Pricing Perspective Research Articles

Collaborative resource allocation in computing power networks: A game-theoretic double auction perspective

The growth of global data is increasing exponentially, leading to a greater demand for computing power. To address this requirement, expanding computing power from the cloud to the edge is essential. However, this transformation presents two significant challenges: how to share computing resources more efficiently and how to optimize resource allocation. To tackle these challenges, we propose a three-layer Computing Power Network (CPN) framework that focuses on implementing the collaborative allocation of computing nodes and user tasks. We formulate the resource allocation problem in CPN as a double auction game and use an experience-weighted attraction algorithm that enables participants to adjust bidding strategies based on environmental interactions. We implemented a prototype of our proposed CPN framework and conducted extensive experiments to verify our algorithm’s convergence and evaluate the benefits obtained by buyers (users) and sellers (computing nodes) from the perspective of transaction prices, rewards, and average pricing. The comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Compared with state-of-the-art pricing strategies, our approach achieves a 20% increase in convergence speed and an 88% increase in overall returns. Furthermore, it also exhibits a 2.5% increase in deal prices and a substantial 83% rise in the income of individual users. These outcomes convincingly prove the superiority of our method in achieving better convergence, improving overall returns, and benefiting both buyers and sellers in the CPN resource auction market.

Heterogeneous stock market impact of Russia–Ukraine War for oil and gas companies

Purpose This paper aims to examine the short-term market impact of the beginning of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine (24 February 2022), the world’s largest oil and gas companies. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine the world’s 100 largest listed oil and gas companies at and around the beginning of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine using an event study methodology. Findings The authors observe a positive and statistically significant stock price reaction at and around the military conflict. These results are consistent with the asset pricing perspective. Conversely, the stock market returns of Russian oil and gas companies, as well as those companies that were “forced” to divest in Russia due to corporate activism, exhibit a negative and statistically significant impact from the conflict. These reactions are reinforced or mitigated by company-specific characteristics such as size, profitability and institutional ownership. Finally, the findings indicate that companies engaged in oil and gas exploration and production report abnormally higher returns compared to firms in the other two subsectors of the industry. Originality/value The effect of the war on stock markets has been relatively little examined in the financial theory. This study intends to fill this gap in the literature.

Short-Term Accommodations and Long-Term Housing Challenges in the Margaret River Tourist Destination: A Perspective of Population Movement and Pricing

This study aimed to investigate the impact of short-stay accommodation (SSA) on housing dynamics, community welfare, and economic development in the Margaret River regional area. Grounded in an exploratory research paradigm, qualitative methods were used to gather insights from key stakeholders such as property owners, realtors, and council officials. Purposive sampling was utilized to select participants with diverse experiences and perspectives on SSA. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, totaling 21 interview sessions spanning almost 600 min, to capture in-depth and nuanced perspectives on SSA’s impact and regulatory landscape. Thematic analysis of the interview data, which was divided into two segments, revealed significant concerns regarding housing affordability, community well-being, and regulatory effectiveness. Additionally, the study uncovered a complex relationship between SSA and population dynamics, highlighting implications for the local housing infrastructure and market stability. The findings underscore the urgency of collaborative policy interventions to address the housing crisis and mitigate the adverse effects of SSA on local communities. Policymakers and stakeholders can utilize these insights to develop holistic strategies that prioritize equity, inclusivity, and shared prosperity in shaping the future of housing in regional areas such as Margaret River. This study contributes original insights by providing a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted implications of SSA on housing dynamics and community welfare in a regional context. By using qualitative methods and engaging key stakeholders, the research offers unique perspectives on the challenges and opportunities associated with the proliferation of SSA, thereby advancing scholarly discourse, and informing evidence-based policymaking in the field of housing studies.

Fast Charging Navigation Strategy of EVs in Power-Transportation Networks: A Coupled Network Weighted Pricing Perspective

Fast Charging Navigation Strategy of EVs in Power-Transportation Networks: A Coupled Network Weighted Pricing Perspective

Saudi Arabia Regional Headquarters Program – Transfer Pricing Perspective

In February 2021, the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia announced its plans to limit the awarding of contracts to foreign multinational enterprises that do not have a regional headquarters set-up in the country. In December 2023, the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Investment in coordination with Ministry of Finance and the tax authorities announced a 30-year incentive plan for Saudi Arabia Regional Headquarters, which includes inter alia 0% corporate income tax and withholding taxes for the entire period. In February 2024, the tax authorities provided more clarifications about the conditions to obtain the benefits of the new regime. These also include the need to comply with the arm’s length principle and transfer pricing rules, which raises interesting questions from a tax technical point of view considering the particularities of the Saudi Arabia Regional Headquarters regime.

Comprehensive Comparison of Traditional Engines and Emerging Alternatives

As the natural environment deteriorates, electric vehicles will gradually replace internal combustion engines that use traditional fossil fuels. This paper compares traditional engines to alternatives regarding efficiency, emissions, price, and market share. In brief, alternative engines have advantages over traditional internal combustion engines in terms of efficiency, emissions, and long-term overhead, as evidenced by rising market share. In 2022, the share of electric vehicles in global sales has reached 14%. Compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles have a higher well-to-wheel efficiency, up to more than twice of internal combustion engine vehicles. From a price perspective, electric vehicles have a higher original cost. However, lower maintenance costs allow electric vehicles to achieve the same cost as equivalent combustion engines in 5-8 years. Electric vehicles typically have low well-to-wheel and fuel emissions and are more sustainable. In the future, more research and development are needed for electric vehicles to make them suitable for most cities worldwide. At the same time, research into the traditional internal combustion engine should be addressed, as cleaner, more efficient engines such as the HCCI engines are already available for civilian use.

Beyond State Aid: A Transfer Pricing Analysis for the Amazon Case

This study focuses on an analysis of the recent Amazon case from a purely transfer pricing perspective. The analysis is hence based on a four-step procedure, namely, accurate delineation of the transaction, its recognition, selection and application of the most appropriate transfer pricing method (MAM). As such, the perspective described in this text consciously does not address the state aid framework. This study is structured as follows: after the introduction in section 1., section 2. details the facts of the case, section 3. analyses the transfer pricing implications and section 4. sets forth conclusions.

An Analysis of the Use of Fair Price Lists and Other Statistical Values by EU Customs Authorities

This article addresses whether or not fair price lists and other statistical values can be used to reject a declared transaction value in accordance with the procedure laid down in article 140 of the Union Customs Code Implementing Regulation. The authors discuss the usefulness of statistical values for determining customs values in light of GATT principles, CJEU case law and Netherlands domestic case law. Given the increasing importance of the overlap between customs and transfer pricing regulation, the article briefly examines this topic from a transfer pricing perspective.

Design of corporate human capital value measurement model based on binary tree

The measurement process of corporate human capital value ignores the in-depth analysis of the influencing factors of value measurement, which leads to the inaccuracy of the measurement result of corporate human capital value. Therefore, taking an enterprise in Heilongjiang Province as the research object, a measurement model of enterprise human capital value based on binary tree is designed. Establish the corporate human capital value measurement index system, and initially fix the human capital value. Calculate the floating value of human capital under the complete information, and determine the influencing factors of human capital value measurement. The human capital value of enterprise under incomplete information is calculated to complete the construction of the measurement model of human capital value of enterprise based on binary tree. Taking the actual human resource performance score of an enterprise from 2019 to 2022 as an example, the experiment proved that the design model and the traditional measurement model evaluated the enterprise human resource performance, and proved that the measurement model based on binary tree was more accurate than the traditional model, and the final measurement accuracy of the design model reached 93.5%. Compared with the traditional measurement model ahead of 18.5%–10.3%, compared with the current advanced measurement model ahead of 5.2%–5.7%. The evaluation Angle in the research is slightly lacking of practical significance, and further research can carry out further evaluation on income to maximize the practical significance of the research. However, the model is evaluated from the perspective of pricing, but in real life, the value of enterprise human capital is reflected in income distribution. Therefore, if the measurement of human capital value is combined with income distribution in the next step, the research results will be closer to the actual situation and will have more practical significance.

Do Political Connections Help or Harm Family Firms? An Audit Pricing Perspective

Past business ethics research highlights negative perceptions about corporate governance of family firms, and yet many auditors evaluate family businesses favorably and charge them lower audit fees; however, this inconsistency remains unexplained. Moreover, the impact of family firms’ political connections and board gender diversity on audit fees is still not clear. Based on the data from listed Chinese family firms, we address these important research gaps by using the local institutional environment in which the client operates as a moderator of the process by which auditors assess the implications of clients’ political connections. Political connections reduce audit fees when a client is located in a region with high-quality public administration. Female representation in audit committees positively moderates the relationship between political connections and audit fees, as female committee members react to their firms’ political connections by demanding higher levels of assurance from auditors. Female committee members also demand higher audit efforts for family firms managed by non–family-member CEOs.

Concept of Pass-Through Costs and Their Treatment in Transfer Pricing

This article evaluates the treatment of pass-through costs in India from a transfer pricing perspective and analyses a recent ruling by the Delhi ITAT in the case of BBC World (India) Pvt. Ltd.

The BEFIT Directive: A Game Changer for Transfer Pricing or an Irrelevant Buzz?

The recently proposed BEFIT legislation in the European Union seeks to standardize tax bases and simplify transfer pricing rules for large multinational enterprises. This article delves into potential challenges of this proposition, mainly focusing on its implications from a transfer pricing perspective. Challenges around the coexistence of varying transfer pricing rules, the interplay between BEFIT and Pillar Two, and uncertainties surrounding dispute resolutions are explored.

A perspective of pricing, personalization and fairness in hotel revenue management

Svrha: Cilj je ovog rada istražiti sve rašireniju praksu upravljanja prihodima u hotelskoj industriji, s fokusom na etička pitanja koja se odnose na personalizirani pristup i pravednost cijena. U radu se predlažu relevantne strategije koje hotelski stručnjaci trebaju uzeti u obzir u trenutnom turbulentnom okruženju, u svojim nastojanjima da dođu do pravih kupaca i maksimiziraju svoje prihode. Metodologija: Pregled literature, koja se sastoji od relevantnih studija, novijih trendova u ugostiteljstvu i hotelskoj industriji, sažima mogućnosti pozicioniranja cijena te načela u praksi upravljanja hotelskim prihodom. Rezultati: Praksa upravljanja prihodom postala je jedan od osnovnih alata osiguravanja prihoda u ugostiteljstvu, a osobito je naglašena u trenutnim globalnim kriznim vremenima. Dinamično određivanje cijena, temeljeno na kriterijima cjenovne diskriminacije, poduprto algoritamskim sustavima, predstavlja vitalni hotelski alat za upravljanje prihodom koji evoluira u cijene krojene po mjerilu kupca ili personalizirane cijene. Kako bi uskladio svoje poslovne ciljeve s promjenjivom potražnjom, hotelski menadžment treba imati odgovorne strategije te implementirati vrijedne i pravedne standarde svojim klijentima. Ovaj pregledni rad predlaže sljedeće pouzdane strategije: pozicioniranje cijena u mikrosegmentu, pozicioniranje cijena s obzirom na segmentiranje gostiju, održivost u određivanju cijena, transparentnost cijena i komunikacije, utjecaj na sustave upravljanja prihodom i ljudsko odlučivanje, nepovredivost internih podataka i obrazovanje dionika. Vrijednost/zaključak: Ovo gledište pruža niz preporuka za okosnicu upravljanja hotelskim prihodom, uzimajući u obzir trenutne ekonomske i društvene dileme, kombinirajući profitabilnost, etiku i održivost.

Mayday! Mayday! The airlines stock returns are failing. Analysis of the impact of Russia–Ukraine war

PurposeThis paper investigates the short-term market impact of the beginning of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine (February 24, 2022) on a set of airline stocks listed.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses an event study methodology, cross-section analyses and interaction effects to study the effect of the war on airline stock prices and firm-specific characteristics that explain the cumulative abnormal return.FindingsThe authors observe a negative and statistically significant stock price reaction at and around the beginning of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, for 74 listed airlines. These results are consistent with investment portfolio rebalancing and asset pricing perspective. Moreover, this study's results show a higher negative stock market reaction for airlines based in Europe. Empirical evidence suggests the existence of a “proximity penalty” for European companies. Finally, this study's results provide insights into which airline-specific characteristics emerge as value drivers. Larger, well-capitalized (high liquidity and low debt) and profitable airlines firms with less institutional ownership have superior stock market returns and show more able to handle with the losses resulting from the war.Originality/valueThis paper fills a gap in the literature about the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on the airline industry.

Fund management services: considerations from a (Luxembourg) transfer pricing perspective

Fund management services: considerations from a (Luxembourg) transfer pricing perspective

Use of insects in feeding of fish (review)

Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of the global food industry, signaling a paradigm shift in how we meet the growing demand for fish. The current aquaculture production system relies heavily on fishmeal, which is becoming increasingly unsustainable due to stagnant or declining fish catches, especially wild marine fish stocks. A significant percentage of fish stocks are already almost completely used. This situation, combined with the increasing demand for fish, suggests that fishmeal will become a more limiting ingredient, both from a production and price perspective. In response to these pressing issues, there has been a notable surge in research to explore potential alternatives, such as insect meal, which is one of the critical means to ensure the sustainability of aquaculture and overcome the limitations of fishmeal. Insects hold significant promise in the field of animal nutrition, and further research is needed to fully understand their nutritional value in the context of animal feed applications. Insect farming can be effectively done on human by-products or waste, allowing them to convert this rich, cheap organic waste into protein-rich animal biomass suitable for animal consumption. Analytical review found that insect meal has sufficient nutrient composition suitable for potential inclusion in fish feed as a versatile protein source to create individual nutrient profiles. It is worth noting that a wide range of insect species, their various habitats, developmental stages, feeding behavior and other characteristics can affect the nutritional value of insect meal. This diversity makes insect meal an attractive target for further research as an alternative to fish meal.

THE INFLUENCE OF WORD OF MOUTH AND PRICE PERSPECTIVE ON CUSTOMER PURCHASE INTENTION. A CASE STUDY OF “INDRIVE” USERS OF FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDENTS

This study aims to determine the influence of word of mouth and price perspective on customer purchase intention. A case study of “InDrive” users of Faculty of Economics and Business students both simultaneously and partially. This study uses a quantitative method with a sample of 100 respondents and uses purposive sampling technique. Data collection using a questionnaire. Statistical data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing using the F and T tests. The results showed that, simultaneously the Word Of Mouth and Price perspective positively had influence on Customer Purchase Intention of “InDrive” users of Faculty of Economics and Business students. Partially, the Word Of Mouth and Price Perspective have a positive influence on Customer Purchase Intention of “InDrive” users of Faculty of Economics and Business students Keywords: word of mouth, price perspective, purchase intention

Competitive advantage and firm, industry, and country effects: An asset pricing perspective

We examine the relation between competitive advantage, its underlying drivers, and abnormal stock returns. We use a comprehensive global dataset covering 22 years. To measure competitive advantage, we use the cash flow return-on-investment (CFROI®) metric, which allows for consistent comparisons across industries, countries, and periods. We find a positive relation between competitive advantage and stock returns after controlling for common risk factors. Industry-based advantages are more important than resource-based advantages in explaining abnormal stock returns in developed markets. This result contrasts with most studies in strategic management, which mostly base their analysis on accounting-based profitability metrics. Country effects play a minor role.

Fiscal Capacity: An Asset Pricing Perspective

This review revisits the literature on fiscal capacity using modern tools from asset pricing. We find that properly accounting for aggregate risk substantially reduces fiscal capacity. In this environment, the gap between the risk-free rate and the expected growth rate is not a sufficient statistic for fiscal capacity. To borrow at the risk-free rate when aggregate growth is risky, governments need to ask taxpayers to insure bondholders against aggregate risk, but governments in advanced economies tend to insure taxpayers against aggregate risk. We use this asset pricing perspective to review alternative mechanisms to boost fiscal capacity that have been explored in the literature.

Pricing Logic and Investment Strategy of Commercial Collectibles

Commercial collectibles, as a new way of investment, has set off a new investment fever in the investment market. This paper discusses the pricing logic of commercial collectibles from the perspective of pricing, supply and demand, and individuals, analyzes the determinants of the price of commercial collectibles, and finally puts forward some investment suggestions on this basis, hoping to be helpful to the collection of commercial collectibles.