Personality Factors Neuroticism Research Articles

Personality, Trust and Attachment among Young Adults

Young adulthood is a stage of life characterized by significant personal growth and professional development. Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behaviour and thought, personality dimensions are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience. Trust is the state involving confident positive expectations about another's motives regarding oneself in situations of risk. Attachment is the deep emotional connection between two people, the dimensions of attachment are close, depend and anxiety. The objectives of the study were to examine the connection between personality, trust and attachment among young adults. 200 young adults of age 18-25 made up the sample, which included both males and females. Short version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI‐10), Trust in Close Relationships Scale and Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) were the instruments employed. The data was examined using the Spearman's correlation test. According to the study, there is no significant correlation between personality dimensions and trust in romantic relationship. And there exists a positive correlation between personality factor extroversion and attachment subscale close and there exist a negative correlation between personality factor neuroticism and attachment subscale close. And there exist a positive correlation between personality factors extroversion and agreeableness with attachment subscale depend, also there exist a negative correlation between personality factor neuroticism and attachment subscale depend. And also there exist a positive correlation between the personality factor depend and trust.

Structural Equation Modeling Modeling of the Tendency Toward Marital Infidelity Based on Significant Five Personality Factors Mediated by Attachment Styles and Sexual Satisfaction

Background: The evaluation of the tendency to marital infidelity is essential based on the influential personality factor mediated by attachment styles and sexual satisfaction. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the structural relationships of the tendency to commit marital infidelity based on the orientation of dialogue and listening and conformity with the mediation of attachment styles and sexual satisfaction. Methods: This study was conducted on all men and women referred to counseling centers in Mashhad, among whom 220 people were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection tools included the tendency towards extramarital relationships, the Big 5-factor questionnaire, the Hazen and Shaver adult attachment style questionnaire, and the Hudson-Harris and Crosscup sexual satisfaction questionnaire. Results: The five personality factors of neuroticism, extroversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness could predict the tendency to marital infidelity both directly and through three secure and avoidant attachment styles. Conclusions: Based on the results, personality factors influenced extramarital relationships directly and indirectly, which can be used in premarital therapy to educate couples.

Anxiously attached: Personality predictors of privacy attitudes, trust, and willingness to share information on the internet

Privacy concerns surrounding Internet and technology use are higher now than ever, yet, people continue to use the Internet and Internet-connected technologies to share information without coercion and often with recipients they do not have a relationship with. Our research addresses how people’s personality, particularly two personality dimensions (anxiety and avoidance) together known as attachment style, affects their self-reported willingness to share and their actual sharing behavior. We conducted two studies on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (N=984). Study 1 surveyed 500 participants (193 women, 304 men, 3 transgender) aged 20-79 (Mdn = 35, SD = 11.65); and Study 2 surveyed 484 participants (223 women, 260 men, 1 transgender) aged 19-78 (Mdn = 35; SD = 11.69). Multiple regression analyses controlling for demographics and the personality factors neuroticism and extraversion show that anxiously attached individuals are more concerned (ßs = .24 and .33) than less anxiously attached individuals about their private data being disclosed, yet paradoxically, they report more trust in the security of digital communications (ßs = .21 and .34), making them more likely to share personal information on the Internet (ßs = .26 and .22). This research bears theoretical implications (e.g., understanding the psychology of sharing behavior), as well as practical ones (e.g., for tailoring existing privacy and sharing controls to individuals based on their personality characteristics).

Relationship between Neuroticism, Spiritual Well-Being, and Subjective Well-Being in Korean University Students

Previous studies on mental health and quality of life have revealed that religiosity/spirituality was positively associated with indicators of well-being and personality factors. However, limited research has examined the relationship between spiritual well-being, the subfactors of the personality factor Neuroticism (i.e., anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability), and subjective well-being in a non-Western sample. The present findings revealed that the five subfactors of neuroticism did not have an equally negative or positive effect on spiritual and subjective well-being among Korean undergraduate University students. Regarding its subdimensions, vulnerability was strongly associated with spiritual well-being, while depression was closely linked to subjective well-being. Moreover, we found that spiritual well-being exerted significant effects on subjective well-being above personality factors. The significance of the findings and directions for further research have been discussed.

Does medical school cause depression or do medical students already begin their studies depressed? A longitudinal study over the first semester about depression and influencing factors.

In the past, medical students have been found to be at increased risk for depressive symptoms compared to the general population. This study addresses the question, whether medical students already show these elevated depression scores at the beginning of medical school or whether it is the studies of medicine that leads to symptoms of depression. In the winter semester 2018/2019, 148 medical students at a middle-sized German university answered a questionnaire during the first (T0) and last week (T1) of their first semester that examined various risk and resilience factors for initial depressive symptoms and their course. The severity of symptoms was assessed with the Beck´s Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). A subscale of the NEO-FFI was used to investigate the personality factor neuroticism. Over the study period, the percentage of students suffering from at least mild depressive symptoms increased from 16.3% in the first week of their studies (T0) to 21.4% at the end of the first semester (T1). The use of drugs or medication, loneliness, mental overload, performance pressure and financial burden show the strongest influence on the development of depressive symptoms. Concerning surveyed resilience factors, in particular emotional support, physical workout and sufficient time for social contact appear to be protective. The more risk factors are concentrated on an individual, the higher its increase of depressive symptoms. The opposite is prevailing for the investigated resilience factors. Except for the use of drugs or medication, no other criterion than the BDI-II value at T0 was able to predict the BDI-II score at T1. This underlines that especially the interplay of factors is decisive. The findings of this study could indicate a worsening tendency of the BDI-II score in the further course of medical school. Ultimately, we emphasize the importance of offering preventive measures to medical students as early as possible.

발달장애인 부모의 성격 5요인이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향 : 자기조절효능감을 매개로

Objectives: This study examined the relations among 5 personality factors, self-regulatory efficacy and subjective well-being in parents with developmental disabilities. This study also examined the mediating effect of self-regulatory efficacy on the relationship between 5 personality factors and subjective well-being in parents with developmental disabilities. Methods: The research subjects consisted of 114 parents with developmental disabilities. They completed questionnaires 5 personality factors, self-regulatory efficacy and subjective well-being by parents. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 program. Results: The results of this study showed that 5 personality factors–neuroticism and extroversion–had a direct effect on subjective well-being in parents with developmental disabilities. Second, 5 personality factors-extroversion- had an indirect effect on the subjective well-being through self-regulatory efficacy in parents with developmental disabilities. Conclusions: These findings have implications for future research and practice by highlighting the importance of self-regulatory efficacy in subjective well-being in parents with developmental disabilities.

Personality Traits and Obesity.

Objective: Previous studies investigating the association between body weight and personality traits have found mixed results. This paper uses a large data set and two different study designs (cross-sectional and longitudinal) to provide more consistent estimates of the effect of personality traits on obesity. Methods: The present study is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) from the waves 2005 to 2013; GSOEP is a longitudinal survey of private households in Germany that has been carried out since 1984. Responses provided data about personality, measured using the BFI-S Questionnaire, data for self-rated body mass index BMI (to determine the obesity level), as well as information for potential confounders. Cross-sectional and longitudinal logistic regression models were used. Results: The cross-sectional study yielded statistically significant results for the association between the outcome variable and four personality factors neuroticism, extraversion, openness and agreeableness. After controlling for several potential confounders, the association between obesity and extraversion, openness as well as agreeableness remained; additionally, the personality factor consciousness reached statistical significance. In the longitudinal study, a statistically significant association was found only for two personality factors, namely extraversion and agreeableness. After adding the control variables, the FE-regression yielded an association only for agreeableness (negative). Gender differences were not significant. Discussion: The findings show that results of a cross-sectional study design differ from the outcome of the longitudinal study design. The latter stresses the association between excess weight and the personality factor agreeableness, contrasting with most outcomes of previous research.

A Multicentre Study of Burnout Prevalence and Related Psychological Variables in Medical Area Hospital Nurses.

Background: Nursing burnout is an important problem that affects nurses’ wellness, the quality of care and the health institutions. Study aims were to estimate levels of burnout; to determine the phase of burnout experienced by nurses in the medical area; to analyse the relationship between burnout and personality and psychological factors. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, multicentre study. Hospitals from eight cities were included. The study sample was n = 301 nurses, working in the medical area of hospitals in the Andalusian Health Service during the second semester of 2017. Sociodemographic, occupational and personality variables were studied using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory together with the Educational-Clinical Questionnaire: Anxiety and Depression, and burnout was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: Almost 40% of the nurses presented high levels of burnout. The three burnouts (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment) presented statistically significant correlations with the personality factors of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness, and also with the scores recorded for anxiety and depression. Multiple linear regression models showed agreeableness and depression to be statistically significant predictors of all dimensions of the syndrome. Conclusion: Hospital nurses working in the medical area in Andalusia experience high levels of burnout.

Medical Student Personality Factors and Test Anxiety

Test anxiety limits the performance of some medical students, and whether baseline personality factors affect students’ test anxiety and exam performance is not known. We performed a repeated measures study of test anxiety among 20 second-year medical students, comparing results with historical controls, baseline personality assessment, and examination scores. We measured test anxiety using the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and personality using the Big Five Inventory (BFI). These instruments were highly reliable in our sample, and moderate correlations were seen among personality factors and test anxiety. Test anxiety scores were similar to a historical cohort of medical students, and the personality factor Neuroticism was highly correlated with the Worry component of test anxiety. There was a significant negative correlation between test anxiety and scores on standardized examinations. Our study was limited by a small sample yet provides evidence to support the use of the BFI and TAI in modern medical students. This study also suggests that test anxiety affects student performance on written examinations.

Symptoms of depression and anxiety in cancer outpatients: predictive variables

Objectives: The objectives of the present study are to investigate the association among symptoms of depression and anxiety, sociodemographic variables and personality factors and also verify the predictive power of these variables in cancer outpatients. Method: The sample was composed by 220 individuals, 138 (62.7%) women and 82 (37.3%) men. The instruments used were: Questionnaire on sociodemographic and clinical data; NEO-FFI Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-FFI-R) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The t test and the Spearman correlation were used to verify the relation between sociodemographic and clinic variables and symptoms of anxiety and depression. A Multiple Linear Regression analysis was made to verify the predictive power of sociodemographic and clinic variables and personality factors. Results: The personality factor neuroticism was predictor of anxiety symptoms. The variable previous psychiatric history and the personality factors neuroticism and extraversion were predictors of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Depression and anxiety symptoms are associated with some sociodemographic variables and personality factors, and these variables can be deemed risk factors for the development of these symptoms. It is important that health professionals who follow-up this population design strategies to collect this information, in order to help patients manage treatment the best way possible.

Entrepreneurial Personality in Predicting Self-Regulation on Small and Medium Business Entrepreneurs in Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia

Objective - The present study was conducted to describe the psychological state of the entrepreneur in the utilization of resource potential and business development, and to identify the personality factors that most influence self-regulation in SMEs entrepreneurs. Methodology/Technique - This study was performed using a measurement scale in order to test the response of the personality factors and self-regulation of entrepreneurs of SMEs in Pekanbaru, Riau. The sample included 152 entrepreneurs of SMEs. Regression analysis was been applied to test the influence of the personality factors contributing towards self-regulation. In addition, descriptive response analysis is used to describe the response shown by the participants regarding the variables measured. Findings – The analysis shows that personality factors (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness) have a significant effect on self-regulation in entrepreneurs in Pekanbaru City. The results also show that the personality factor neuroticism does not have a significant effect on self-regulation in entrepreneurs of SMEs in Pekanbaru, Riau. Novelty - SMEs in Indonesia hold the potential for increasing economic growth. Despite this, the Central Bureau of Statistics has recorded a decrease in the number of new SMEs from 2011 to 2014. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Personality; Self-Regulation; Small and Medium Business Entrepreneurs. JEL Classification: L20, L26; L29.

Relationship between Big Five Personality Factors Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness, Loyalty and Marital Adjustment

The present research aimed to study the correlation between big five personality factors; Neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, openness, loyalty and marital adjustment. The population is composed of all married employed teachers of the department of education in Nourabad, within the academic year 2014 - 2015. The sample size includes 154 married teachers (77 couples) who were chosen through simple random sampling. The instrumentation contains NEO-FF-I questionnaire, and twosome compatibility questionnaire (DAS). The data has been respectively collected through these two questionnaires which were related to five factors of personality and marital adjustment. The results of correlation coefficient show that among these five personality factors, Neuroticism has a meaningful and negative correlation with marital adjustment (P<0/001) and, extraversion, agreeableness (P<0/001), loyalty (P<0/005) have a positive and meaningful correlation with marital adjustment. It is noted that there is no correlation between Openness and marital adjustment. Also, the obtained results of regression analysis reveal that among these five factors, Neuroticism and agreeableness are the strongest indicators of marital adjustment respectively which have the power of prediction to a significant level. Undoubtedly, personal features and factors are very essential in marital adjustment so that it must be considered by counselors before marriage. Evaluation of personality features in couples by counselors can play as a key role in selecting the proper spouse and prevent the marital incompatibility and unsatisfactory.

The 2D:4D-Ratio and Neuroticism Revisited: Empirical Evidence from Germany and China.

The 2D:4D-Ratio, as an indirect measure of the fetal testosterone to estradiol ratio, is potentially very important for understanding and explaining different personality traits. It was the aim of the present study to replicate the findings from Fink et al. (2004) about the relation between individual differences in 2D:4D-Ratios and the Five Factor Model in different cultural groups. Therefore a sample of n = 78 Chinese and n = 370 German participants was recruited. Every participant provided hand scans of both hands, from which 2D:4D-Ratios were computed. Moreover, all participants filled in the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Significant sex differences were found for ratios of both hands in the expected direction, with females showing higher ratios than males. With respect to links between personality and the digit ratio, a positive association was observed between 2D:4D-Ratio and Neuroticism in females, as shown in the earlier study. These findings were observed in both female subsamples from China and Germany, as well as in the full sample of participants. But in contrast to the results for the whole and the German female sample, where 2D:4D-Ratio of both hands were related to Neuroticism, in the Chinese female sample only left hand 2D:4D-Ratio was significantly and positively related to Neuroticism. There were no significant correlations found in any of the male samples. Thus, prenatal exposure to sex steroids appears to influence the personality factor Neuroticism in females specifically. This finding potentially has implications for mental health, as Neuroticism has been shown to be a risk factor for various forms of psychopathology.

Personality and Worry: The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty

We examined the relationship between personality and worry, and tested a mediation model in which intolerance of uncertainty (IU) mediated this relationship. Participants comprised 1,135 Chinese college undergraduates who completed the Chinese versions of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, and the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Short Scale for Chinese. Results showed that neuroticism, extraversion, and IU were significantly correlated with worry. The paths between personality (neuroticism and extraversion) and worry, and the paths mediated by IU, were significant. Participants' IU mediated the relationship between personality factors of neuroticism and extraversion, and worry. The results indicated that IU can be considered as a partial mediator of the relationship between personality and worry.

Life events, anxiety, social support, personality, and alexithymia in female patients with chronic pain: A path analysis.

IntroductionThis study sought to identify a model that explains the relationship between psychosocial factors and chronic pain in female patients, and to explore all of these constructs in a single study and provide a more holistic examination of the overall psychosocial factors that female patients with chronic pain encounter.MethodsFemale patients with chronic pain (n = 147), aged 20–65 (M = 34.9 years, SD = 11.25), from an outpatient pain clinic completed a cross‐sectional self‐report questionnaire on anxiety, life events, personality, social support, and alexithymia. Data were analyzed by means of path analysis.ResultsThe direct effect of anxiety on female patients with chronic pain was greatest among all the paths. Personality and alexithymia led to chronic pain in female patients only indirectly, mediated by life events. The personality factors of neuroticism and extraversion were associated positively with social support, which had an indirect effect on the influence of life events on chronic pain. However, alexithymia was associated negatively with social support, which had an indirect effect on the influence of life events on chronic pain.DiscussionOur findings provide evidence that life events are a mediator in the relationship between personality, social support, alexithymia, and chronic pain in female patients.

Neuroticism and extraversion as mediators between positive/negative life events and resilience

Positive and negative life events have been demonstrated to play an important role regarding the development of resilience. However, it is less clear how life events interact with personality factors in forming individual resilience. Thus, the present study investigates the mediating effects of the two main complementary personality dimensions extraversion and neuroticism on the relationship between life events and resilience in adulthood. Traumatic Antecedent Questionnaire (TAQ), NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were administered to 201 healthy subjects. Results from path analyses (AMOS) revealed that the personality factors neuroticism and extraversion (measured by NEO-FFI) fully mediated the association between positive life events and resilience. This is the first study to date using psychometric assessment to explore the possible pathways from positive/negative life experiences to resilience.

Personality and Serum Lipids: Does Lifestyle Account for Their Concurrent and Long–Term Relationships

This study evaluates concurrent and over time associations of personality with measures of three serum lipids associated coronary heart disease morbidity, namely, high–density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL–C), low–density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride (TRI). Participants were individuals who underwent a health examination at two points of time, T1 (N = 3835) and T2 (N = 2283), about 2.5 years apart. Personality was assessed by the Five–Factor Model. Health, socioeconomic status and healthy lifestyle behaviours (smoking intensity, physical activity and body weight) were controlled. Regression analyses indicate that the personality factors of neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness are each significantly associated with HDL–C and TRI, both concurrently and over time. However, most of these associations decreased to marginal significance when adjusted for body weight or physical activity as possible mediators. Both concurrent and over time associations of the openness personality trait with HDL–C and TRI were significant and persisted after adjustment for measures of a healthy lifestyle. This study emphasizes the importance of collecting measures of a healthy lifestyle to better understand how personality might influence serum lipids. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology

Young adults’ reactions to infant crying

An infant's optimal development is determined to a great extent by the adequate and sensitive responses of the caregiver. The adequacy and sensitivity of a reaction to an infant in distress (i.e. crying) will partly depend on the causal attributions of the crying and on the individual's sympathy for the infant. Being female, prior caring experiences, and multiparity have shown to be linked to more sympathetic, tolerant and less hostile emotional responses to crying. However, little is known about other factors explaining inexperienced future caregivers’ reactions to infant crying. The present paper's goal is to shed more light on the subject by looking at how personality factors, caregiving interest, sex, promptness of the reaction, and gender identity are related to emotional reactions and causal attributions to crying in a population of young adults without children.One hundred and ninety-one childless university students participated (126 females; ages 18–35 years). The participants completed questionnaires on personality, gender identity and caregiving interest, and listened to an audio sample of an infant crying, reporting their emotions and their causal attributions to the crying.The results showed that experiencing anger was associated with more child-blaming attributions to the crying, while quickness of response and feelings of sympathy predicted more child-oriented attributions. The latter was stronger in males. Explicit care interest decreased child-blaming causal attributions more for men than for the women. Interestingly, solely in the females’ personality factors neuroticism and conscientiousness played a role in child blaming attributions together with anger.These findings suggest that the motives that young adults attribute to a crying infant depend in males on the emotions triggered by the crying, responsiveness and care interest. While in females, emotions, responsiveness and personality affect the causal attribution to the crying. Future research is needed in order to determine whether these attributions are also linked to young adults’ actual behaviour towards a crying infant.

Secular changes in personality: study on 75‐year‐olds examined in 1976–1977 and 2005–2006

In order to study secular changes in personality factors neuroticism and extroversion, representative population samples of non-demented 75-year-olds underwent psychiatric examinations in 1976-1977 (total n = 223, 138 women, 85 men) and 2005-2006 (total n = 556, 322 women and 234 men). Eysenck Personality Inventory was used at both occasions. Demographic factors (educational level, marital status, having children) were registered. Seventy-five-year-olds examined in 2005-2006 had higher values on extroversion and lower values on the Lie scale compared with those examined in 1976-1977. Neuroticism did not differ between the two birth cohorts. Neuroticism scores were higher in women than in men both in 1976-1977 and 2005-2006, and Lie score was higher in women than in men in 2005-2006. Our findings suggest that present cohorts of 75-year-olds are more extroverted and less prone to respond in a socially desirable manner than those born three decades earlier. Neuroticism levels remained unchanged, suggesting this trait may be less influenced by environmental factors than the other traits studied.

Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Depressed Adults and Development of a Short Form

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in therapies that include the learning of mindfulness skills. The 39-item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) has been developed as a reliable and valid comprehensive instrument for assessing different aspects of mindfulness in community and student samples. In this study, the psychometric properties of the Dutch FFMQ were assessed in a sample of 376 adults with clinically relevant symptoms of depression and anxiety. Construct validity was examined with confirmatory factor analyses and by relating the FFMQ to measures of psychological symptoms, well-being, experiential avoidance, and the personality factors neuroticism and openness to experience. In addition, a 24-item short form of the FFMQ (FFMQ-SF) was developed and assessed in the same sample and cross-validated in an independent sample of patients with fibromyalgia. Confirmatory factor analyses showed acceptable model fit for a correlated five-factor structure of the FFMQ and good model fit for the structure of the FFMQ-SF. The replicability of the five-factor structure of the FFMQ-SF was confirmed in the fibromyalgia sample. Both instruments proved highly sensitive to change. It is concluded that both the FFMQ and the FFMQ-SF are reliable and valid instruments for use in adults with clinically relevant symptoms of depression and anxiety.