Ethical Perspective Research Articles

Evaluation of Camel Wrestling in Türkiye in terms of Ethics and Animal Protection Legalisation

It was aimed to investigate the legal competence of camel wrestling, which has a long history in Turkey, with the Animal Protection Law No. 5199 and the Regulation of the Camel Wrestling Federation, which was established by camel breeders and organized wrestling. Among the findings; The data of the survey conducted with camel breeders in Aydın, İzmir and Muğla provinces of Turkey, where camel wrestling is widely practiced, are included. The data obtained in the analysis of the questionnaire made on the basis of verbal and volunteerism with 35 camel riders whose camels participated in these wrestling; are presented in tables as means, frequency distribution and percentages. To the question "What is your reason for participating in camel wrestling?"; Answers 45.7% cultural heritage, 31.4% entertainment and 22.9% tradition has been given. Again, “Are animals treated in accordance with animal rights in camel wrestling?” While 74.3% answered “Yes” to the question, it was seen that the answer was “I don't know” with 25.7%. The legal status of this event has been evaluated by comparing it with similar animal competitions & fights in the world. The subject was interpreted holistically within the framework determined by the Animal Rights Law No. 5199, which is in force in Turkey, and in the perspective of animal ethics. It has been concluded that the use of animals as shows, festivals, culture, tradition and folkloric doesn't directly overlap with the "the principle of beneficialness", of the ethical principles, and a special regulation is needed in the laws.

Linking proactive and reactive helping behaviour to knowledge hiding: the moral licencing perspective from China

ABSTRACT This research explores when and how employees’ helping behaviour leads to subsequent knowledge hiding. Using moral licencing theory, it examines the psychological mechanisms driving employees’ behavioural shift from good to bad. Analysis of data from a multi-point tracking questionnaire in China reveals that: (1) Both proactive and reactive helping behaviours can stimulate psychological entitlement. (2) Proactive and reactive helping indirectly influence evasive hiding and playing dumb through psychological entitlement, but not rationalized hiding. (3) Reactive helping is more likely to induce a moral licencing effect than proactive helping. (4) Moral ownership negatively moderates the relationship between proactive and reactive helping and psychological entitlement. Furthermore, moral ownership negatively moderates the mediating effect of psychological entitlement. This study offers an important theoretical framework for understanding the behavioural change from ‘good to bad’ in the workplace, offering managers insights to develop strategies for governing employees’ helping behaviour and knowledge hiding.

Is Smarter Better? A Moral Judgment Perspective on Consumer Attitudes about Different Types of AI Services

AI is considered a key driver of industrial transformation and a strategic technology that will shape future development. With AI services continuing to permeate various sectors, concerns have emerged about the ethics of AI. This study investigates the effects of different types of AI services (mechanical, thinking, and affective AI services) on consumers’ attitudes through offline and online AI service experiments. We also construct a model to explore the mediating roles of identity threat and perceived control. The findings reveal that mechanical AI services negatively affect consumers’ attitudes while thinking and affective AI services have a positive effect. Additionally, we explore how consumers’ attitudes vary across different service scenarios and ethical judgments (utilitarianism and deontology). Our findings could offer practical guidance for enterprises providing AI services.

Is Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethical?

The pharmaceutical industry is expanding, and there are many new scientific breakthroughs in the modern day. As a result, moral concerns sparked by marketing strategies have led to intense global debates. Pharmacies are trying to market their products and maintain their competitiveness, raising concerns about potential conflicts between corporate interests and the fundamentals of medical ethics. This article takes a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating public health, bioethics, and regulatory frameworks to begin a thorough investigation of the complex ethical landscape surrounding pharmaceutical marketing. The background section shows how pharmaceutical marketing methods have evolved by closely examining empirical evidence and ethical perspectives. It demonstrates how the significant move toward direct-to- consumer advertising (DTCA) has altered the healthcare industry's operations. To illustrate how intricate modern marketing strategies are, the article closely examines various techniques, including sponsorships, patient assistance programs, physician detailing, and promotional materials. The piece's primary focus is its in-depth analysis of ethics, founded on the fundamental ideas of beneficence, justice, non-maleficence, and respect for individual liberty. Pharmaceutical marketing has been scrutinized ethically for an extended period. Opponents argue that practices such as advertising and compensating doctors to promote specific treatments are considered to breach medical ethics. Advocates argue that the current methods are beneficial for education and can be ethically utilized with adequate regulation. This study examines the various perspectives in the ongoing debate. Critics argue that drug marketing results in an excessive number of prescriptions for unnecessary medications. False information about diseases is circulated to create the perception that common illnesses require pharmacological treatment. Studies indicate that exposure to marketing is associated with increased prescription rates and expenses, with no apparent health advantages for the general population. Gifts and incentives provided to doctors for marketing purposes are viewed as manipulative and compromising the impartial examination of facts. Detailers advocate for expedited utilization of new medications before their efficacy and safety profiles are fully understood. Some argue that direct-to-consumer advertising prioritizes patients' desires over doctors' professional judgment. High marketing expenses, which are transferred to prescription pricing, create obstacles for individuals to get essential medications. Associates view marketing as a way to raise awareness for overlooked disorders and educate doctors about novel therapies. Advocates of marketing argue that false advertising is against the law and that physicians rely mostly on medical research when utilizing promotions. According to polls, numerous doctors believe that marketing does not influence them. Supporters also cite evidence indicating that patients are adhering more strictly to healthcare norms, and they argue that warnings provide patients with sufficient information to make informed judgments. Profits are used to fund future research projects that must be commercialized before the patent expires. Both parties utilize substantial evidence while also depending on assumptions regarding impacts. Critics argue that the objectives of marketing are inherently unethical in contrast to evidence-based prescribing. Advocates argue that with careful supervision, appropriate utilization is achievable, albeit adjustments may be necessary. There is limited research demonstrating the definitive effects of something as either harmful or beneficial. Choosing the correct strategy remains a challenging process that requires making compromises. Creating ethically good norms requires meticulous effort to prevent misconduct while also allowing for the dissemination of knowledge. This problem warrants a thorough examination from both an empirical and normative perspective.

Att ge information i skriven interaktion

To provide information in written interaction – responsiveness at the digital welfare state’s frontline Digitalisation has created opportunities for people to have contact with representatives of human service organisations through various text-based channels (e.g., online chat, social media, email). Despite the fact that such text-based interaction is common in social work practice today, there is remarkably little knowledge about how the interaction is structured in practice and what characteristics the different forms have. Such knowledge is central to designing appropriate contacts that respond to clients’ needs. This study uses conversation analysis to study two forms of digital text-based interaction between clients and representatives of the Swedish Social Insurance Agency (SSIA). The data consist of circa 900 exchanges via email and the SSIA’s official Facebook page for parents. Identified patterns are also compared with 300 recorded phone calls to the SSIA, to make visible how participants orient to the limitations and affordances that the textual arenas provide in practice and which functions they thereby fulfill with regard to client relations. The analysis focuses on how practitioners manage responsiveness in replies to client questions. We show how practitioners’ replies tend to deviate from conversational norms by not being designed in line with the design or content of the questions. For example, practitioners often provide information that is conditioned (e.g., “if …then …”) rather than yes/no answers (even when replying to yes/no questions). Through this, the analysis also demonstrates how practitioners realise policy and organisational goals in digital text-based interaction. The study contributes knowledge about how help and service is provided in digital text-based interaction and highlights the problem of generally held replies that are not adapted to the recipient, as the interaction risks not fulfilling the expected function for the clients. We also problematise how textual interaction on social media platforms poses risks for clients’ privacy from an ethical perspective.

Mapping the landscape of ethical considerations in explainable AI research

With its potential to contribute to the ethical governance of AI, eXplainable AI (XAI) research frequently asserts its relevance to ethical considerations. Yet, the substantiation of these claims with rigorous ethical analysis and reflection remains largely unexamined. This contribution endeavors to scrutinize the relationship between XAI and ethical considerations. By systematically reviewing research papers mentioning ethical terms in XAI frameworks and tools, we investigate the extent and depth of ethical discussions in scholarly research. We observe a limited and often superficial engagement with ethical theories, with a tendency to acknowledge the importance of ethics, yet treating it as a monolithic and not contextualized concept. Our findings suggest a pressing need for a more nuanced and comprehensive integration of ethics in XAI research and practice. To support this, we propose to critically reconsider transparency and explainability in regards to ethical considerations during XAI systems design while accounting for ethical complexity in practice. As future research directions, we point to the promotion of interdisciplinary collaborations and education, also for underrepresented ethical perspectives. Such ethical grounding can guide the design of ethically robust XAI systems, aligning technical advancements with ethical considerations.

The Moral Economies of Reflexive Migration Studies

Abstract Reflexive Migration Studies has emerged as a subfield of Migration Studies. Drawing on moral economy perspectives, we explore how the entanglement of, and tensions between, moral and economic rationalities shape the development of a field of knowledge production in which we ourselves partake. Clearly, Reflexive Migration Studies has not emerged in a vacuum but through socio-material practices and in a specific scientific context and community. Using the case of the Migration Studies landscape in Germany, we suggest that a moral economies perspective allows us to examine the production of knowledge infrastructures, scholarly identities, and research outputs that are key in creating a new academic field. By scrutinizing these infrastructures, identities, and outputs, we point to tensions between some of the morally charged claims and the material conditions and labour contexts of doing Reflexive Migration Studies. With our contribution, we want to raise questions regarding the direction that we, as scholars participating in the field, are taking. We see the risk that the critique brought forward in Reflexive Migration Studies falters in light of prevailing economies of scientific knowledge production and academic labour.

Emile Durkheim s moral perspective on reducing bullying and violence in schools: A phenomenological study

Emile Durkheim s moral perspective on reducing bullying and violence in schools: A phenomenological study

The Manhaj of Muhammadiyah Progressive Islam: Theological, Philosophical, and Ethical Perspectives

The Manhaj of Muhammadiyah Progressive Islam: Theological, Philosophical, and Ethical Perspectives

HARMONISASI PENGETAHUAN

This research aims to comprehend the roles of Islam and philosophy in the development of scientific knowledge. Islam and philosophy play significant roles in shaping worldviews, values, and epistemological approaches that underpin the development of scientific knowledge. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the relationships among religion, philosophy, and science. Data is collected through a literature review encompassing relevant primary and secondary sources related to the research topic. Data analysis involves the collection, classification, and interpretation of pertinent information. The findings indicate that Islam exerts a strong influence on the development of scientific knowledge through moral perspectives, ethics, and views on the universe. Islam often provides a value framework that shapes the motivation and goals of research, influencing ethical decisions in scientific practices. On the other hand, philosophy also plays a crucial role in the development of scientific knowledge through studies of epistemology, logic, and research methods. Philosophy provides a theoretical and conceptual foundation supporting understanding, reasoning, and critical reflection in scientific practice. The interconnectedness of Islam, philosophy, and science reflects a dialogue and interaction between religious beliefs, rational philosophy, and empirical understanding. The integration of these aspects allows for the holistic development of scientific knowledge, combining spiritual, intellectual, and empirical aspects in the understanding and explanation of natural phenomena.

Leveraging responsible artificial intelligence to enhance salespeople well-being and performance

ABSTRACT While artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have emerged as powerful tools for improving sales encounters and performance, the negative impacts of AI on frontline service employees are inevitable. However, research on responsible AI and its influence on frontline service employees’ well-being and performance from an ethical perspective is scarce. In this study, we draw on the ethics-of-care perspective to uncover the impact of responsible AI on frontline service employees’ well-being and sales outcomes. We designed two-stage data collection by surveying employees (N = 322) in the AI-related industry and used partial least squares structural equation modeling for data analysis. The results show that organizations’ ethics-of-care behaviors guided by responsible AI principles and values positively influence frontline service employees’ well-being, ultimately driving adaptive and customer-oriented selling activities and enhancing sales performance. This study contributes to the literature on responsible AI and frontline service employees’ well-being.

Ethical Checklists for Clinical Research Projects and Laboratory Medicine: two tools to evaluate compliance with bioethical principles in different settings.

To develop two ethical checklists to evaluate (i)management of ethical concerns in research projects and (ii) awareness of ethical conduct of healthcare laboratory professionals. Comprehensive discussion among the members of IFCC Task Force on Ethics based on pertinent literature. This Checklist for Clinical Research Projects should be useful to evaluate research proposals from an ethical perspective before submitting it to an IRB or its equivalent, thereby diminishing rejection rates and resulting in more time-effective projects. The checklist designed to evaluate the ethical conduct in laboratory medicine could be useful for self evaluation (internal audits) and for certification/accreditation processes performed by third parties. These checklists are simple but powerful tools useful to guide professionals to adhere to ethical principles in their practice, especially in developing countries where accredited ethics committees may be difficult to find.

Etiska och moraliska perspektiv på kontextuella särskildheter i rektorers arbete och ledarskap i strukturellt missgynnade områden

Ethical and moral perspectives on contextual particularities in principals’ work in structurally disadvantaged areas. Metropolitan Swedish cities experience consequences of segregation and challenges in providing equality in education as part of an equitable national welfare. Drawing attention to elementary schools in structurally disadvantaged areas, this study focuses ethical and moral perspectives on principals’ work and leadership in relation to contextual particularities. Findings are based on an empirical set of 15 semi-structured group conversations with 20 principals. In their day-to-day work and leadership principals balance a generalized norm of judicial and institutional requirements with contextual particularities emanating from structurally disadvantaging structures. Wider ethical intentions, characterized as social justice ambitions to level out inequalities and achieve emancipatory goals for every student, are at core when principals consider multiple perspectives in processes of handling contextual particularities. Resultingly, an ethical school leadership come through with principals as moral agents and subjects. However, also ethically mindful and morally experienced principals need supportive institutional accountability in line with local needs and adjusted to local particularities.

For, against, and beyond: healthcare professionals’ positions on Medical Assistance in Dying in Spain

BackgroundIn 2021, Spain became the first Southern European country to grant and provide the right to euthanasia and medically assisted suicide. According to the law, the State has the obligation to ensure its access through the health services, which means that healthcare professionals’ participation is crucial. Nevertheless, its implementation has been uneven. Our research focuses on understanding possible ethical conflicts that shape different positions towards the practice of Medical Assistance in Dying, on identifying which core ideas may be underlying them, and on suggesting possible reasons for this disparity. The knowledge acquired contributes to understanding its complexity, shedding light into ambivalent profiles and creating strategies to increase their participation.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory qualitative research study by means of semi-structured interviews (1 h) with 25 physicians and nurses from primary care (12), hospital care (7), and palliative care (6), 17 women and 8 men, recruited from Madrid, Catalonia, and Andalusia between March and May 2023. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded in Atlas.ti software by means of thematic and interpretative methods to develop a conceptual model.ResultsWe identified four approaches to MAiD: Full Support (FS), Conditioned Support (CS), Conditioned Rejection (CR), and Full Rejection (FR). Full Support and Full Rejection fitted the traditional for and against positions on MAiD. Nevertheless, there was a gray area in between represented by conditioned profiles, whose participation cannot be predicted beforehand. The profiles were differentiated considering their different interpretations of four core ideas: end-of-life care, religion, professional duty/deontology, and patient autonomy. These ideas can intersect, which means that participants' positions are multicausal and complex. Divergences between profiles can be explained by different sources of moral authority used in their moral reasoning and their individualistic or relational approach to autonomy.ConclusionsThere is ultimately no agreement but rather a coexistence of plural moral perspectives regarding MAiD among healthcare professionals. Comprehending which cases are especially difficult to evaluate or which aspects of the law are not easy to interpret will help in developing new strategies, clarifying the legal framework, or guiding moral reasoning and education with the aim of reducing unpredictable non-participations in MAID.

Functional Connectivity of Moral Cognition and Traits of Psychopathy in Youth: An Analysis of the Scientific Literature

The aim of the study is to analyze the scientific literature and evidence on the mechanisms of functional connectivity involved in moral cognition processes in youth with psychopathy traits. Scientometric methods of citation networks based on graph theory were used. Bibliometrix, Sci2 Tool, and Gephi were used for the analysis. It was found that the dorsal and ventral regions of the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, angular gyrus, anterior cingulate and temporal cortex evidence functional alterations in young people with psychopathic traits. It was also reported that graymatter concentration in the left posterior and right anterior cingulate are possible endophenotypes of psychopathic traits. The theoretical, empirical, and legal implications of a moral neural perspective of psychopathy andantisocial behavior are discussed. The results demonstrated that psychopathic traits, which occasionally lead to criminal and violent behaviors, have a neurobiological basis related to moral cognition processes. However, a neuronal moral model has theoretical and practical limitations, as well as legal implications for free will and moral agency capacity.

Persepsi Dosen Putri Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Syariah Hidayatullah Balikpapan Tentang Pelayanan E-Commerce Shopee Perspektif Etika Bisnis Islam

This research aims to understand the perception of lecturers regarding Shopee's E-commerce services from the perspective of Islamic business ethics. This type of research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques through interviews. The data collection method involves observation followed by distributing questionnaires. The subjects of this research are lecturers who use Shopee E-commerce. The results of the study show that generally, all lecturers feel that Shopee's E-commerce service is good. However, there are also some situations that cause dissatisfaction among the lecturers. Factors influencing the lecturers' perceptions include service quality, product quality, price, convenience, and emotional factors. From the perspective of Islamic business ethics, lecturers are generally not satisfied. The interviews revealed that Shopee still engages in actions that harm customers, such as ordered items not matching the displayed images, swapped packages, and lack of supervision by Shopee regarding seller honesty.

Is Moore’s Moral Objectivist Argument Sufficient Against Moral Relativism?

This study aims to expose certain weaknesses in Moore’s moral objectivist argument against moral relativism and subjectivism. It suggests that a moral objectivist argument has to explain moral diversity against moral relativism. Moral relativism is one of the most critical debates in metaethics, and it can be interpreted in two different ways: one as moral realism and the other as moral anti-realism. Moral realism, when reduced to moral objectivism, excludes moral relativism and subjectivism beyond moral realism. I will refer to this interpretation as narrowed moral realism. But moral realism can be extended in an inclusive way such as moral subjectivism and relativism. I will refer to this as extended moral realism. Due to the focus of the study, I will introduce both extended moral realism and narrowed moral realism in the introduction section. Then, I will address G. E. Moore's narrowed moral realism. I will criticize his arguments for their failure to explain the diversity of moral codes. Finally, I suggest that moral subjectivism and moral relativism can be appropriately addressed within extended moral realism. Contrary to Moore's claims, I contend that moral relativism and moral subjectivism would be claims within moral realism. I also evaluate the two main claims from a moral realist perspective. Moral subjectivism claims that moral reality is constructed by an individual’s mental state. Moral relativism argues that social codes of human conduct completely determine moral reality. In the first section of the study, I discussed moral relativism from a Moorean perspective, which asserts that there are self-evident and indefinable truths at the foundation of objective morality. The second section contends that if Moore is correct, however, it necessitates an explanation for why different cultures accept different moral codes. The third section argues the fact that Moore fails to provide any explanation for this. In the conclusion part, I claim that moral relativism and moral subjectivism can be viewed as moral realist theories based on the failure of Moore's arguments.

The Representation of the Anthropocene in Contemporary Chinese Science Fiction

Contemporary Chinese science fiction (SF) is preoccupied with the representation of the Anthropocene. Wu Ming-yi’s The Man with the Compound Eyes (2011) and Hui Hu’s The Azure Tragedy (2018) are stand-out examples. In light of the framework of ecocriticism, it is found that both writers challenge long-seated anthropocentric thinking and practices in their catastrophic narration of human-induced plastic pollution in the marine environment, increased extinction of species by human overharvesting, and the human-induced general destruction of nature. Both connect natural disasters to human causes and reflect on human supremacy. The futuristic imaginations enabled by the SF genre effectively unfold the slow violence humanity commits and remains oblivious to. However, the criticism offered by the two authors is compromised to some extent. Hui Hu is optimistic about the new technology in dealing with anthropogenic eco-problems, while this technological triumph appears to sidestep the possibility of finding a more sustainable and once-and-for-all solution. Wu Ming-yi implies a new ethical perspective that rejects human centrality and reestablishes the human-nature relationship. On the other hand, he overlooks intra-human inequality in causing and forcing people to experience the eco-catastrophes. This article contributes to a new understanding of contemporary Chinese Anthropocene SF from an ecocritical perspective.

Digital Marketing sebagai Strategi Peningkatan Omzet Penjualan dalam Perspektif Etika Bisnis Islam

Business development is so rapid. This encourages business people to be smart in attracting consumers to increase their sales. One way is to implement a marketing strategy through social media. This research aims to determine digital marketing strategies for increasing sales turnover at Helny Shop Majalengka, and to determine the perspective of Islamic Business Ethics regarding the use of digital marketing to increase sales turnover at Helny Shop Majalengka.This research is field research with qualitative descriptive methods, data sources from primary data and secondary data, and data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and document methods. From this research it was found that, firstly, digital marketing was carried out by Helny Shop Majalengka to increase sales turnover, namely reducing business promotion costs with a high level of efficiency, being able to provide information about the products offered, having an attractive appearance on social media, playing a role in communicating between business owners and consumer. secondly, from the perspective of Islamic Business Ethics at Helny Shop Majalengka, namely prioritizing four things that are key success factors in business management by the characteristics exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad. Namely Siddiq, Amanah, Fathanah, Tabligh. The results of this research are that the digital marketing carried out by Helny Shop Majalengka is considered effective by utilizing various features on social media such as Facebook. However, the owner of Helny Shop Majalengka must understand more about digital marketing and must understand the features of the Instagram application to further increase sales turnover. From the perspective of Islamic business ethics, Helny Shop Majalengka has implemented the Prophet's business principles, namely, Siddiq, Amanah, Fathanah, Tabligh.

Development of sleepiness in professional truck drivers: Real-road testing for driver drowsiness and attention warning (DDAW) system evaluation.

All new vehicle types within the European Union must now be equipped with a driver drowsiness and attention warning system starting from 2022. The specific requirements for the test procedure necessary for type approval are defined in the Annex of EU Regulation C/2021/2639. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate how sleepiness develops in professional truck drivers under real-road driving conditions; and (ii) assess the feasibility of a test procedure for validating driver drowsiness and attention warning systems according to the EU regulation. Twenty-four professional truck drivers participated in the test. They drove for 180 km on a dual-lane motorway, first during daytime after a normal night's sleep and then at nighttime after being awake since early morning. The results showed higher sleepiness levels during nighttime driving compared with daytime, with a faster increase in sleepiness with distance driven, especially during the night. Psychomotor vigilance task results corroborated these findings. From a driver drowsiness and attention warning testing perspective, the study design with sleep-deprived drivers at night was successful in inducing the targeted sleepiness level of a Karolinska Sleepiness Scale score of ≥ 8. Many drivers who reported a Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ≥ 8 during the drives also acknowledged feeling sleepy in the post-drive questionnaire. Reaching high levels of sleepiness on real roads during daytime is more problematic, not the least from legal and ethical perspectives as higher traffic densities during the daytime lead to increased risks.