Personality Maturation Research Articles

The Long-Term Effects of Avoidant and Anxious Attachment Styles in Infancy on Personality Development and Future Relationships

The intricate tapestry of human relational dynamics, embedded within the foundational attachment styles established during infancy, remains a focal point in developmental psychology. The legacy of John Bowlby's attachment theory, coupled with Mary Ainsworth's seminal classifications, has posited potential lifelong ramifications of early attachment styles, particularly avoidant and anxious ones, on personality maturation and subsequent interpersonal relationships. This paper endeavors to unravel the enduring influences of these early attachment styles, spotlighting their trajectory from infancy to adulthood and their pervasive impacts on the psyche and relational dynamics. In sum, the exploration of avoidant and anxious attachment styles rooted in infancy provides a window into the enduring influence these early experiences have on one's developmental journey, from personality formation to the intricacies of future relationships. It is through understanding and addressing these foundational attachment dynamics that can aspire to cultivate a society characterized by healthier relational bonds and psychological well-being.

Using within-person change in three large panel studies to estimate personality age trajectories.

How does personality change when people get older? Numerous studies have investigated this question, overall supporting the idea of so-called personality maturation. However, heterogeneous findings have left open questions, such as whether maturation continues in old age and how large the effects are. We suggest that the heterogeneity is partly rooted in methodological issues. First, studies may have failed to recover age effects as they did not stringently separate within-person changes from confounding between-person differences. Second, items supposedly belonging to the same trait may show different individual trajectories, thus rendering results sensitive to the specific set of items used. We analyzed panel data from Australia (N = 15,268; Study 1), Germany (N = 22,833; Study 2), and the Netherlands (N = 10,163; Study 3) to investigate age trends in the Big Five on the levels of both scores and items. We applied a fixed effects approach that incorporates only within-person changes over time. Developmental trends in the Big Five scores were generally moderate to large and broadly confirmed personality maturation at younger ages. At older ages, maturation consistently continued for Neuroticism, whereas we found mixed evidence for such changes in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. Furthermore, in each study, individual items showed age trends that diverged from the rest of the corresponding trait, and these differential patterns could be partly replicated across the three studies. Our results highlight the importance of items in the study of personality development and provide an explanation for previously unaccounted for variability in age trends. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

상담자의 핵심감정에 따른 역전이 경험에 관한 자문화기술지

Objectives In this study, through educational analysis and supervision, the nuclear feelings formed in the counselor's infancy were explored in depth and In accordance with these nuclear feelings, we examined how countertransference is reproduced in counseling relationships.
 Methods To this end, a research method called autoethnography, which is a field of self-study, was applied. Data were collected and analyzed in cooperation with co-researchers, focusing on the data recorded on the researcher's individual experiences, such as the researcher's reflection journal, memory recall data, supervision report, educational analysis verbatim, and supervision verbatim. In order to secure the reliability and validity of this study, catalytic validity, which resonates with readers and promotes dialogue, was utilized. And it was reviewed professionally by one psychotherapist and supervisor, and two doctors with rich experience in self-cultural knowledge research.
 Results The results of this study are as follows. First, depending on fear, which is the nuclear feelings of the counselor, the counselor may experience anxiety and struggle or hesitating countertransference. Second, since countertransference according to nuclear feelings is the counselor's unconscious emotional response, educational analysis occupied an important point until the counselor's nuclear feelings and countertransference were realized. Third, the process of recognizing countertransference according to nuclear feelings can be seen as a process of moving from counselor-centered to client-centered.
 Conclusions Counselor’s unresolved nuclear feelings are reproduced as countertransference and interfere with the formation of rapport with clients, so counselors need constant education analysis and supervision for professional growth as well as personality maturation.

Im Anfang war der Traum

This contribution looks at dream work from the perspective of Jungian analytic psychology. Drawing on experience of the archetypal dimension, dream understanding leads to individuation through a process of spiritual transformation and personality maturation.

HEXACO Personality Dimensions Do Not Predict Individual Differences in Adolescent Trust Behavior

Adolescence is an important developmental period for both trust behavior and personality maturation, and individual differences in trust decisions may be related to different personality traits. In the current study, a group of adolescents (n = 483, Mage = 13.5, SDage = 0.4) played two counterbalanced conditions of a multi-round trust game. In one condition, the partner displayed trustworthy behavior (the trustworthy condition), while the partner in the other condition played untrustworthy behavior (the untrustworthy condition). Three types of trust behavior were examined: initial trust behavior, the adaptation of trust behavior (trustworthy condition), and the adaptation of trust behavior (untrustworthy condition). Personality was measured using the Brief HEXACO Inventory. We expected the HEXACO personality dimensions of honesty–humility and agreeableness to be positively associated with initial trust behavior, but conscientiousness to be negatively related to initial trust behavior. The examination of the relationship between these dimensions and the adaptation of trust behavior were conducted on an exploratory basis. The investigation of the relationship between the remaining dimensions (emotionality, extraversion, and openness to experience) and the three types of trust behavior were also carried out on an exploratory basis. For each type of trust behavior, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was undertaken to examine whether the HEXACO personality dimensions were related to trust behavior. Using frequentist analyses, no evidence was found that supported the HEXACO dimensions as significant predictors of the three types of trust behavior. Moreover, additional Bayesian analyses showed evidence that the hypothesized HEXACO dimensions (honesty–humility, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) did not outperform the non-hypothesized HEXACO dimensions (emotionality, extraversion, and openness to experience). The association between personality traits and trust might be less pronounced during adolescence as personality maturates across an individual’s lifespan. Additionally, due to a heightened sensitivity to the environment, contextual cues may affect adolescent decision-making processes, leaving less room for personality-driven behaviors.

Personality maturation through sense of mastery? Longitudinal evidence from two education-to-work transition studies.

Why personality changes in young adulthood remains a critical theoretical and empirical question. We studied personality change during the education-to-work transition, including mean-level personality change and its specific timing, the degree of individual variability in change, and the link between sense of mastery and personality change. We used two intensive longitudinal studies. Study 1 included 5 waves of data across 2 years during the university-to-work transition (N=309; mean-aged 25). Study 2 included 3 waves of data across 8months during an internship-heavy teacher education program (N=317; mean-aged 22). We measured personality traits and work-related mastery with questionnaires and personality states and general mastery with the experience sampling method. First, we found no evidence for mean-level personality maturation but decreases in trait Conscientiousness. Second, young adults differed significantly in personality trait and state change. Third, young adults with higher levels of work-related sense of mastery showed more positive changes in trait Conscientiousness. Decreases in general sense of mastery predicted later decreases in state Emotional Stability and vice versa. Change in general sense of mastery correlated with personality state change. Sense of mastery seems to be part of a dynamic short-term process underlying personality change in young adulthood.

Atypical autism: Cure of the major autistic features and the need for cognitive improvement and rehabilitation

Background: We have previously reported our extensive experiences with autism disorders and their treatments, and we showed the possibility of curing the major autistic features with a new therapeutic approach which included individualized courses of intramuscular cerebrolysin as the main therapy for the main autistic features. Our previously published experiences included demonstrating the cure of autism in two brothers with autosomal recessive disorder. We emphasized that cure of autism in older children has never been expected to totally normalize them, as the patients have already lost several years of learning, social adaptation, and maturation of personality and behavior. In addition, patients with atypical autism associated with some degree of mental retardation need further interventions to improve their cognitive abilities. Patients and methods: Our previously published experiences included demonstrating the cure of autism in two brothers with autosomal recessive disorder. We emphasized that cure of autism in older children has never been expected to totally normalize them, as the patients have already lost several years of learning, social adaptation, and maturation of personality and behavior. In addition, patients with atypical autism associated with some degree of mental retardation need further interventions to improve their cognitive abilities. This paper reports further treatments received the older of two brothers with autosomal recessive autism who were reported to achieve cure of the major autistic features. Results: After eighth months of treatment, the boy experienced significant improvements in cognitive functions, as he was understanding and responding to simple commands well. Conclusion: Cure of autism has been achieved in two boys with autosomal recessive disorder. However, cure of autism in older children has never been expected to totally normalizes them, as the patients have already lost several years of learning, social adaptation, and maturation of personality and behavior.

Refining the maturity principle of personality development by examining facets, close others, and comaturation.

Across adulthood, people tend to experience psychologically adaptive personality trait change, a robust finding known as the maturity principle of personality development. We identify three open areas of inquiry regarding personality maturation and address them in a preregistered study, using a sample of U.S. adults ages 30-70 who completed a battery of personality questionnaires and were rated by two close others twice over an 11- to 16-year period (Nwave1 = 1,785, Nwave2 = 401). First, it is unclear whether the maturity principle applies to narrower facet-level traits, as there has been little research into facet development across adulthood. We examined 47 facet scales and found that most developed adaptively across ages 30-70, but some did not mature, and three healthy facets (activity, openness to feelings, and social potency) declined significantly across adulthood, counter to the maturity principle. Second, no longitudinal research has tested whether personality maturation is perceived similarly by close others. We compared self- and other-rated development and found that close others perceived greater maturation than the self in Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and five facets. Finally, few studies have examined whether traits comature in adulthood. We found that correlated change between healthy facets was small in magnitude. Additionally, we found tighter comaturation in other-reported development than self-reported development. We use these results and past research to expand and refine our understanding of personality maturation across adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Autosomal Recessive Autism: Cure of the Major Autistic Features

Background: We have previously reported our extensive experiences with autism disorders and their treatments, and we showed the possibility of curing the major autistic features with a new therapeutic approach which included individualized courses of intramuscular cerebrolysin as the main therapy for the main autistic features. Our previously published experiences included observing the occurrence of atypical autism associated with evidence of mental retardation in four brothers from outside Baghdad, each two of them from two unrelated families. The four patients were treated based on our extensive published experiences with the pharmacological treatments of autism disorders; however, the follow-up and the outcome of treatments of these four children were not described in the previous publications. The aim of this paper is to report the cure of the major autistic features in 2 brothers with autosomal recessive autism. Patients and methods: It was possible to follow the first two brothers for only few weeks and to see them after the first course of treatment, however, the second brothers were followed for more than one year, and it was possible to achieve cure of the main autistic features. Results: After one short course, the first two brothers showed slight but noticeable improvement. The younger brother showed some reduction in autistic features as he developed rather an acceptable eye contact. However, the two brothers were still not responding to name and didn’t say any word. After, treatment, the second two brothers showed no autistic features, and experienced significant improvements in speech and cognitive functions. The older brother was not having autistic features after eighth months, and was obeying commands, but was still saying only few words. The younger brother joined primary school and was doing well apart from some behavioral problems especially running away from school and sometimes breaks things. Conclusion: In this paper, cure of autism has been achieved in two boys with autosomal recessive disorder. However, cure of autism in older children has never been expected to totally normalizes them, as the patients have already lost several years of learning, social adaptation, and maturation of personality and behavior.

Internet-Related Disorders and Their Effects on Personality Development in Adolescents from Germany-Results from a Prospective Study.

Internet-related disorders (IRD) are increasingly becoming a major health issue. IRD are defined as the predominant use of online content, related to a loss of control and continued use despite negative consequences. Despite findings from cross-sectional studies, the causality of pathways accelerating the development of IRD are unclear. While etiological models emphasize the role of personality as risk factor, mutual influences between IRD and personality have not been examined. A prospective study with two assessments was conducted with n = 941 adolescents (mean age of 13.1 years; 10–17 years). Our aim was to validate etiological assumptions and to examine the effects of IRD-symptoms on the maturation of personality. IRD were measured with the Scale of the Assessment of Internet and Computer game Addiction (AICA-S). Personality traits were assessed using the Brief Five Factor Inventory (BFI). Conscientiousness and neuroticism were predictive for IRD symptoms one year later, and were likewise prone to changes depending on incidence or remission of IRD. Conscientiousness and openness moderated the course of IRD symptoms. Our findings point to complex trait–pathology associations. Personality influences the risk of development and maintenance of IRD symptoms and pre-existing IRD-symptoms affect the development of personality. Adaptations to etiological models are discussed and perspectives for novel intervention strategies are suggested.

Some considerations on sosial intelligence

This article outlines various views on the role and importance of social intelligence in personality maturation. This analyzed a number of scientists’ scientific views on social intelligence. It is argued that social intelligence determines the productivity of behavior forecasting in interpersonal interaction and socio-psychological adaptation.

DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH IDENTITY AND I-CONCEPT

The article is devoted to the psychological phenomenon of identity and self-concept, the peculiarities of their formation and development in early youth. An attempt was made to compare different interpretations of the concept of identity, the main aspects and types of identity were considered. Various approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to the problem of identity formation are analysed. A psychological analysis of scientific approaches to the problem of the formation and development of identity during the period of personality maturation was carried out. The main mechanisms of the formation of self-identity in the process of ontogenetic development of the personality are highlighted. The results of the study of social roles and individual characteristics (family, interpersonal, individual-age, educational-professional, personal-civic, personal-individual) are presented, the ratio of types of personal identity and the level of awareness and acceptance of them are determined. It is shown that identity is an integral component of a person's personal development, the result of self-awareness and self-determination of one's "I". The result of these processes is a dynamic system of a person's ideas about himself, evaluations of his actions, thoughts, feelings, morality and interests, ideals and motives of behaviour, a holistic assessment of himself as a person, his place in life, a sense of the personal value of everything that is included in the sphere "I". The study of the psychological foundations of this concept is important for self-development, self-actualization of the individual, which contributes to the formation of a mature, and later professional identity of the individual.

Personality maturation and personality relaxation: Differences of the Big Five personality traits in the years around the beginning and ending of working life.

At work, people are confronted with clear behavioral expectations. In line with the Social Investment Principle, the beginning and ending of working life might thus promote changes in personality traits that are relevant at work (e.g., Conscientiousness). Based on the data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), we examined nuanced differences of the Big Five personality traits in the years around the beginning and ending of working life. Whether participants had started working or retired in the past year was assessed yearly. The Big Five personality traits were assessed in four waves between 2005 and 2017. In people who started working, multilevel analyses revealed that Conscientiousness was higher in the first year of working life versus all other years. Extraversion was higher in and after the first year of working life versus before, and Agreeableness increased gradually in the three years after people had started working. In people who retired, Conscientiousness was lower in and after the first year of retirement versus before. No other traits differed around the start of retirement. Our findings suggest that the start of working life might promote personality maturation and that retirement might promote personality "relaxation."

Age and gender differences in personality traits from early childhood through adolescence.

Most research on personality development has employed self-report questionnaires and concerned individuals older than 10years. This is the first study to examine mean-level age differences in personality traits from early childhood to late adolescence in the non-Western cultural context. Personality was measured in two community samples of parent reports of 2-18-year-old children (N=4,330) and self-reports of 10-19-year-old adolescents (N=4,663) from Russia by the Inventory of Child Individual Differences-Short version (ICID-S) at the three levels of the hierarchy, the two higher order traits, the Big Five, and lower order traits. Across childhood, the Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism traits increased, and the Extraversion and Openness traits decreased. In adolescence, parent-reported Conscientiousness traits increased and Neuroticism traits decreased, whereas youth-rated Alpha and Agreeableness decreased in middle adolescence. There were small gender differences in trait levels and age trends. Parents and youths did not agree on gender differences in age trends for Neuroticism and Extraversion. The findings support personality maturation from early childhood to late adolescence, with the exception of increasing Neuroticism across childhood, and provide some evidence for the disruption in personality maturation in adolescence. Parents and adolescents may have different perspectives on personality development.

Adolescent Big Five personality and pubertal development: Pubertal hormone concentrations and self-reported pubertal status.

In early adolescence, levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness have been found to temporarily decrease, with levels of neuroticism increasing, indicating a dip in personality maturation. It is unknown whether these changes are related to the process of puberty, a major developmental milestone with numerous changes for children. Here, we first replicated the dip in personality maturity in early adolescence (N = 2640, age range 8-18, 51% girls, 65% non-Hispanic white, 21% Hispanic/Latino, 10% African American, 9% other, roughly 33% of families received means-tested public assistance) and tested associations between the Big Five personality dimensions and pubertal development and timing across late childhood and adolescence (n = 1793). Pubertal development was measured using both hormonal assays (DHEA, testosterone, and progesterone) and self-reports of secondary sex characteristics. Of hormonal measures, only higher DHEA concentrations were associated with lower conscientiousness and openness. Nonparametric moderation analyses using LOSEM indicated Complex Age × Sex interactions involving all three hormones. Self-reported pubertal development was associated with lower extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness. More advanced pubertal timing was also related to lower levels of extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. All associations were small. As some evidence was found for small associations between pubertal development and lower levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness, a dip in personality maturation in these personality traits may be partly due to pubertal development in early adolescence. Overall, results did not indicate that pubertal development was the primary explanation of the maturity dip in adolescent personality. Many small influences likely accumulate to explain the dip in personality maturity in early adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Elementy Hermeneutyki podmiotu Michela Foucaulta w powojennej korespondencji Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza z Jerzym Lisowskim

The article analyses the phenomena occurring in epistolary, namely the exchange of letters. The newly published correspondence of Jerzy Lisowski with Anna and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, during a very specific period, when, just after the war, the imposed socialist-realist regime was taking shape, will serve as an example. However, the practices connected with disciplining public order in Poland are not the subject of the article, but people with completely different aesthetic desires. Politics in this correspondence gives way to the plan of, for example, fascination with Romance studies and the achievements of Western culture, which not only united the authors of the epistolary dialogue, but also significantly shaped it for the rest of their lives. This is particularly important if one looks at the professions of both participants in the correspondence. The author of the article takes as a paradigm elements of Michel Foucault’s claims from the collection of lectures entitled Hermeneutics of the Subject from the College de France from the turn of 1981/1982. The correspondence is analysed in terms of claims related to the practices of the self, the exchange of letters between friends in the age of antiquity, and parrhesia. References to fragments of an elementary work on epistolography, namely Theory of a Letter [Teoria listu] by Stefania Skwarczyńska, are also an important element. One of the inspirations for writing the article was also New Theory of a Letter [Nowa teoria listu] by Anita Całek, who also proposes to look at the correspondence through the prism of the theorems of Foucault and Skwarczyńska. The aim of the article was to present not only the essential features of a letter in the context of the formation of interpersonal relations, but also the maturation of personality and to understand to what extent letters may become a testimony of rich autobiographical narratives.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ВИЯВЛЕННЯ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТІ У ПІДЛІТКОВО-ЮНАЦЬКОМУ ВІЦІ

The article is devoted to the problem of tolerance as a philosophy of humane relations in the modern unstable socio-cultural world. The culture of tolerance is positioned as a culture of the ХХІ century. The author presents the results of the semantic and interpretive analysis of the concept of «tolerance», defines its psycholinguistic markers. The article reveals the essence of the concept of «tolerance», emphasizes the functional significance of tolerance in the development of personality. Considerable attention is paid by the author to communicative tolerance as the basic mechanism of regulation and humanization of interpersonal communication, and especially in the process of personality maturation. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the tendencies of communicative tolerance of adolescents and young men using the method of V.V. Boyko; the diagnostic resource of this method allows to study the tolerant and intolerant attitudes of the personality. It is proved that the complex development of the communicative tolerance of the personality of adolescents and young men is possible only in the system of professional psychological and pedagogical support of the subject- and sociogenesis in a tolerantly oriented educational space.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ВИЯВЛЕННЯ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТІ У ПІДЛІТКОВО-ЮНАЦЬКОМУ ВІЦІ

The article is devoted to the problem of tolerance as a philosophy of humane relations in the modern unstable socio-cultural world. The culture of tolerance is positioned as a culture of the ХХІ century. The author presents the results of the semantic and interpretive analysis of the concept of «tolerance», defines its psycholinguistic markers. The article reveals the essence of the concept of «tolerance», emphasizes the functional significance of tolerance in the development of personality. Considerable attention is paid by the author to communicative tolerance as the basic mechanism of regulation and humanization of interpersonal communication, and especially in the process of personality maturation. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the tendencies of communicative tolerance of adolescents and young men using the method of V.V. Boyko; the diagnostic resource of this method allows to study the tolerant and intolerant attitudes of the personality. It is proved that the complex development of the communicative tolerance of the personality of adolescents and young men is possible only in the system of professional psychological and pedagogical support of the subject- and sociogenesis in a tolerantly oriented educational space.

Testing the social investment principle around childbirth: little evidence for personality maturation before and after becoming a parent

In line with the social investment principle, becoming a parent should lead to more mature behaviour and an increase in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability. However, previous research provided mixed results that do not support this idea. Here, we used data from a nationally representative household panel study from Germany ( N = 19875) to examine whether becoming a parent relates to personality maturation. Whether a child was born was assessed yearly, and the Big Five personality traits were measured in four waves from 2005 to 2017. We used multilevel analyses to investigate whether personality differs between individuals who will or will not become parents, whether personality differs before and after becoming a parent, and whether these effects vary by gender, age, and living status. In sum, our findings revealed that less open and more extraverted individuals were more likely to start a family, and openness and extraversion both decreased after the transition to parenthood. Some other effects varied by gender, age, and living status. Taken together, our findings suggest that the Big Five personality traits differ before and across the transition to parenthood and that these differences especially apply to openness and extraversion.

Features of upbringing the determination of senior pupils in the process of physical education

The article reveals the features of the upbringing of the determination of senior pupils in the process of physical education. Therefore, we carried out a theoretical analysis of the studied category and found that decisiveness is a volitional quality of a person, a conscious desire, which consists in the urgency of realizing a set goal and ways to achieve it. The age characteristics of senior pupils in the process of physical education are analyzed and it is found that this age period is sensitive in terms of upbringing of determination. We also found that modern students in grades 10-11 lack interest in physical culture classes, which leads to defective physical and personal development, and the like. It is emphasized that the effectiveness of the educational process depends on the use in institutions of general secondary education of a set of pedagogical conditions, content, types and methods (interactive) tested in practice, which are aimed at fostering the determination of high school students and other important personal qualities.
 The article considers that determination is one of the strong-willed qualities that are quite actively developed in the process of physical education and has an invaluable impact on high school, as it covers not only his physical sphere, but also spiritual and emotional. It is worth noting that in the process of physical culture during the study of exercises improves the physical abilities of the student and develops his moral and volitional qualities.
 It is established that senior school age is the most important period of development in a student's life. During this period, the morphological maturation of the organism ends and there are important changes in his personality, psychological and social maturation.