Peruvian State Research Articles

University Scholarships: A Process of Interculturality in the Andean Region Contributions to The SDGS

Objective: This study aims to investigate how inclusive scholarships aimed at diverse communities in the Andean Region promote interculturality and equitable access to higher education. It aims to explore how these scholarships foster inclusion, development and cultural exchange in the region. Theoretical Framework: This topic addresses the fundamental concepts that support the research. Dussel (2016) highlights intercultural dialogue as a promoter of understanding and respect between cultures, while Fornet-Betancourt (2007) argues that this thought transforms Latin American philosophy beyond theoretical debates. Method: The research uses a qualitative ethnographic approach, combining hermeneutic methodology and discourse analysis. A native Quechua team studies the Asháninca territory, at risk of linguistic extinction, collecting data through observations, interviews and coexistence with university scholarship actors and local authorities. Results and Discussion: The results highlight the need to promote indigenous languages ​​and support at-risk communities, in contrast to the goals of the Peruvian State. The scarcity of information in the beneficiary database limits the research, despite the existing literature. Research Implications: The implications of this research are analyzed in the practice of farmers, parents, university authorities and students. Scholarships offer intercultural opportunities, but some question their legality, alleging undue benefits for relatives of those already in the system. This affects socialization, linguistic interference and interculturality. Originality/Value: This study enriches the literature by showing that scholarships in Peru promote well-being and develop skills for higher education. It highlights the importance of the media and teachers in the dissemination of these initiatives in a centralist context.

Traceable futures: the political temporality of forest facts in Peru’s tropical logging governance

ABSTRACT In Loreto, Peru’s largest Amazonian region, forest transport permits (or FTP) are the privileged accounting infrastructures by which the Peruvian state seeks to bring transparency to logging by making tropical timber traceable, thus securing its legality and sustainability in a context of rising national and international concern with tropical rainforests. But while FTP are often imagined as a means to secure a future where traceable forest facts can be established with certainty, they have also been enduringly suspected as artifacts prone to manipulation and deceit. In this article, I follow FTP as a way to explore the political temporality of forest facts in Peru’s tropical rainforests. I argue that foregrounding the ambivalent ontologies of FTP as both reliable accounting infrastructures and treacherous manipulable things allows us to appreciate the ways in which the past and the future are articulated in conflicting ways in the context of massive technocratic innovations in the governance of Peru’s tropical logging. By focusing on the political lives of a humble paper document, I thus examine how traceability becomes a fundamental condition of facticity as emerging regimes of global environmental governance drive the expansion of state data infrastructures onto previously untraceable terrains.

Between plunder and shock

This document highlights that the Peruvian State took advantage of the pandemic as an opportunity to infringe upon the rights of indigenous peoples by accelerating the prior consultation processes in the mining sector, thus violating rights recognized in its own legislation and the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court. The analysis of consultation processes (2020-2022) evidenced (I) lack of accessibility, as the State used legal Spanish in all process documents, despite the fact that in 77.7% of the communities, over 80% of the population had an indigenous language as their mother tongue; (II) lack of good faith, as 88% of the cases had stages shortened and the intercultural dialogue stage excluded; and (III) the failure to aim at reaching an agreement, using less time and recording only a matrix of agreements from one community.

Vulnerable Lives, Irrelevant Deaths? Dying Alone and Receiving Flawed Care in an Institution for the Aged in Lima, Peru

ABSTRACT This ethnographic exploration of death in the Peruvian context draws on fieldwork among abandoned–both by their families and the state–older adults in a shelter for the homeless in Lima, Peru. I examine the conditions and local forces that shape the ways people at this institution socially and physically die. My argument is that people in this long-term care facility who have lived entire lives on the margins, usually, end up having irrelevant deaths to their families, other residents of the institution, and the Peruvian state. At this shelter, dying in an irrelevant way means dying without companionship from family members and receiving poor and flawed care from the institution that shelters them.

Interculturalidad y bilingüismo: entre el normativismo funcional y las posturas emergentes en el diseño curricular oficial de formación docente en educación intercultural bilingüe en el Perú

The purpose of this article is to review the educational approaches to interculturalism and bilingualism in the intercultural bilingual education (IBE) syllabus of the National Basic Curriculum Design (DCBN) for initial teacher education (ITE). The Peruvian State, faced with the cultural and linguistic diversity expressed in 55 native peoples who communicate in 48 languages, applies IBE policies to the students from these peoples with teachers who have a higher education. Through documentary analysis, the information was organized to describe, analyze and interpret using categorization and codification by means of the deductive-inductive criterion. The results highlight the effort of the official document to incorporate interculturalism and bilingualism approaches, including the contributions of current trends. The relevance of normative-functional interculturalism is a proposal of the ITE only for indigenous people, since this curricular design, due to its national scope, has limitations to interculturalize teacher training from a more critical stance. When dealing with native languages in IBE and Spanish, it strives for technical-curricular goals of oral and written skills, neglecting the rescue and recovery of the oral, written or textualities of indigenous peoples, ignoring their social and dynamic use.

Long-Term Forecast of Energy Demand towards a Sustainable Future in Renewable Energies Focused on Geothermal Energy in Peru (2020–2050): A LEAP Model Application

The present study aims to describe the potential sources of energy in Peru with the purpose of implementing them to achieve a sustainable system, taking advantage of the natural resources in the Peruvian land. To achieve this, three alternative scenarios have been defined and analyzed using the LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning) software [Software Version: 2020.1.112]. The scenarios are as follows: the first one, the Business-as-Usual scenario, is based on normal trends according to historical data and referencing projections made by Peruvian state entities; the second one is focused on Energy Efficiency, the highlighted characteristic is taking into consideration the efficient conditions in transmission and distribution of electric energy; and the third one, centered on Geothermal Energy, focused on the development of this type of energy source and prioritizing it. The primary purpose of this analysis is to identify the advantages and disadvantages inherent in each scenario in order to obtain the best out of each one. In this way, the intention is to propose solutions based on Peru’s national reality or possible uses of the country’s energy potential to supply its energy demand. Currently, Peru’s energy demand relies on fossil fuels, hydraulic, and thermal energy. However, there is the possibility of transforming this system into a sustainable one by strengthening existing and growing energy sources such as solar and wind energy and new technologies for hydraulic and thermal energy, in addition to considering geothermal energy as the main energy source in the third scenario. The new system mentioned satisfactorily indicates that the CO2 equivalent emissions decrease significantly in the third scenario, with a 15.8% reduction compared to the first scenario and a 9.7% reduction in comparison to the second. On the other hand, the second scenario shows a 5.6% decrease in CO2 emissions compared to the first, resulting from improvements in technology and energy efficiency without requiring significant modifications or considerable investments, as in the third scenario.

When Your Pronominal Marking Matters during a Pandemic: Shawi Pronominals and COVID-19 Interventions

In this communication, I focus on Shawi forms of address used in Peruvian State posters during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic took a heavy toll on the Peruvian Indigenous population. A recent study showed that Indigenous people had 3.18 times the risk of infection and 0.4 times the mortality risk of the general population in Peru. The Shawi have not been included among the most heavily affected. A preliminary descriptive and critical account of Peruvian State posters whereby languages such as Shawi and other Peruvian Indigenous languages (Awajun, Ashaninka, different varieties of Quechua, Shipibo, etc.) have been used to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is provided. Shawi seems to be the only language of the sample where information has been framed using first-person inclusive forms. This appears to have led to enhanced communal engagement in the suggested health-related practices. Additionally, opinions on the issue from local stakeholders are briefly discussed. While the results are derived solely from preliminary observations, my findings could serve as a basis for enhancing health communication strategies in other Indigenous contexts, utilizing linguistically informed intercultural approaches.

Cost-Benefit Methodology in Public Investment in the Peruvian Educational Sector of Invierte.Pe. a Practical Case

Objective: The purpose of the research is to show a specific process to perform the cost/benefit analysis in the social evaluation of public investment projects in the education sector, applying the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) profitability indicators, taking into account that the approach of the National System of Multiannual Programming and Investment Management (Invierte.pe) applies a different methodology as the cost/efficiency analysis, where it uses criteria such as the Present Value of Costs (PVC) and the Cost Efficiency Indicator (CEI). Theoretical framework: In order to present our proposal, we used as a theoretical framework, mainly the directives, instructions, procedures, and methodological guides proposed by the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru, which can be improved by considering the results of investment in education. Method: The research proposes a technique to evaluate investment projects in the education sector through the cost/benefit methodology instead of the cost/effectiveness methodology. Within the materials and methods, an education sector investment project approved by Invierte.pe was used, and we added cost/benefit analysis to estimate the profitability indicators NPV and IRR to carry out the social evaluation of the project. Results: The results show that the education project has a net present value of S/. 794,874.30 at social prices, and an internal rate of social return of 9.56%. Finishing the research, it can be concluded based on the results obtained that it is possible to incorporate the cost/benefit methodology in the formulation and evaluation of standard, simplified technical sheets and studies at the profile level of public investment projects in the education sector. Conclusions: It can be concluded that it is feasible the social evaluation of investment projects in the educational sector of the Peruvian state, through the cost/benefit methodology in the region and the country, by means of the profitability indicators NPV and IRR, obtaining a higher internal rate of return.

Evolución Presupuestal para Operaciones Militares en el VRAEM y su Influencia en la Seguridad Nacional

The Peruvian State allocates resources to satisfy the requirements of the Armed Forces, allowing them to develop military operations and actions, ensuring coexistence and social peace, reducing threats that threaten national security. The objective of this article is to determine the influence that existed between the budget evolution for military operations in the Valley of the Apurímac, Ene and Mantaro rivers (VRAEM) and National Security. For its formulation, the quantitative approach was used, based on open source statistical results, which allowed us to know how the cross-sectional design research variables influence, based on theory and the description of reality. It is also a correlational study since the results of surveys carried out during the year of the study were used. The product of the inferential analysis was a total of 0.659, which represented a significant influence, and allowed determining the existence of influence between the variables, and these with their dimensions being supported, not only with the application of the instruments, but also, by the provisions of current regulations. It was concluded that there is influence between the VRAEM Budget on the impact on National Security.

Articulación de las políticas nacionales del Perú con la transformación digital por medio de la Política de Estado 35: una tarea pendiente

The objective of this research was to evaluate the articulated planning for the digital transformation, specifically of the Peruvian State Policy 35 [PE35], in the national policies (sectoral and multisectoral) of Peru. For this, the methodology was qualitative in approach, interpretive in design, and descriptive in level. The data came from the vertical alignment subchapters or annexes of the policies studied. The method was documentary analysis, instrumentalized by an analysis sheet. It was determined that only the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Defense were fully aligned with the digital transformation; that the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Economy and Finance, only half; and that the Ministry of Production, the Ministry of Labor and Employment Promotion, the Ministry of Health, and others, did not even have a policy aligned with the PE35. It was concluded that there is a gap in the articulation of Peruvian national policies with the digital transformation, through the PE35.

Transparencia en la gestión pública en el Perú: Avances al 2021

Corruption has been a persistent problem in Peru, and in order to fight it from the public sector, several transparency mechanisms have been implemented with results that are far from what was expected. The objective of this paper is to carry out a theoretical analysis of the most relevant characteristics of transparency in public administration in Peru, for which the main actions developed by the Peruvian State to implement transparency in public administration were reviewed, analyzing their possible influence on the levels of corruption in Peru in the period from 1990 to 2021. As a working method, it was considered appropriate to examine the regulations issued by the Peruvian State, verifying the results obtained in the indicated period. The results show that the measures adopted since the 1990s to institutionalize transparency in the country do not seem to have influenced the level of corruption, thus failing to achieve the goal set in the Plan Bicentenario: Peru al 2021, to position our country as the one with the lowest perception of corruption in all of Latin America. Based on this observation, we conclude that the relationship between transparency and corruption is more complex than commonly believed and requires further research.

Desinterés a las políticas públicas en la praxis de la política criminal: Una mirada objetiva al sistema de justicia en los casos de lavado de activos

The objective of this article is to describe the disinterest in public policies on the part of the Peruvian state in the application of a criminal policy, taking as a reference the norms and policies approved for the repression of money laundering crimes. For this, an analysis was carried out of the axis of investigation and criminal sanction of the National Policy against Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism, together with the results of the actions shown by its management instrument, being the National Plan 2018-2021, based on In the same line, an analysis of the regulatory history of the crime of money laundering was carried out. The mixed method was obtained with a socio-legal approach, the results were obtained with data collection instruments such as documentary analysis, observation of social reality and descriptive statistics.

El crédito en el sistema financiero peruano y su nivel de morosidad, durante el período 2013 – 2019

Within the Peruvian state, the financial system is made up of 59 entities, whose objective is to direct the surplus cash of surplus agents towards entities of smaller size or resources, in this way promoting the free flow of monetary resources; In this way, the objective of this investigation is to determine the relationship between the volume of loans granted by the Peruvian Financial System and the levels of delinquency observed in the period between 2013 and 2019, for which the hypothesis was raised that the The volume of credits granted by the Peruvian Financial System shows a direct relationship with the level of delinquency between the years 2013 - 2019. This research, in methodological terms, is developed in a longitudinal - non-experimental approach, through the deductive, descriptive method, causal, applicative and correlational, after the knowledge established through economic sciences (Economic and Monetary Theory); It is concluded that the volume of credits of the Peruvian Financial System has a significant positive linear relationship with delinquency. As loans increase annually by 10%, delinquency also grows by an average of 14% during the period studied.

Coping with crisis: The Peruvian state-owned fishing enterprise Pesca Perú, 1973–1998

This article examines why and how states use the legal and organisational construction of the state-owned enterprise (SOE) to deal with environmental and social crises. In 1973, in response to a drastic collapse in the world’s largest fishery, the Peruvian state nationalised its anchoveta fishing fleet and factories while hastily creating Pesca Perú, an SOE given a monopoly on industrial catch and exploitation of the resource. Pesca Perú struggled with a dual mandate and governments with widely varying ideas of how the Peruvian economy should be organised. In the early 1980s the enterprise lost its production monopoly due as much to environmental factors as to political decisions. It was eventually privatised in the 1990s. While generally regarded as a failed business, Pesca Perú was a useful tool for a state with limited resources to pursue governance and developmental objectives.

Trends in gastric cancer mortality 2005–2020 in Peru and its geographical areas: A joinpoint regression analysis

BackgroundGastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer death in Peru. However, information regarding trends in mortality rates in Peru and its geographical areas in the last few decades is lacking. Our objective was to describe GC mortality rates in Peru between 2005 and 2020. MethodsAge standardized mortality rates (ASMR) were calculated per 100,000 person-years using the world SEGI standard population. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to examine mortality trends. The analysis of the last 5 years was performed for Peru and its geographical areas. ResultsGC mortality rates in 2005 and in 2020 were 13.81 and 10.52, respectively, for men and 11.81 and 8.06, respectively, for women. Between 2016 and 2020, Huanuco and Huancavelica reported the highest mortality rates (≥20 deaths per 100,000). In men, Peru and the highlands region reported significant decreases in GC mortality rates in both sexes for some periods. Coastal region significant decreased by 2.6 % in all periods for women. In both sexes, six provinces reported significant decreases in GC mortality rates. ConclusionAlthough GC mortality rates in Peru have declined over the past 16 years. They are still one of the highest in the Latin American and Caribbean region. It is important that the Peruvian State seek to reduce the mortality of this disease through prevention efforts, timely detection and treatment in all patients.

Seeking the Optimisation of Public Infrastructure Procurement with NEC4 ECC: A Peruvian Case Study

The modern civil engineering and construction sector requires collaborative work environments, learning and trust among all parties involved, qualities that are absent in the Peruvian reality. This study, which is based on an extensive literature review, investigates this challenge. The study reflects upon (i) the current situation of public works procurement in Peru and (ii) the New Engineering Contract (NEC), which has recently been implemented in Peruvian Special Public Infrastructure Projects. Comparisons are presented between the characteristics, documentation and roles of these two systems, with the purpose of understanding and representing the advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of integrating the good contractual management practices of the NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract into the traditional Peruvian State Contracting Law (Ley de Contrataciones del Estado: LCE). The research is validated through the case study of a high-impact road infrastructure project in the city of Arequipa, Peru, which revealed five main deficiencies from Peruvian procurement processes which hinder good contractual management and, also, facilitated an initial assessment of the challenges and improvement opportunities in public infrastructure procurement. Thus, a contribution is made to closing the knowledge gap regarding the implementation of the NEC4 ECC in public sector works.

La informalidad: Un problema de nunca acabar en el Perú

The present work studies the development of this phenomenon in the time of pandemic, concentrating on the analysis of informality in the Peruvian State, starting from the premise that informality has origins from remote years. The COVID-19 pandemic has made it visible that it has affected the living conditions of Peruvians and further exacerbated the large gaps and social inequalities, as well as has highlighted the structural and institutional weaknesses of the Peruvian State. Efforts to take countermeasures have been limited by a predominantly informal labor market. The immediate future does not look encouraging, since it is likely that labor informality will increase and disrupt national development and security.

THE GIRLS VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT AND THE RIGHT TO ACCESS THERAPEUTIC ABORTION

In 2001, 17-year-old KL was pregnant with an anencephalic fetus, which posed a risk to her physical and mental health, and she was denied therapeutic abortion care at a national hospital. Her case was subsequently reported to the Human Rights Committee, which in 2005 ruled that KL had been subjected to cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment, had been denied the right to privacy, and special consideration as a minor; and that the Peruvian State "has the obligation to adopt measures to prevent similar violations in the future."

La Transformación Digital y la Inteligencia Artificial en la Gestión Pública Moderna – Perú

From one day to the next everything changed; a “Virus” did it. Nature took a break and we had to walk into the future, but the future made us quickly adapt to it and evolve. The Digital Transformation (DT) showed its true face, technologies are constantly evolving, here is Artificial Intelligence (AI), accompanied by the “cloud”, mobility, Blockchain, Big data analytics, etc., Companies They are constantly improving; Face-to-face banking is yesterday, digital banking is today, they work 365 times around thesun, processing transactions made from a cell phone, with fast, efficient connections, programs that chat with us, and all this to improve and “personalize” their services. achieving loyal and captive clients by “managing risk”. The methodology we have carried out focused on a documentary review of literature with scientific bases such as Scopus, Scielo, among others, that frame the “Modern Public Management of the Peruvian State” who observed the change in their environment and asked ourselves: How complicated is it? What should we do to adapt to DT? Should we work on organizational culture? Give a territorial approach? See the Processes? The Technology? Do we have a DT policy? Can we access financing sources from International Organizations? Since the effects of the pandemic have accelerated all this, we have that “[...] 71.79% of the organizations in Peru are on track in their DT process” (Escudero, 2022, para. 3). The key to the relationship between DT and AI is data management.

Valuation of Rules and Certificates of Origin for the SME Export Process from Peru

This research develops the topic of rules and certificates of origin in a Peruvian context and its trading partners with whom it establishes Free Trade Agreements. In this way, a draft of sources was applied in which the rules of origin and the forms of certificates of origin are made available, with the aim of being a document that serves as a guide for the SME and companies interested in the export process. Data were collected from the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism website, ""trade agreements,"" and ""certificates of origin."" Thus, a total of 14 documents about rules of origin and 15 certificates of origin were made available. The structure of these documents was analyzed by making it known that China presents a better-developed format; however, each format and rule to be considered must be in accordance with the treaty to which the exporter claims to be a party. This research develops the topic of rules and certificates of origin in a Peruvian context and its trading partners with whom it establishes Free Trade Agreements. The purpose of the investigation is to make known the importance of recognizing the rules and the certificate of origin as documents to be considered; thus, this research serves as a guide with a practical understanding for those small and medium entrepreneurs interested in exporting from Peru. In this way, a resource search was applied in which the rules of origin were made available, and the forms of certificates of origin and articles that highlight the value; after that, the data was collected from the website of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism of Peru, ""trade agreements"" and ""certificates of origin."" Therefore, 14 documents on rules of origin and 15 certificates of origin were provided. The structure of these documents were analyzed, compared, and discussed, concluding China presents a more structured format. However, there is also a need for more support material for those interested in exporting since it is limited to rules and structures of certificates of origin in the pages provided by the Peruvian State.