children.

Inclusion of plant immunity inducers in the fruit crops protection system for the purpose of reducing the pesticide load

One of the new environmentally friendly areas of plant protection is the use of natural protective mechanisms in protection against phytopathogens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of plant immunity inducers of various chemical nature (poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, arachidonic acid ethyl ester and chitosan lactate) when included in peach and apple protection systems against diseases dominating in the region of wet subtopics of Russia and Abkhazia (leaf curl and scab, respectively). Studies on peach against leaf curl were conducted on the variety ‘Redhaven’ (Sochi, Russia) in 2014-2016, and on the apple tree against scab on the variety ‘Golden Rangers’ (Gulripshi district, Abkhazia) in 2016-2019. The standard was the peach and apple tree chemical protection system adopted in the region. We studied the effectiveness of tank mixtures of plant immunity inducers (Albit®, Immunocytophite®, Ecogel®) with half dosages of pesticides used in the standard. The biological effectiveness of all mixtures with plant immunity inducers on peach exceeded the standard, and on the apple tree was at the standard level. The best results were obtained in variants with Ecogel® and Albit®. In variants with plant immunity inducers crop yields were 23-60% higher than in the control.

Evaluation of Plant Protection Practices of Garlic Growers in Gaziantep Province

This study was carried out to determine the plant protection practices of the garlic growers in Gaziantep province. For this purpose, a survey consisting of 20 questions and based on simple random sampling method was conducted with 81 growers in each of the districts of Araban, Oguzeli, Yavuzeli, Central, Nurdagı, Nizip and Karkamış districts in 2018. The data evaluated and expressed as percent ratio. According to the findings from the surveys, garlic growers stated that they preferred pesticide dealers suggestions for the selection and determination of doses of pesticides used in pests and diseases, they also stated that the price and expiration date were not an important factor in the selection of pesticides. In addition, it is found that growers avoid using the same pesticide continuously against same diseases and pests, they do not make any changes in there commended pesticide doses, pesticides leave residues on the products, they paid attention the time between the last application and harvest. It has been reported that the use of protective clothing and mask during the application by the growers is relative, they do not use pesticides as a mixture, they apply different processes to empty pesticide boxes. It was determined that garlic growers prefered chemical control and did not have knowledge about the concept of biopesticides.

Economic Injury Level and Economic Threshold as required by Forest Stewardship Council for management of leaf‐cutting ants in forest plantations

Abstract The most commonly used method to control insect pests, such as leaf‐cutting ants (LCA) in forest plantations, is the application of chemical insecticides, but their use was forbidden in plantations certified by the Forest Stewardship Council because of their negative effect on the environment. A 5‐year derogation of their prohibition was obtained in 2016 in Argentina, on the condition that forestry companies reduce pesticide doses by 5% per year and inform the Economic Injury Level (EIL). The EIL and the Economic Threshold (ET) were estimated for the first time for the Acromyrmex genus in a Salicaceae forestation. As a model, we used the damage caused by the most detrimental LCA species of Argentina (Acromyrmex lundii) in the first, most critical year of a willow plantation (Salix nigra) in the lower basin of the Paraná River. The EIL (8–15 nest/ha) was useful to demonstrate the real magnitude of the damage caused by A. lundii, which justified the need for its control. The ET for profitable production (∼3 nests/ha) would not be operatively applicable in a long‐term management program in our study site. This methodology could be extrapolated to other Neotropical forest plantations attacked by Acromyrmex species.

Prediction of Soil Fertility Change Trend Using a Stochastic Petri Net

Grasping the future change trend of soil fertility has great significance in improving the soil quality and achieving high-quality crop production and sustainable agricultural development. However, studies predicting the future change trend of farmland soil fertility are scarce. In this paper, with Yanzhou District of Shandong Province as the research area, a study was conducted based on the sampled data from 2012 to 2017. The data extracted from 2012 to 2016 was used for prediction and that from 2017 was applied for verification. The pH, organic matter, available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium were selected as indexes of soil fertility. From a socioeconomic perspective, the factors affecting the changes in soil fertility selected in this study include fertilization measures, crop yield, area of arable land, farmers’ income, degree of mechanized operation, irrigated area, pesticide dosage, mulch dosage and rural electricity consumption. Based on this, a stochastic Petri net was used to build a model for predicting the soil fertility change trend. According to the relevant statistical data, the parameters of the model were determined, and by using the solid mathematical basis of the model, the probability of about 0.7852 was calculated out for the soil fertility to decline in the study area in the coming year. By comparing the soil fertility in 2016 and 2017, and further analyzing the changes in soil fertility from 2012 to 2016, the method of predicting the variation trend of soil fertility proposed in this study was verified to be effective.

Pesticide dosing must be guided by ecological principles.

Insecticide use could be reduced if dose recommendations move from a toxicological perspective (how much is needed to kill an insect pest) to an ecological perspective (how much is needed to protect a crop).

Exposure to chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin alone or in combination induces developmental abnormalities and lung damage in animal models: A review

Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate used for indoor and outdoor pest control whereas cypermethrin belongs to Type 2 pyrethroid insecticide commonly used against agricultural and domestic pests. This review focuses on the effect of these pesticides alone and in combination on physio developmental and the lung toxicity in different animal models in the light of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and molecular level. Information such as experimental protocol focusing on the type of animal used, conditions in which experiment was conducted, dosage of pesticide and its mode of administration, duration of exposure and their main finding were extracted from research papers, which were available on pubmed database and google scholar. After the review, It was found that chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin alone or in combination elicits developmental defects and lung damage in different animal models.

Biodegradation of Pesticides at the Limit: Kinetics and Microbial Substrate Use at Low Concentrations.

The objective of our study was to test whether limited microbial degradation at low pesticide concentrations could explain the discrepancy between overall degradability demonstrated in laboratory tests and their actual persistence in the environment. Studies on pesticide degradation are often performed using unrealistically high application rates seldom found in natural environments. Nevertheless, biodegradation rates determined for higher pesticide doses cannot necessarily be extrapolated to lower concentrations. In this context, we wanted to (i) compare the kinetics of pesticide degradation at different concentrations in arable land and (ii) clarify whether there is a concentration threshold below which the expression of the functional genes involved in the degradation pathway is inhibited without further pesticide degradation taking place. We set up an incubation experiment for four weeks using 14C-ring labeled 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) as a model compound in concentrations from 30 to 20,000 μg kg–1 soil. To quantify the abundance of putative microorganisms involved in MCPA degradation and their degradation activity, tfdA gene copy numbers (DNA) and transcripts (mRNA) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Mineralization dynamics of MCPA derived-C were analyzed by monitoring 14CO2 production and 14C assimilation by soil microorganisms. We identified two different concentration thresholds for growth and activity with respect to MCPA degradation using tfdA gene and mRNA transcript abundance as growth and activity indices, respectively. The tfdA gene expression started to increase between 1,000 and 5,000 μg MCPA kg–1 dry soil, but an actual increase in tfdA sequences could only be determined at a concentration of 20,000 μg. Accordingly, we observed a clear shift from catabolic to anabolic utilization of MCPA-derived C in the concentration range of 1,000 to 5,000 μg kg–1. Concentrations ≥1,000 μg kg–1 were mainly associated with delayed mineralization, while concentrations ≤1,000 μg kg–1 showed rapid absolute dissipation. The persistence of pesticides at low concentrations cannot, therefore, be explained by the absence of functional gene expression. Nevertheless, significant differences in the degradation kinetics of MCPA between low and high pesticide concentrations illustrate the need for studies investigating pesticide degradation at environmentally relevant concentrations.

FAKTOR RISIKO KERACUNAN PESTISIDA PADA PETANI HORTIKULTURA DI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT

Pesticide poisoning is still an important health problem in agricultural areas, especially horticultural agriculture. Various chronic health effects can be caused by long-term exposure to pesticides. This study aims to determine the risk factor of pesticide poisoning in horticultural farmers in West Lampung Regency. The study used a cross sectional design which was conducted in four different areas as the center of horticulture agriculture, West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The study involved 289 participants by interviewing, observing and examining blood samples to measure cholinesterase levels as an indicator of pesticide poisoning. In this section, we have applied research ethical procedures. The obtained data were analyzed using Chi squre test, Odds Ratio test and Logistic Regression. The results showed that the risk factors for pesticide poisoning were incomplete use of personal protected equipment (PPE), spraying with the wrong dose and spraying frequency. Unwearing a complete PPE had a 4.54 times (OR = 4.54; 95% CI 2.09-9.83) higher risk of experiencing pesticide poisoning, and statistically suggested, a very significant relationship (p = 0.0001). While the use of excessive dosage has a risk of 4.39 times (OR = 4.39; 95% CI 1.87-10.33; p = 0.001); and the frequency of spraying more than twice a week had a 2.33 times higher risk of experiencing pesticide poisoning (OR = 2.33; 95% CI 1.24-4.40; p = 0.009). Excessive use of pesticide dosage and the frequency of spraying with the cover blanked method are the main factors of pesticide exposure to farmers. On the other hand, the use of PPE is a method of protection from exposure. It needs joint efforts through increasing knowledge about the dangers of pesticides, pesticide management, how to work safely, and the use of PPE.