Personnel Expenditure Research Articles

Consideraaii asupra actelor normative care reglementeazz stimularea financiarr a personalului care gestioneazz fonduri comunitare (Considerations Regarding Legislative Acts Concerning Financial Stimulation for the Personnel Managing the Communitary Funds)

Romanian Abstract: Reglementarea nationala romanesca privind stimularea financiara a personalului care gestioneaza fonduri comunitare a stabilit un sistem de salarizare motivant, prin acordarea unei majorari, intre 50% si 100%, a salariilor de baza prevazute de lege, corespunzatoare funcţiilor in care este incadrat personalul de specialitate care lucreaza cu fonduri europene. Din analiza actelor normative abordate rezulta ca au fost incalcate unele dintre principiile care guverneaza regimul constituţional al ordonanţelor si hotarârilor Guvernului, in general, dar si al ordonanţelor de urgenţa, in mod special. In acest fel, atât ordonanţa de urgenţa, cât si hotarârile analizate sunt un exemplu de incalcare, pe de o parte, a modului in care regimul constituţional al ordonanţelor si hotarârilor Guvernului, iar pe de alta parte, a exigenţelor care trebuie respectate in elaborarea actelor normative, aspecte asupra carora ne propunem sa ne oprim in viitor, referindu-ne si la alte acte normative care prezinta carenţe asemanatoare. English Abstract: An attractive wage policy for the civil servants that are working with Community funds ensures a quick and effective project implementation, thus avoiding important losses in non-returnable funds, stability in personnel fluctuation, limiting possible acts of corruption, professionalizing this category of civil servants and, implicitly, the development and modernization of the administration. Law no. 490/2004 was modified with the aim of downsizing the budgetary constraint by reducing the granting of additional increments for the current year or by reviewing the structures that benefit from wage increases by setting clear conditions for granting, so as to ensure an increase in the degree of their implication. Moreover, the identified measures to reduce personnel expenditures in the budgetary sector have targeted the review and the stability of the ministries and institutions who’s activities include communitary financial management assistance, the number and structure of the positions, the criteria of employment of staff on specific functions and the percentage to be given to staff in view of their results in accordance with the job description. Also, it was suggested that the personnel evaluation to be made at least once a year, after which the percentage of wage increase can be modified according to individual activity.

Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation, indication, clinical experience and patient opinion

In the United States Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation (IPV) is a well-established treatment to support airway clearance in patients with severe airway obstruction from tenacious sputum. It is used in patients with bronchiectasis as well as in COPD or neuromuscular disease. Despite the known benefits IPV is rarely applied in Germany because of the high technical and personnel expenditure. On the basis of ten cases we present the indications, the clinical effects and the patients experience. These preliminary results support the addition of IPV to the standard therapy of bronchiectasis as a very effective method to increase the quality of life of our patients.

Impact of R&D subsidies on enterprise performance in the Czech Republic

The attention and support that R&D receives from economists and politicians reflects its importance as a key element of competitiveness and growth in advanced economies. But the real effect of policy upon public support depends on the technological level and structure of the economy and on the ability of beneficiaries to use the support effectively. We should also ask whether the current measurement of R&D outcomes and their subsequent assessment actually reflects real-world situations. The paper presents results of a research focused on the effectiveness of R&D subsidies on the performance of private enterprises in the Czech Republic. We deliberately focus on financial data and compare beneficiaries with unsuccessful applicants using techniques of counterfactual analysis. Although supported actors exhibit higher values of certain variables like assets, personnel expenditures or value added, these cannot be claimed to be the result of R&D support. These findings suggest the very limited effectiveness of R&D support to private actors in the Czech Republic, at least in the short run.

ANALISIS BELANJA MODAL DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHINYA PADA PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN/KOTA DI INDONESIA

Infrastructure development is one of important aspects in achieving high economic growth of all regions in Indonesia. On the other hand, portion of capital expenditure in the budget of Local Government spending a very important component for the realization of capital expenditure undertaken local governments will have a multiplier effect to drive the regional economy. Therefore, the higher the ratio of capital spending in the budget structure, is expected to be the better its impact on economic growth. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of Local Independence (Local Own Source Revenue/PAD), General Purpose Grant DAU, Specific Purpose Grant (DAK), Shared Fund (DBH), Personnel Expenditures, and Surplus of Budget Financing (Silpa) in allocating of capital expenditures. Population of this research is the local goverment in Indonesia with year study period from 2011 to 2013. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis to examine the effect between variables. The result of this study shows that empirical evidence that Specific Purpose Grant and Surplus of Budget Financing has positive effects to capital expenditure. While the Local Own Source Revenue General Purpose Grant, Shared Fund, and personnel expenditures also holds negative effects to capital expendicture.

Opportunistic politicians and fiscal outcomes: the curious case of Vorarlberg

Using a unique set of electoral rules present in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, we explore the question ofwhether direct election of the mayor affects the size of local governments. Using difference-in-differences estimation and propensity score matching, we find evidence that direct elections of the mayor are associated with less expenditure on public administration and public personnel and higher expenditure in the visible categories of spending, i.e., transportation infrastructure and economic subsidies to firms and individuals.

Risk factors for hospitalisation and associated costs among patients with hepatitis A associated with imported pomegranate arils, United States, 2013

ObjectivesTo assess hospitalisation risk factors and economic effects associated with a multistate hepatitis A outbreak in 2013. Study designRetrospective case series. MethodsEligible outbreak-related cases confirmed by September 1, 2013, were defined as acute hepatitis symptoms and positive IgM anti-hepatitis A during March 15–August 12 among patients who consumed the food vehicle or had the outbreak genotype. We reviewed medical records, comparing demographic and clinical characteristics among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients; we used logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with hospitalization. We interviewed patients regarding symptom duration and healthcare usage and estimated per-patient and total costs. Health departments reported outbreak-related personnel hours. ResultsMedical records were reviewed for 147/159 (92%) eligible patients; median age was 48 (range: 1–84) years, and 64 (44%) patients were hospitalized. Having any chronic medical condition was independently associated with hospitalisation (odds ratio, 3.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.68–8.62). Interviews were completed for 114 (72%) eligible patients; estimated per-patient cost of healthcare and productivity loss was $13,467 for hospitalized and $2138 for non-hospitalized patients and $1,304,648 for all 165 outbreak-related cases. State and local public health personnel expenditures included 82 h and $3221/outbreak-related case. ConclusionsHospitalisations in this outbreak were associated with chronic medical conditions and resulted in substantial healthcare usage and lost productivity. These data can be used to inform future evaluation of expansion of hepatitis A vaccination recommendations to include adults with chronic medical conditions.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR PENENTU PENGALOKASIANBELANJA MODAL DI INDONESIA: STUDI ANALISIS META

This research try to investigate the determinants of capital expenditures in Indonesia with nine years data frompublished articles and still a working paper in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to investigate therelationship between local original income (PAD), general allocation funds (DAU), special allocation funds(DAK), shared funds (DBH), Economic Growth, SiLPA, Regional Financial Independence, Effectiveness ofLocal Finance, Financial Dependence, Degree of BUMD Contributions, degree of decentralization, personnelexpenditures and wide of region to capital expenditure allocation. This research applies meta-analysistechnique developed by Huntel et al. (1982) of 55 articles were collected from 2007 until 2015 obtained 35articles that met the criteria as samples for purpose of cumulating and integrating a cross studies. This researchshows that special allocation funds (DAK), SiLPA, Regional Financial Independence, Effectiveness of LocalFinance, Financial Dependence and personnel expenditures are the factors which significantly influence thecapital expenditures. Meanwhile, local original income (PAD), general allocation funds (DAU), shared funds(DBH), Economic Growth, Efficiency Regional Finance, Degrees of BUMD Contributions, Degree ofDecentralization and Regional Area are found to be not significantly influence the capital expenditures. Thus,there are six factors that found to be the determinant of capital expenditures.

Effects of healthcare reform on health resource allocation and service utilization in 1110 Chinese county hospitals: data from 2006 to 2012.

The central government of China launched a large-scale, expensive health reform in April 2009 because of the serious health-related problems in the country. This reform aims to re-establish a universal healthcare system, which is expected to provide affordable basic healthcare. Independent two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and chi-squared test were conducted to analyze the effect of the health reform on health resource allocation and service utilization in Chinese county hospitals. First, we described the hospitals' financial performance in terms of funding sources, balances and fiscal compensations (for personnel expenditure). Second, we discussed the total number of health personnel as well as the structure (number of medical personnel per thousand population and ratio of doctors and nurses) and quality of the health personnel. Lastly, we investigated the county hospitals' health resource utilization, bed occupancy and average medical expense per visit. Then, we probed different reasons and provided multiple approaches to existing problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Effect of Unemployment on Personnel Expenditures Among NATO and EU Member States

Scholarship on the relationships between key macroeconomic variables and defense investment is divided on both the appropriate level of aggregation for such analysis, and the direction of causality between macroeconomic variables and defense investment. Both NATO and the EU, through the European Defence Agency (EDA) have established formal or informal targets for categories of defense expenditures, indicating the policy importance of disaggregation. I argue that states respond to increasing unemployment not necessarily by changing what they spend on defense, but by allocating more existing defense resources to personnel, which has a direct effect on employment, rather than equipment or other expenditures, which would have only an indirect effect, if any at all. I find evidence in support of this argument by using shocks in the residential real estate markets of the states in question as an instrument for unemployment. I find that when states experience increases in unemployment, they move resources toward personnel and away from other categories of defense expenditures, namely equipment, operations, and infrastructure. Aggregated defense spending data hides the possible use of military expenditures as an economic

Tax effort and oil royalties in the Brazilian municipalities

Abstract This paper estimates a stochastic production frontier, to investigate whether municipalities covered by oil royalties in the last decade have reduced their tax effort in Brazil. The issue is relevant to the prospect of a substantial increase in these revenues and the new rules for distribution of the funds, established by Law No. 12.734/2012. The inputs were provided by personnel and capital expenditures, whereas the product was defined as the municipal tax collection. With the purpose of overcoming the endogeneity problems due to reverse causality of output on inputs, we used the lagged independent variable as instruments in the inefficiency equation. The data set is composed of a panel of Brazilian municipalities from 2002 to 2011. The results indicate that oil revenues have a negative impact on the estimated efficiencies, signaling reduced fiscal effort by the benefiting municipalities.

Analisis Kebutuhan dan Kapasitas Fiskal serta Hubungannya dengan Belanja Pegawai di Kabupaten Tebo

The ability of fiscal capacity that does not support the fiscal needs allows the fiscal gap . General Allocation Grand which comes from the central government aims to address the fiscal gap . Based on the explanation Regulation No. 55 of 2005 on the balance funds , General Allocation Grand (DAU) aimed at inter- regional equalization capabilities through the application of a formula that takes into account the needs of personnel expenditure , fiscal needs and potential of the region . This study was conducted to determine the effect of Construction Cost Index , Relative Poverty Index and Human Development Index for Fiscal Needs . This study uses multiple regression analysis 2001-2011 . And to determine the relationship of DBH and Local Revenue Fiscal Capacity in Tebo regency, as well as to determine the relationship between Fiscal Capacity, Fiscal Needs and personnel expenditures performed by Pearson correlation test . The survey results revealed that the Construction Cost Index and relative poverty index negatively affect on Fiscal Needs . Human Development Index positive effect on Fiscal Needs in Tebo. Pearson correlation of test results are known DBH positively and significantly associated with a P value or Sig 0,000 and Locally Generated Revenue positive and significant with a P value Fiscal Capacity sig 0.033 or less than 0.05 . Fiscal Needs and Fiscal Capacity positively associated with personnel expenditures and significant with a P value or Sig 0.000 or less than 0.05.

BELANJA PUBLIK (EXPENDITURE ASSIGNMENT) ANTARA MASALAH DAN EFEKTIVITAS ANGGARAN BELANJA

This paper discusses the problems of public budgets, particularly in government spending. The discussion will be more emphasized on aspects of government and discussed about the issue of the effectiveness of public spending, especially in the case studies of Magetan district. This paper used qualitative descriptive method. The collection of data obtained through secondary data and analysis document. Data were analyzed with interactive model, through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion.Discussion of the results shows that overall government spending and areas in Indonesia can not be said to be healthy and in accordance with the needs of the community. Their dominance of indirect expenditure in the form of personnel expenditure sector remains deeply embedded in the budget. Both on the expenditure and the shopping area, both have similarities in personnel expenditure dominance were very swollen. Besides government spending and shopping area cannot provide the impact poverty reduction and improvement of people's welfare.Keywords: Public Expenditure, Government Budgets, APBD, APBN.

What does delirium cost? An economic evaluation of hyperactive delirium.

BackgroundDemographic changes have resulted in an increase in the number of older (> 75 years) multimorbid patients in clinics. In addition to the primary acute diagnoses that lead to hospitalization, this group of patients often has cognitive dysfunctions, such as delirium. According to clinical experience, delirium patients are more time-consuming for clinicians and their function is often poor. The costs caused by delirium patients are currently unknown. In the present study, a retrospective examination of a database was carried out to calculate the costs that arise during the clinical treatment of documented delirium patients.Setting and methodsThe purpose of this retrospective analysis was to collect information recorded by nursing personnel trained in the treatment of delirium and information from a manual documentation matrix for additional time expenditure. In the database analysis anonymous data of previously discharged patients for a time window of 3 months were analyzed. Documented additional expenditure for patients with hyperactive delirium at hospitalization were analyzed by personnel. Material costs, the duration of hospitalization by main diagnosis and age clusters during hospitalization until discharge were also examined. The analysis was performed in a hospital with internal wards.ResultsData for 82 hyperactive delirium patients were examined and an average of approximately 240 min of additional personnel expenditure for these patients was found. These patients were approximately 10 years older (p < 0.01) and were hospitalized for an average of 4.2 days longer (p < 0.01) than non-delirium patients. Hyperactive delirium usually developed within the first 5 days of hospitalization and lasted 1.6 days on average. Patients for whom hyperactive delirium was detected early were hospitalized for significantly less time than those for whom it was detected late (6.85 versus 13.61 days, p = 0.002). Additionally, calculated personnel and material costs, including costs affecting the hospitalization period, amounted to approximately 1200 € per hyperactive delirium patient. This corresponds to approximately 0.3 CMP (casemix points) per patient.ConclusionThe calculations of personnel and material costs and duration of hospitalization in patients with hyperactive delirium demonstrated significant additional costs. Early routine detection of delirium can be achieved through training and this approach leads to a shortening of the hospitalization period and lower costs.

4. KONSISTENSI VISI KEPALA DAERAH DENGAN APBD DALAM PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN RAKYAT DI JAWA TENGAH

Regional head vision is the ideals to be achieved in five years in the form of the local medium term development plan (RPJMD). The vision must be able to be implemented in the local revenue and expenditure budget (APBD) either in the programs or activities with the support of sufficient funding. This research aims to understand the consistency of the vision and the budget through qualitative method. The results showed that the vision has been consistent with APBD. However, the consistency was not followed by appropriate budget allocations. The height budget allocation for personnel expenditures and bureaucratic routines become one of the causes.

POLITICAL BUSINESS CYCLES IN THE TURKISH ECONOMY: 1977-2001

This study is about political business cycles (PBC) and investigates the Turkish case in the 1977-2001 period. The PBC literature has been developed in the last four-five decades and links economics and politics in several ways. In the first part of the study, developments in the literature are mentioned and the link between New Classical Economics and New Political Economics is introduced. In the second part, Turkish case is analyzed in details to determine whether there have been PBC during the above mentioned period. The results show that there have been political cycles in some macroeconomic variables which are currency issued, broad money (M1), public sector credits and agricultural credits extended by Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT), and tax revenues. CBRT has not allowed PBC especially on the targeted variables (CBRT balance sheet size, net domestic assets and monetary base), after 1989. Due to the high legal ceilings of CBRT credits to the public sector, CBRT was not able to limit those credits, especially before 1991 general elections. There had been similar PBC on agricultural credits which had been extended in the 1977-1991 period by CBRT. In addition to the regression analysis, comparative tables and figures for personnel expenditures of State Economic Enterprises (SEEs), agricultural credits which had been extended by Agricultural Bank of the Republic of Turkey (ABRT) in the 1964-1998 period and agricultural prices which had been declared by governments in the 1986-1999 period are provided in the paper. The study provides some evidence to PBC literature and determines which policy instruments could have been used to produce PBC in the Turkish economy. And it is also important to learn which policies can be manipulated in order to prevent the PBC in the future.

Respon Pemerintah Daerah Atas Kebijakan Moratorium CPNS Terhadap Penataan Kelembagaan (Studi Kasus di Pemerintah Kabupaten Bantul 2011- 2014)

The problem in bureaucracy like bigness and inefficiency with huge organizational structure by large number of employees caused high expenditures. Moratorium on civil service recruitment policy that aims to suppress the growth percentage of employees as well as pressing the personnel expenditure. Local Government Response for moratorium on civil service recruitment policy, in this study was measured by parameters, 1). personnel expenditure budget; 2) Estimated Receipts civil servants;and 3) Workload. A high percentage of personnel expenditure is influenced by the number of civil servants, the number of certified teachers. To suppress the percentage by responses with completly moratorium 1) The aspect of personnel arrangements. The existence of the moratorium, push Bantul Municipality to optimize existing human resources. Implementation through the map position, and workload analysis, and 2) the aspect of institutional arrangements .Bantul Municipality Response in this aspect by preparation of a grand design in the form of streamlining the organizational structure. B) based on the finding, the specific result showed the model of institutional arrangement is implemented the business process models. This model emphasizes the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational processes. This model have the organizational structure with the same organizational structure in any organization. the difference is in the core output.

Do Defense Expenditures Increase External Debts?

Defense expenditures which are always on the agenda for countries follow a fluctuating trend in time. Dizzying advances in technology have leads to the emergence of high value added inventions in the field of defense. While the countries producing technology-based vehicles (combat helicopters and aircrafts, tanks, heavy weapons etc.) are succeed in this field, those, dependent on military products, having to make defense expenditures because of some reasons of their own such as terrorism and geopolitical position, may face with economic difficulties, such as the budget deficit and external debt. Defense expenditures in the countries, which are on conflict with each other because of its geopolitical position and internal threats and have to maintain a certain defense force, reach to higher levels naturally. In this study, the relationship between defense expenditures and external debts in selected countries in the period of 1990-2011 has been analysed by using dynamic panel data methods and Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) causality test. Analysis results generally indicate that as increasing in defense expenditures and number of military personnel increased the external debt; whereas, as increasing in GDP decreased the external debt. Causality test has revealed that there is an one-way causality from defense expenditures and GDP to external debt, from external debt to number of military personnel and two way causality between defense expenditures and number of military personnel, GDP and defense expenditures.

The Continent or the Grand Large? The Relationship between Foreign Policy Orientation and Transatlantic Burden Sharing

Policy discussions on transatlantic security frequently focus on the topic of burden sharing, highlighting the imbalance between U.S. and European military expenditures. Alliance scholarship in the fields of international security and political economy offers plausible explanations for this imbalance, based on the perspectives of balance of threat, institutional adaptation, security communities, and collective action. We argue that the more states articulate their national security strategy in Atlanticist terms, the more likely they are to allocate resources to military operations. We find evidence for this argument by using a content analysis of 95 national security strategy documents of NATO allies, and assessing the correlation between Atlanticist language in states’ strategy documents and those states’ allocation of financial resources to military operations, as opposed to personnel, infrastructure, or equipment expenditures.

Státy V4 a dopad úsporných škrtů na jejich obranné výdaje a ozbrojené síly

This article analyses the impacts of the austerity cuts on the defence spending and armed forces of the V4 countries. This is achieved through combination of three analytical approaches - firstly by looking at defence expenditure in constant $ from SIPRI data, secondly by comparing the respective structures of these defence budgets from the NATO data, and thirdly by analysing how these developments and economic realities translated into the level of the respective national armies and if/how were the political ambitions for foreign deployments for these armies modified, if/how was the force structure reformed, if/which capabilities were slashed and if/which modernisation plans were postponed. This research design yielded several results even though the utility of the V4 analytical framework proved to be, thanks to vast discrepancies between the sample countries, limited. The conditions of small states armies did not allow the V4 countries to make significant cuts in the number of military personnel as bigger countries in Europe were able to execute in order to protect their equipment expenditures that are vital for modernisation. Consequently, the V4 countries were left with soaring personnel expenditures and gradually diminishing funds for investments. Curiously, Slovakia proved to be the only country where the decline in defence expenditure can be at least partially tied to austerity cuts and the economic crisis.

Utilisation and costs of nursing agencies in the South African public health sector, 2005–2010

Background Globally, insufficient information exists on the costs of nursing agencies, which are temporary employment service providers that supply nurses to health establishments and/or private individuals. Objective The aim of the study was to determine the utilisation and direct costs of nursing agencies in the South African public health sector. Design A survey of all nine provincial health departments was conducted to determine utilisation and management of nursing agencies. The costs of nursing agencies were assumed to be equivalent to expenditure. Provincial health expenditure was obtained for five financial years (2005/6–2009/10) from the national Basic Accounting System database, and analysed using Microsoft Excel. Each of the 166,466 expenditure line items was coded. The total personnel and nursing agency expenditure was calculated for each financial year and for each province. Nursing agency expenditure as a percentage of the total personnel expenditure was then calculated. The nursing agency expenditure for South Africa is the total of all provincial expenditure. The 2009/10 annual government salary scales for different categories of nurses were used to calculate the number of permanent nurses who could have been employed in lieu of agency expenditure. All expenditure is expressed in South African rands (R; US$1 ∼ R7, 2010 prices). Results Only five provinces reported utilisation of nursing agencies, but all provinces showed agency expenditure. In the 2009/10 financial year, R1.49 billion (US$212.64 million) was spent on nursing agencies in the public health sector. In the same year, agency expenditure ranged from a low of R36.45 million (US$5.20 million) in Mpumalanga Province (mixed urban-rural) to a high of R356.43 million (US$50.92 million) in the Eastern Cape Province (mixed urban-rural). Agency expenditure as a percentage of personnel expenditure ranged from 0.96% in KwaZulu-Natal Province (mixed urban-rural) to 11.96% in the Northern Cape Province (rural). In that financial year, a total of 5369 registered nurses could have been employed in lieu of nursing agency expenditure. Conclusions The study findings should inform workforce planning in South Africa. There is a need for uniform policies and improved management of commercial nursing agencies in the public health sector.