Pest Management Practices Research Articles

Biological Approaches for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management in Pulse Crops

Pulse crops, including lentils, peas, chickpeas, and beans, play a crucial role in addressing global food security and nutritional needs. However, their production is often hampered by various pests and diseases, leading to significant yield losses. Conventional pest and disease management practices, heavily reliant on synthetic chemical pesticides, have raised concerns about environmental sustainability, human health, and the development of resistance in target organisms. In recent years, biological approaches have emerged as promising alternatives for sustainable pest and disease management in pulse crops. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various biological control strategies, including the use of beneficial microorganisms, plant extracts, and other eco-friendly methods. The review discusses the mode of action, efficacy, and potential applications of these approaches in combating major pests and diseases affecting pulse crops. Additionally, it highlights the challenges and future prospects of integrating biological control methods into integrated pest and disease management programs. By adopting these sustainable practices, pulse crop production can be enhanced while minimizing the environmental footprint and promoting long-term ecological balance. The review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, extension specialists, and stakeholders in the agricultural sector, emphasizing the importance of biological approaches in achieving sustainable and resilient pulse crop production systems.

Exogenous application of different antagonists and their secretory metabolites to manage root-knot nematodes in pea

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a grain legume, a member of the Leguminosae family. Root-knot nematodes cause severe losses ranging from 15 to 85%. Different species of nematodes including root-knot nematodes reduce the yield of pea significantly. To control root-knot nematodes biological control is a more environment-friendly approach. The main objective of the study is to assess the effect of different antagonistic microbes and their secretory metabolites to manage root-knot nematodes in peas. Through this research, we aim to identify potential biological control agents that can be used as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical nematicides, contributing to sustainable pest management practices in agriculture. For this purpose, firstly, a brinjal seedling was transplanted for inoculum development which was inoculated with infective 2nd stage juveniles of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Department of Plant Pathology research area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF). Then two pea varieties viz. Matar sabaz and Pea-2009 were sown in pots and inoculated with nematode larvae after four weeks of sowing. Moreover, the management of nematodes was done by using the antagonists and their secretory metabolites application. The data of different plant growth and nematode-related parameters was taken and subsequently analyzed using analysis of variance and least significant difference test (LSD). Results showed that the antagonist’s treatment subsequently controlled root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Maximum plant/shoot length (47 cm), root length (25.25 cm), shoot weight (22.25 g) pod length (8.50 cm), No. of secondary shoots (8) and minimum number of galls (2.5 cluster), was observed in plants treated with Bacillus spp. (T1) while maximum No. of fruits (5.75) was observed in plants treated with Pseudomonas spp. (T2). Similarly, the number of nodules (7.50 clusters) primary shoots (5) Root weight (4.6 g) was observed in plants treated with Enterobacter spp. (T3).

Indigenous Knowledge in Termite Management of Agricultural Crops – A Review

Some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming community as they are directly and indirectly using major losses to the agricultural system. Reports on economic losses caused by termite infestations have been made worldwide. Intensive use of insecticides which is of great environmental and health concerns was the most frequently control option. To make termites management environmentally friendly, there is a need to integrate indigenous knowledge about pest management techniques into the scaling-up process in order to improve farmers’ pest management practices. For centuries, humans planned agricultural production and conserved natural resources with the instruments of indigenous knowledge (IK). The development of indigenous knowledge systems is cumulative, representing generations of experience, careful observations, trial and error experiments. The objective of this review, we present the available information related to indigenous technology in termite management practices and to identify suitable and sustainable indigenous methods adopted by resource poor farmers for termite control.

Biological Control and Habitat Management for the Control of Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in Onion Production in Quebec, Canada.

Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) can pose a significant threat to onion crops, causing leaf damage, reduced bulb size and quality, and yield loss during severe infestations. Conventional insecticide use has been the primary method for managing this pest species, but the efficacy of this approach is inconsistent. Furthermore, emerging pest resistance is a growing concern in some regions. This two-year field study aimed to assess the effectiveness of several pest management strategies in controlling onion thrips populations and limiting their impact on onion yields. The strategies tested consisted of habitat manipulations (including flower strips and straw mulch), biological control agents (Stratiolaelaps scimitus, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Amblyseius swirskii, and Beauveria bassiana), as well as physical barrier control methods (exclusion nets, kaolin, and mineral oil). Habitat manipulation techniques, particularly the use of flower strips, reduced thrips populations by up to 50% and increased onion yields by 25%. In contrast, exclusion nets had a detrimental effect on onion yields, and the other alternative control methods produced results comparable to those obtained for untreated controls. When used alone, biological control agents were not effective at maintaining thrips populations below economically damaging levels. This study offers valuable insights into effective and sustainable pest management practices for the onion industry.

Supervising in the Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in good Horticultural Practices in the Sembalun agrotourism area

The use of natural enemies as pest control has long been known, but has been largely replaced by the rapid development of chemical pesticide industry technology, especially since the green revolution. One alternative pest control technology that is quite promising to be developed is the use of biological agents (predators or parasotoids) that have more natural characteristics than chemical characteristics. With the presence of natural enemies which are then used to suppress pest populations, it will be safe for human health and the environment. It can be hoped that the agricultural products produced will be acceptable and highly competitive on the global market. Considering the Sembalun area as a tourism destination, it will be very relevant if the local community understands good horticultural practices. The intervention of using technology for farmers as an alternative in good Horticultural Cultivation is highly expected by farmers in the Sembalun area. Therefore, assistance is needed to implement integrated Pest Management in good Horticultural practices. The method used in this activity is the Action Research Method by applying a Participatory Action Program approach from participants through discussion and group work in all activities. The result is that farmers are very interested in implementing good horticultural cultivation, especially with habitat management approaches such as using refugia plants to control pests. Participating farmers increase their knowledge and skills to recognize differences in pests and natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) found on potato plants that are integrated with refugia plants. The target group has increased knowledge and understanding of the importance of implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices in horticultural cultivation. It is hoped that training and assistance activities for healthy horticultural cultivation efforts will continue both by the university team and related agencies. This kind of activity needs to be continued by the participating group and spread to other groups nearby. There is a need for assistance in applying for Prima 3 and Prima 2 food safety certification to farmer groups in the Sembalun Agrotourism Area, so that the number of products from certified horticultural business actors will increase. Activities to implement Integrated Pest Management in horticultural farming business groups in the Sembalun Tourism Area need to continue

Perceived Factors affecting Sugarcane Production Among Small-Scale Farmers in Kilombero District, Morogoro, Tanzania

This study investigates the nuanced perspectives of small-scale sugarcane farmers around the Kilombero Sugar Company in the Kilombero District, Morogoro, regarding the effects of weather variability, climate change, extension services, and support from sugar processing companies on sugarcane production. Cross-sectional research design was employed to gather information using a questionnaire survey from 128 farmers who were obtained through a simple random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. The findings elucidate climate change and altered weather patterns are influencing agriculture, in this case, impacting the cultivation of sugarcane such that that changes in temperature and rainfall patterns have indeed resulted in unpredictable flowering and maturity cycles in sugarcane crops. Furthermore, the study highlights the significant role of extension services in enhancing agricultural practices and adequate pest and disease management practices contributes to the overall health and vigour of their sugarcane crops. It is concluded that weather variability, climate change, extension services, and support from sugar processing companies on sugarcane production are important factors influencing sugarcane production. The study emphasises the necessity of tailored education and outreach programs to bolster farmers' understanding and adoption of effective pest and disease management practices essential for sustainable sugarcane production in the Kilombero District

Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Practices against the Incidence of White Fly and Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) in Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Practices against the Incidence of White Fly and Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) in Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Integrated Pest Management Precision: Harnessing the Joint Influence of Entomopathogenic Fungi, Nematodes, and Chlorantraniliprole for Targeted Control of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda)

Background: The Spodoptera frugiperda, commonly known as the fall armyworm (FAW), is a significant pest impacting agricultural productivity worldwide. Originating from tropical and subtropical regions, FAW has shown a high capacity for migration and destruction across a wide variety of crops. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies offer sustainable approaches to managing pest populations, minimizing environmental impact, and reducing reliance on chemical insecticides. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combining biological control agents, specifically Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb), with the chemical insecticide chlorantraniliprole (Ch) against third and fifth instar larvae of S. frugiperda. The study sought to determine the potential synergistic effects of these combinations on larval mortality and developmental disruption. Methods: The research encompassed laboratory bioassays, greenhouse, and field trials to assess the impact of the biocontrol agents and chlorantraniliprole, both individually and in combination, on FAW larval mortality and development. Larval populations of S. frugiperda were collected and reared under controlled conditions. Treatments applied included Hb, Bb, Ch, Hb+Bb, Hb+Ch, Bb+Ch, and Hb+Bb+Ch. Mortality rates were recorded at 3, 5, and 7 days post-treatment, while developmental parameters were assessed through pupation rates, adult emergence, and egg eclosion percentages. Results: The combined application of Hb, Bb, and Ch significantly increased mortality rates in both the third and fifth instar larvae compared to individual treatments, with the highest mortality observed in the Hb+Bb+Ch group (100% by day 7). Developmental disruptions were also noted, including reduced pupation rates, adult emergence, and egg eclosion, particularly in treatments involving the combined use of biocontrol agents and chlorantraniliprole. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of these findings (P<0.01). Conclusion: The integration of Hb, Bb, and Ch presents a viable IPM strategy for effectively managing S. frugiperda populations. This combination not only enhances larval mortality but also disrupts developmental stages, offering a potential reduction in FAW infestation levels and associated crop damages. These results underscore the importance of adopting sustainable pest management practices that leverage synergistic effects between biological and chemical agents.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Fruitfly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in Bittergourd (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Integrated Pest Management practices against bitter gourd fruit fly in Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The demonstration was conducted at farmer’s fields in two village viz., Kilambakkam and Periya kilambakkam of the district Tiruvallur during Kharif season 2018 and 2019. The front line demonstration was consisted of IPM (Field sanitation, fruit fly baits, Installation of fruit fly traps and spraying of neem oil 3%) and Non –IPM practices (Spraying of chemical insecticides). When compared to non-IPM fields, IPM techniques with fruit fly traps (with cue lure) attracted a large number of fruit flies, resulting in a 64 percent reduction in fruitfly infestation and a 3-4 times higher yield. The use of pheromone traps instead of insecticides to control fruit flies results in significant cost savings and pesticide-free bitter gourd output.Results indicated average fruit yield of 12.80 t/ha, an increase of 55.29% increase in yield over farmers practice as well as a net income of Rs.1,62,700/-. Reduction in cost of cultivation due to less investment for plant protection aspects has been recorded

Innovations and Future Trends in Storage Pest Management

Current innovations and future trends in storage pest management, with a specific focus on the Indian context. The critical role of effective pest management in agriculture and food security is underscored, considering its impact on economic stability and public health. It begins by detailing the challenges faced in storage pest management, including the variety of pests like insects and rodents, and the damage they inflict on stored agricultural products. It critiques the limitations of traditional pest management methods, particularly chemical control, and highlights emerging issues such as climate change effects and pesticide resistance. The core examines the latest innovations in storage pest management. Advanced chemical approaches like novel pesticides and controlled release formulations are discussed, alongside the rise of nanotechnology applications in pest control, including nano-pesticides and smart delivery systems. The emergence of biological control innovations, particularly new biocontrol agents, and genetic control strategies like the sterile insect technique, marks a significant shift towards more sustainable pest management methods. Additionally, It explores developments in physical and mechanical control methods, emphasizing improved storage facilities and environmental control techniques. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches are identified as a key future trend, promoting holistic and sustainable strategies, with case studies underscoring their success and practical application. It also addresses the vital role of policy and regulatory developments, considering the impact of global regulations and the importance of international cooperation and standards in shaping pest management practices in India. Ethical and environmental considerations form a crucial part of the discourse, focusing on the ecological impact of pest management and the balance between control measures and conservation efforts. It concludes with an examination of practical applications and case studies, providing insights into real-world challenges and the strategies employed to overcome them. Overall, It offers a thorough analysis of the state-of-the-art in storage pest management, highlighting the intersection of innovation, sustainability, and practicality. It aims to provide valuable guidance for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in the field, contributing to the advancement of more effective, environmentally responsible, and sustainable pest management strategies in India.

The emergence of pesticide-free crop production systems in Europe.

Pesticide risk reduction is a priority in European agricultural policies, but how to reach these targets remains an open question. Against this background, a novel approach for transforming pest management practices is currently gaining momentum in Europe: pesticide-free, non-organic production systems. These involve the non-use of pesticides in parts of crop rotations or entire crop rotations but do not comply with other organic farming regulations. Here we present insights into the first real-world examples of such systems, in Switzerland and Germany. In both countries, pesticide-free production was initiated jointly by farmers and downstream actors some years ago. This was followed by the launch of public support schemes in 2023. We discuss the functioning and impacts of these examples, as well as farmers' adoption behaviour. Compared with organic production, the reviewed pesticide-free production schemes are more flexible and have lower adoption hurdles for farmers, as well as lower yield losses. These characteristics facilitate the large-scale adoption of pesticide-free production systems. Moreover, pesticide-free can become a clear-cut and simple production standard. Pesticide-free production can thus be a disruptive approach to create a tangible 'third way' between conventional and organic production. However, there are various adoption barriers and pesticide-free production would not currently be profitable without support in most cases.

Cordyceps sp. WZFW1, a novel entomopathogenic fungus to control Ectropis grisescens (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

AbstractEctropis grisescens is a notorious pest in tea plantations. The control of E. grisescens relies on synesthetic pesticides but the resurgence is always accompanied by increasing resistance. Therefore, it is crucial to use biological control to reduce the damage caused by E. grisescens. Here, we collected soil from a tea plantation, used Galleria mellonella as a bait insect and successfully isolated one entomopathogenic fungus. The isolated colony was initially identified as Cordyceps sp. using morphological observation. ITS‐rDNA sequence amplification and sequencing, molecular database comparisons, and phylogenetic analysis proved this fungus as a new species and thus named Cordyceps sp. WZFW1. Further virulence test of Cordyceps sp. WZFW1 against E. grisescens was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Lethal concentration was 5.74 × 106 spore/mL with a confidence level of 2.32 × 106 ~ 1.79 × 107 and lethal time was 2.98 days at 108 spore/mL and 7.47 days at 107 spore/mL, indicating Cordyceps sp. WZFW1 was effective at controlling E. grisescens. Our findings are significant as they contribute to the application of new entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) species as biocontrol agents, promoting eco‐friendly pest management practices.

A Comprehensive Assessment of Apple Production in Jumla District, Nepal: Status, Economics, Marketing and Challenges

Apple production is a vital sector of agriculture in Nepal, significantly impacting local livelihoods and the regional economy. This study, conducted in Jumla District, Nepal, from January to July 2022, aims to comprehensively assess apple production, including its existing conditions, economic implications, marketing and challenges. The research hypothesizes that while apple production in Jumla District contributes significantly to the local economy, it faces challenges related to pest and disease management, marketing, and adoption of modern practices. Using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), descriptive statistics were computed based on data collected from a sample of 80 respondents selected through simple random sampling. The result revealed that agriculture constituted the primary source of income for 73.75% of the population, with an average landholding size of 0.3428 ha and an apple-growing land area of 0.3164 ha. Income from apple production, along with vegetables and fruits, was a major income source. The average annual sales of apple production were 7.291 t/ha. Labor costs accounted for 45.67% of the total cost of apple production, with an average total production cost of NPR 238,097.2 and average gross returns of NPR 485,500. Apple productivity was 9.71 t/ha, demonstrating its economic viability with net returns of NPR 247,402.80 per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.039. However, the study found that farm produce only sufficed for 6-9 months, with pest and disease incidence and marketing issues as major challenges. Interventions should address pest and disease management, marketing strategies, and modern practices adoption to enhance sustainable and profitable apple production in Jumla. Efforts to extend farm produce sufficiency should also be explored, highlighting apple production's potential and the need for targeted support to overcome challenges and foster sector development.

GROUNDNUT CROP PEST DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION USING COMPREHENSIVE DEEP-LEARNING MODELS

Pests pose a significant threat to crops, leading to substantial economic losses and decreased food production. Early detection and accurate classification of pests in crops are crucial for effective pest management strategies. In this study, we propose a method for pest detection and classification in groundnut crops using deep learning models. In this research, we compare the performance of three deep learning models, namely Custom CNN [proposed], LeNet-5, and VGG-16, for groundnut pest detection and classification. A comprehensive dataset containing images of diverse groundnut crop pests, including thrips, aphids, armyworms, and wireworms, from the IP102 dataset was utilized for model evaluation. The performance is evaluated using reliability metrics such as accuracy and loss. These findings demonstrate the utility of deep learning models for reliable pest classification of groundnut crops. The Custom CNN [proposed] model demonstrates high training accuracy but potential overfitting, while the VGG-16 model performs well on both training and test data, showcasing its ability to generalize. The models’ accuracy in predicting pest species underscores their capability to capture and utilize visual patterns for precise classification. These findings underscore the potential of deep learning models, particularly the VGG-16 model, for pest detection and classification in groundnut crops. The knowledge gained from this study can contribute to the development of practical pest management strategies and aid in maintaining crop health and productivity. Further analysis and comparisons with other models are recommended to comprehensively evaluate the competitiveness and suitability of deep learning models in real-world applications of pest detection and classification in agricultural settings.

Exploring the impact of culture media on life history characteristics of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

Insects, particularly house fly pupae (M. domestica L.), are increasingly promoted as a rich and sustainable protein source, presenting a practical solution for organic waste management. These insects possess the capability to transform animal waste into valuable biomass, underscoring the necessity to evaluate housefly larval growth on diverse waste mixtures. The primary objective was to comprehend how different culture media influence the life history traits of this species. To address this, the research aimed to assess the growth and development performance of housefly larvae reared on various waste mixtures. Adult house flies (M. domestica) were sourced from meat and fish markets in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh, employing systematic sampling from different market sections for a representative selection. Experimental diets were formulated with combinations of cattle blood, cattle manure, rice bran, wheat bran, and kitchen waste, categorized into Diet-A (kitchen waste:cattle manure:wheat bran), Diet-B (cattle blood:rice bran), Diet-C (cattle manure:wheat bran), and Diet-D (cattle blood:kitchen waste:rice bran). Additionally, a control group comprised a mixture of waste materials, including yeast, egg white, milk powder, and wheat bran. The findings revealed that larvae, pupae, and adults reared on Diet-B, incorporating cattle blood and rice bran, demonstrated increased length compared to other diets. This varied diet also produced the heaviest larvae, pupae, and adults, exhibiting the highest morphometric parameters. The moisture content of pupae varied across the different diets, ranging from 53.23±0.17 % to 65.47±1.32 %. The pupae reared on Diet-B had the highest levels of crude protein (53.44±0.05 %, p < 0.05), while those reared on Diet-C had the highest levels of fat (18.56±0.05 %, p < 0.05 except for diet A). The findings demonstrate that housefly larvae can be reared on diets containing rice bran and cattle blood, which have different nutritional profiles and biological capacities. However, the ideal rearing strategy should depend on how M. domestica will be utilized in the future. The study highlights insects, especially housefly pupae, as a sustainable protein source and an organic waste management solution. Therefore, the results of this study contribute to the broader understanding of Musca domestica and offer practical implications for both scientific research and pest management practices.

Emerging Insect Pests of Vegetable Crops under Changing Climate Scenario

Crop losses in vegetables vary greatly depending on plant variety, cropping season, geographical location, and pest damage potential. Vegetable crops are heavily impacted by insect pests and diseases due to their softness, fragility and short duration in comparison to other crops. An emerging insect pest is one that has been observed in a specific crop-infested area and has progressively increased in population over time. Emerging insect pests have the potential to cause economic harm. In other words, an emerging insect pest is a pest insect whose position has shifted from minor to major or secondary to primary pest. The number of existing minor pests is increasing, as is the arrival of new ones, such as mealybugs, fruit flies, stem borers, diamondback moths among phytophagous insects and red spider mites among acarine. Recent infestations, such as South American tomato pinworm and chili black flower thrips, have caused serious damage to tomato and chili harvests. This review envisages on the variables that contribute to the establishment of new invasive pests, the persistence of main pests, general pest management practices, and integrated pest management to achieve sustainable vegetable production.

Understanding the Physicochemical Dynamics of Pesticides: Implications for Environmental Management and Sustainable Agriculture

Pesticides play a crucial role in modern agricultural practices, yet their extensive use poses significant environmental challenges, particularly concerning soil and water quality. This abstract offers a comprehensive overview of the physicochemical behavior of pesticides in soil and water systems, essential for effective pesticide management and environmental protection. Factors influencing pesticide fate and transport, including soil properties, pesticide characteristics, environmental conditions, and management practices, are meticulously examined. Key physicochemical processes such as sorption, degradation, volatilization, and leaching govern pesticide behavior, profoundly impacting their persistence and potential environmental risks. Strategies for minimizing pesticide contamination and promoting sustainable agriculture are highlighted, underscoring the importance of integrated pest management and conservation practices. Through collaborative efforts and informed decision-making, we can mitigate pesticide pollution, preserve natural resources, and safeguard ecosystem health.

Deltamethrin's Toxicological Impact on Freshwater Crab Barytelphusa cunicularis

The present study investigates the toxicological impact of deltamethrin, a widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used in agriculture, specifically targeting the freshwater crab Barytelphusa cunicularis. The research delves into the insecticide’s mechanism of action and acute toxicity on the crab species. With the persistent presence of deltamethrin in soil disrupting microbial activity and water contamination posing threats to aquatic ecosystems. The investigation aimed to determine the lethal toxicity concentration of pesticide. The experiment reveals LC50 values at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, indicating concentrations of 0.0125, 0.0075, 0.006 and 0.0049 ppm respectively. The findings demonstrate a correlation between increased pesticide concentration and exposure period with a rise in percentage mortality. Adverse effects observed on B. cunicularis populations underscore the need to comprehend deltamethrins impact on non-target organisms. This research contributes significant insights into deltamethrins toxicology, offering valuable information for decision-making and in promoting sustainable pest management practices.

Institutionalization of integrated pest management in the food estate development area, Sungai Mandau Subdistrict, Siak Regency, Riau

The food estate program aims to enhance national food production, regional development, food security, and the welfare of farmers. Sungai Mandau, a peatland area in Siak Regency, was opened in 2010 as a food estate for rice cultivation to meet the rice demand in Riau Province. However, peatland development for agriculture faces challenges such as low soil fertility, acidic soil pH, and nutrient deficiencies. This research aims to study the agronomic factors, land suitability, pest management, and agricultural institutions in the context of food estate development in Sungai Mandau. This study starts from August 2022 to April 2023. The method was in-depth interviews with fifty farmers to capture the condition of the Sungai Mandau food estate. Additionally, field observations were conducted on land, soil conditions, pests and diseases. The land condition of the Sungai Mandau food estate falls into suitability class S3 (the lowest suitability) for rice cultivation. Farmers' pest management practices are far from the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) concept. The cultivation practices do not fully support IPM and are not in line with the land conditions. The lack of farmer knowledge is attributed to the ineffective roles of field agricultural extension officer (FAEO) and agriculture technopark (ATP), who should play a significant and close role with the farmers. Information dissemination at the cooperative and farmer group levels has not been effective for a long time. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a role in institutionalizing IPM, and this institutionalization can occur when all institutions and stakeholders actively participate.

Integrated pest management in beetroot cultivation: A systematic revie

This systematic review delves into the realm of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) within the context of beetroot cultivation, scrutinizing both the application and efficacy of diverse strategies. Through a meticulous synthesis of existing literature, the study evaluates key IPM approaches—ranging from biological control and cultural practices to chemical interventions—specifically tailored to address pest management challenges in beetroot farming. The review systematically identifies and examines prevailing trends, challenges, and successes in the implementation of these IPM strategies, providing a comprehensive overview intended for a diverse audience including researchers, practitioners, and policymakers engaged in beetroot agriculture. By comprehensively analysing a spectrum of studies, this review significantly contributes to the broader comprehension of sustainable pest management practices, furnishing valuable insights that can be harnessed for optimizing IPM strategies in beetroot cultivation, thereby fostering more effective and environmentally conscious pest control measures.