Peruvian Economy Research Articles

A rare case of multilevel spondylolysis—A nineteenth century Chinese immigrant to Peru from Castillo de Huarmey archaeological site

AbstractAn unusual burial was discovered at the site of Castillo de Huarmey, Peru. The individual buried in the area of pre‐Columbian huaca was likely of Chinese origin and came to Peru as a part of a large immigration wave between 1849 and 1874. Over 100 000 Chinese workers were brought to Peru during that timeframe, to replace freed slaves in many branches of the Peruvian economy. The individual's skeleton showed multiple‐level bilateral spondylolysis in the lumbar vertebrae. This kind of bony defect is very rare and often related to intensive and strenuous physical activity. The analysis allows for an insight into historical lifestyles and immigrant experiences as registered in skeletal remains.

‘All that glitters is not gold’: the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on artisanal and small-scale gold mining and supply chains in Peru

This article explores the impact of COVID-19 on artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) supply chains in Peru between spring 2020 and early 2021. This analysis delves into the effects of the pandemic on the ASGM sector and the illicit flow of gold, including the effect of the mandated lockdown on the Peruvian economy, the price of gold and its impact on artisanal and small-scale mining communities, the socio-economic consequences of the quarantine on Peru's ASGM population, and the impact of lockdown on the gold supply chain. This study suggests the artisanal and small-scale mining formalization process in Peru was greatly impacted by the coronavirus pandemic, which brought complications such as increased criminal activity and violence along the gold supply chain. Similar trends can be seen in ASGM populations around the globe, and case studies from Zimbabwe, Colombia, Bolivia, and Chile explore how different governments have handled the effect of COVID-19 on the ASGM sector. This article highlights recommendations for governments and other key stakeholders to consider for supporting and strengthening ASGM communities, the gold supply chain, and the pursuit of formalization in Peru and worldwide.

Personnel Expenses and Productivity Change in Peruvian Stock Mining Companies

Copper mining activities have a huge importance for both the Peruvian economy and the world. Then, it is important to analyze how mining companies face productivity to stay afloat in the competitive world market. For this reason, Peruvian mining companies were analyzed in the 2016-2019 period by employing the Malmquist index as well as its decomposition. Two-year, three-year, and four-year intervals were used for a better understanding of the results. It was found that the major determinants for productivity change was technical efficiency change and technological switch.

Recovery After the Covid-19 Pandemic: the Case of Peruvian Tourism

The situation Peru is facing with the global COVID-19 pandemic and the economic recession during this 2020 constitutes the worst crisis over the last 100 years. This economic recession has not happened since the crisis of 1980. GPD may decline by 15 % this year. Also, the perspective on global economy is terrible and a sharp contraction of global GDP is expected. On the other hand, the period between 2020 and 2021 will be considered as years of economic development lost. Specifically, receptive tourism in Peru is in danger of extinction because of the pandemic. Activity in the tourism market, which gives employment to 1.4 million people who are mainly women, is in total collapse. This article aims to make a proposal to help tourism sales recover their position as the most important section of service exports in Peru. The proposal is intended to encourage a non-traditional form of tourism in the tropical coast of the north of the country that should complement the traditional archeological tourism. The conclusions make emphasis on the fact that, at present, Peru is not exploiting its historical richness or using its comparative advantage in tourism, which could become a leading sector of domestic economy. Finally, our thesis is based on the notion that, from 2021 onwards, the recovery of the Peruvian economy must necessarily be based on exploiting the recovery of external demand rather than putting our trust in domestic demand growth.

Dynamics of the impact of COVID-19 on the economic activity of Peru.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 virus impacts human health and the world economy, causing in Peru, more than 800 thousand infected and a strong recession expressed in a drop of -12% in its economic growth rate for 2020. In this context, the objective of the study is to analyze the dynamics of the short-term behavior of economic activity, as well as to explain the causal relationships in a Pandemic context based on the basic number of spread (Re) of COVID-19 per day.MethodsAn Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model was used.ResultsA negative and statistically significant impact of the COVID-19 shock was found on the level of economic activity and a long-term Cointegration relationship with an error correction model (CEM), with the expected sign and statistically significant at 1%.ConclusionThe Pandemic has behaved as a systemic shock of supply and aggregate demand at the macroeconomic level, which together have an impact on the recession or level of economic activity. The authors propose changing public health policy from an indiscriminate suppression strategy to a targeted, effective and intelligent mitigation strategy that minimizes the risk of human life costs and socioeconomic costs, in a context of uncertainty about the end of the Pandemic and complemented by economic, fiscal and monetary policies that mitigate the economic recession, considering the underlying structural characteristics of the Peruvian economy.

Recovery After the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of Peruvian Tourism

The situation Peru is facing with the global COVID-19 pandemic and the economic recession during this 2020 constitutes the worst crisis over the last 100 years. This economic recession has not happened since the crisis of 1980. GPD may decline by 15% this year. Also, the perspective on global economy is terrible and a sharp contraction of global GDP is expected. On the other hand, the period between 2020 and 2021 will be considered as years of economic development lost. Specifically, receptive tourism in Peru is in danger of extinction because of the pandemic. Activity in the tourism market, which gives employment to 1.4 million people who are mainly women, is in total collapse. This article aims to make a proposal to help tourism sales recover their position as the most important section of service exports in Peru. The proposal is intended to encourage a non-traditional form of tourism in the tropical coast of the north of the country that should complement the traditional archeological tourism. The conclusions make emphasis on the fact that, at present, Peru is not exploiting its historical richness or using its comparative advantage in tourism, which could become a leading sector of domestic economy. Finally, our thesis is based on the notion that, from 2021 onwards, the recovery of the Peruvian economy must necessarily be based on exploiting the recovery of external demand rather than putting our trust in domestic demand growth.

Estudio sobre la tasa de interés de referencia de Estados Unidos y su comportamiento en la inversión peruana periodo 2016 al 2019

El presente artículo, titulado Estudio sobre la tasa de interés de referencia de Estados Unidos y su comportamiento en la inversión peruana periodo 2016 al 2019, surge por la inquietud de determinar en qué medida incide la tasa de interés de referencia de Estados Unidos ante una variación de esta en las inversiones en la economía peruana hasta el año 2019. El enfoque usado fue el cuantitativo, el tipo de investigación aplicada y el diseño no experimental. El instrumento usado fue el análisis de contenido cuantitativo, para establecer la incidencia que existe entre las variables se aplica el modelo econométrico a través de la regresión lineal simple mediante el programa econométrico E-views, el cual da como resultado el coeficiente de determinación de R2 (0.47) lo que significa que la tasa interés de referencia de Estados Unidos incide en la inversión de la economía peruana en 47%, concluyendo que ante una variación de 1% de la tasa de interés de referencia, esta incide 36% para las inversiones en la economía peruana, afectando a la demanda interna, movimiento de capital y al problema del endeudamiento.

Rocambor, Malilla, and Matrimony: Gambling in Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera’s Naturalist Novels

Nineteenth-century Peruvian author Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera produced widely-read novels such as Blanca Sol and Las consecuencias. These texts have traditionally been analyzed in conjunction with her polemical reception by contemporaries and their naturalist depictions. However, this paper demonstrates that the novels also employ financial topics, such as gambling, to raise larger social questions surrounding games of love, gender inequalities in relationships and the workforce, and the Peruvian economy. Cabello de Carbonera’s representation of gambling and love games in parallel to social and economic inequalities has not been sufficiently explored by critics and connects directly to other naturalist tropes in her fiction.

Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Peruvian regional governments, 2007 - 2018

Aim of this paper is determine whether fiscal decentralization has generated economic growth in regional development of the Peruvian Economy, since decentralization process started; for that purpose, has been applied a data panel econometric model related to Regional Government as aggregate data. It’s been found a positive relationship between both variables with some emphasis in short term, being significant current and capital expenditure and cash transfers.

Covid19 ¿Por qué no empezamos a tributar?

This article discusses the importance of taxation in Peru's economy, key to dealing with times of crisis like those currently experienced. This research analyzed the two main agents involved; as for taxpayers, its lack of tax culture has led to a high rate of over 70% informality in the country, and as far as tax administration is concerned, the imminent challenge of changing its bad image and increasing its degree of effectiveness in collecting in the face of the big changes caused by Covid-19. It is also invoked on the reflection of taxpayers because the benefits granted by the State to implement containment and recovery plans are based on the taxes. Finally, it is sought to urge the population to be the protagonists of change and to work to close the gaps that are now limiting. The Government should be required to improve public investment and that economic growth be reflected in the efficient use of resources.

Covid19 ¿Por qué no empezamos a tributar?

El presente artículo analiza la importancia de la tributación en la economía del Perú, clave para poder enfrentar tiempos de crisis como los que se vive en la actualidad. Esta investigación analizó los dos principales agentes involucrados; en cuanto a los contribuyentes su falta de cultura tributaria, ha provocado una elevada tasa que supera el 70% de informalidad en el país, y en lo que respecta a la Administración Tributaria, el desafío inminente de cambiar su mala imagen y aumentar su grado de eficacia en la recaudación ante los grandes cambios causados por el Covid-19. Así mismo se invoca a la reflexión de los contribuyentes debido a que los beneficios otorgados por el Estado para ejecutar los planes de contención y recuperación se fundamentan en los tributos. Por último, se busca instar a la población a ser los protagonistas del cambio y trabajar para cerrar las brechas que hoy son limitantes. Se debe exigir al Gobierno mejorar la inversión pública y que el crecimiento económico se vea reflejado en el aprovechamiento eficiente de los recursos.

Emprendedores y Pymes en el Perú

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como finalidad demostrar que las pymes, pequeñas y medianas empresas, son organizaciones económicas básicas, producto de los emprendedores y que, debido al poco o ningún apoyo del Estado, operan en la informalidad de nuestra economía. En cuanto a la metodología, el tipo de investigación es básico. El diseño de investigación es no experimental. La muestra estuvo constituida por artículos científicos. El instrumento utilizado fue la guía de análisis documental. La investigación arribó a las siguientes conclusiones: Las pymes, pequeñas y medianas empresas en el Perú, son organizaciones económicas básicas, producto de los emprendedores y que, debido al poco apoyo o ninguna intervención del Estado, operan en la informalidad. La informalidad en la economía peruana es estructural.

Assessment of fiscal effort and voluntary tax compliance in Peru.

This study examines the fiscal effort and voluntary compliance in the payment of taxes in Peru. It determines that in 2014, the Peruvian economy collected only 52.8% of its total tax potential. Then trough an experiment, it is shown that dissuasive policies only do not explain the whole phenomenon of tax compliance; on the contrary, some psychological factors, named by the literature as “Tax Morale”, should be considered in such a study. Thus, if Peru expects to join the OECD (it being a goal for celebrating the bicentennial of its independence), it must improve tax compliance to standards equal to those of more developed countries and some non-dissuasive and low-cost public policies designed on tax-morale research may help to achieve this goal.

Collaborative Economy in Peru: Past, Present and Future

The collaborative economy is a phenomenon that has accompanied us over the years; society has evolved thanks to the collaboration between the individuals that make it up. Through a deep qualitative analysis of grounded theory, the researchers analyzed twenty-four models of collaborative economy detailed in the literature, to know which ones are already experienced in Peru and which ones are not. The results showed that formal activities related to collaborative economy are already in operation, such as car rental, bicycle usage, film usage, varied objects rentals, online commerce, exchanges, room rental, crowdfunding, skills sharing, and rides. On the other hand, it was found that in Peru there are no formal activities related to car usage, shared trips, toy rental, book rental, used electronic, books, clothes, toys, clothes, DVD and games sales, service exchange, community support, or meal sharing; which requires business studies to determine whether or not there is a demand for such services that are not offered, so that they can be implemented in the future.

A Prototype of an Automatic Irrigation System fo Peruvian Crop Fields

Water is an important factor to sustain life and for such a reason it is necessary to take care of it since this is a limited resource. In Peruvian agriculture; however, there is a high percentage of water wasted, as this activity consumes 92%of fresh water; thus, making Peru the 37th country worldwide in misusing water. Due to the aforementioned and considering that the agricultural sector is an important factor for the Peruvian economy, the current study aims to implement a system for automatic irrigation of crop fields in Peru, with the goal of optimizing the use of water and not to waste it as it usually happens. After the implementation of the first prototype of the irrigation system using an Arduino microcontroller and low-cost electronic components, it could be observed that during the tests, 75 and 76.5% of the water that is normally used for irrigation was saved for a dry rainless and dry rainy patch of crop field, respectively. The monitoring of the humidity of the soil was possible due to bluetooth communication. The presented results show the viability of the system and in a follow-up study, large-scale tests are expected.

Probando la condición Marshall-Lerner y Curva-J para el Perú: un análisis de cointegración multivariada


 
 
 
 
 En el Peru, la balanza comercial ha jugado un papel protagonico en el desempeno economico, particularmente a partir del ano 2002, en que empieza a registrar superavits. Es asi que para el ano 2018 se registro un superavit de US$ 7,049 millones. Este dinamismo del comercio internacional mantiene al comercio exterior como uno de los principales motores de la economia peruana. El objetivo del estudio es probar la condicion Marshall-Lerner y la Curva-J para el Peru utilizando informacion mensual de los anos 2000 a 2018 obtenida del Banco Central de Reserva del Peru (BCRP). Para el analisis se emplea la metodologia de Johansen-Juselius y el Modelo Vector de Correccion de Error (MVCE). Los resultados revelaron el cumplimiento de la condicion Marshall-Lerner para el largo plazo y, haciendo uso de los diagramas de impulso-respuesta, se confirma que no se cumple el fenomeno de la Curva-J en la economia peruana.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Inflación de alimentos en Perú: El rol de la política monetaria

Food inflation in Peru has a significant influence on total inflation, so the presence of second-round effects on core inflation may be high. This paper estimates the size of these second-round effects using a general equilibrium model for the Peruvian economy. The results indicate the absence of a significant second round effect on Peruvian inflation, given that food inflation does not play any role in the formation of inflation expectations and in the determination of wages.

The modern ontological natures of the Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) duck. Cases from Perú, the northern hemisphere, and digital communities

Now a global inhabitant, the Muscovy duck Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) was domesticated millennia ago by Pre-Columbian indigenous societies of America. Driven increasingly afar by humankind, the expansion of this species is an example of the successful dispersion of an animal known for its adaptability and resilience. This article examines various cases of husbandry, reproduction, and uses of Cairina moschata in the north and central coasts of Peru, Mexico, and North America. This exercise permits us to identify the various ways in which humans approach this versatile, charismatic, and always independent bird raised for its meat, unique behavior, or quality as companion animal or pet. As a hybrid animal, the Muscovies can also withstand extreme food conditions aimed to transform the mestizo duck in special human food. Cairina moschata ducks are a sign of belonging, tradition, innovation, and economy in Peru, Mexico, the United States, and digital communities. This analysis, in addition to allowing us to identify patterns, distinctions, and paths to new forms of human-animal relationships, permits us to explore a broader approach to the construction of the ontological nature and agency of an animal whose existence appears interwoven with our own.

Objective and subjective conditions for the continuity of the Peruvian extractive development model

ABSTRACTThe Peruvian economy depends for its growth on the export of its mineral resources. The core of the current economic development model is the export of the country's commodities and a free and (relatively) unregulated functioning of the markets. We argue that the continuity of the country's extractive development model is the consequence of the interplay between the objective and subjective conditions of Peruvian capitalist development. The analysis of the objective conditions is focused on the role of the country in the international division of labour, the relation between this role and the country’s economic and business structure, and the functionality of the extractive development model for the Peruvian State. In the case of the subjective conditions, the strength of the political Left, the labour movement and the social movements against mining capital are analyzed

IMPORTANCE OF MINING AND AGRICULTURE ON THE PERUVIAN ECONOMY

This paper presents thd Mining and Agriculture sectors contribution to the Peruvian economy. Describes the performance of these sectors, during the last two decades, using macro-economic indicators; besides it describes how in this period the Peruvian economy shows an impressive growth 5.44% in terms of gross domestic product (GDP); this period is also known as the ¨mining boom¨. The excellent performance of mining and agriculture sectors contributed to this economic performance. However, despite the economic growth and changes during the last two decades, extreme poverty, malnutrition and childhood anemia are still a serious problem. To eliminate the extreme poverty Peru has to grow at least 6% per year in terms of GDP. This study proposes that mining and agriculture must keep growing, as well as the other sectors to insure the Peruvian development. It recommends that private and public investment must keep increasing, it recognizes the importance of competitiveness. Another conclusion is that there is no real conflict between mining and agriculture for water resources; since it is needed by both sectors. The recent Peruvian economic is due to the last mining investments and support from the present government.