Personal Wireless Research Articles

Comparative Study on Spreading Codes

In this paper, we studied on spreading code for wireless communication, their performance analysis, applications and its implementation. Spread-spectrum systems have found important commercial applications in CDMA cellular networks and wireless personal communication networks. Implementation is complex, mainly because spreading the baseband (by a factor that can be several orders of magnitude) forces the electronics to act and react accordingly, which, in turn, makes the spreading and dispreading operation necessary. In spread spectrum the transmission signal bandwidth is much higher than the information bandwidth. The signal occupies a bandwidth much larger than what is necessary to send the information in spread spectrum technology. CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the baseband data before transmission data. The performance of a CDMA system gets controlled by two types of interference, namely ISI and MAI which are the function of auto and cross correlation values of the spreading codes respectively. The existing codes using Additive White Gaussian Noise channel under multi-user has been compared with the Bit Error Rate(BER) performance.

Swarm Intelligence Based Resource Management for Cooperative Cognitive Radio Network in Smart Hospitals

Intelligent and efficient wireless sensor devices (IEWSD) can greatly facilitate the working of paramedic staff in next generation health care facilities. The wireless network of IEWSDs is composed of tiny low power sensor devices (TLPSD), personal wireless hubs (PWH) and wireless receivers. High proliferation of these IEWSDs into new generation of health care centers has culminated numerous challenges. The major challenges include spectrum overloading, higher data rate requirements, achieving low power consumption and decreasing the computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a shared band cooperative cognitive radio network to tackle these challenges. To help the TLPSD, we use multiple PWHs to transmit sensed information to the sink node acting as the main controller. The use of multiple PWHs can add reliability, leverage the coverage and efficiency of the IEWSDs network in hospitals, nursing homes and health care facilities. We propose an efficient power allocation and PWH placement strategy to maximize the data rate under the cognitive radio interference constraint. The numerical results depict the efficacy of the proposed algorithm having low complexity.

Validation of Numerical Models of Portable Wireless Devices for Near-Field Simulation

The major contribution of the paper is a theoretical proof of the equivalence between two approaches of near-field validation techniques for the numerical models of personal wireless communication devices. The current validation practice is to compare measured and computed electromagnetic field or specific absorption rate distributions. A new validation technique introduced by the authors recently compared measured and computed antenna input-impedance changes while the near field is systematically perturbed by a dielectric control object. The proof of the equivalence is based on two novel formulas derived here: a reaction impedance-change formula, and an error formula that establishes a quantitative relationship between the errors of the impedance changes and the near-field values. The equivalence of the two validation techniques is verified experimentally too by comparing measurements and computations for a planar-inverted F antenna. By performing numerical experiments for two types of printed-circuit board antennas, it is also proved here the first time that the new validation technique is feasible even if the geometric and material properties of the control object are such that the Born approximation can be introduced in the impedance-change formula.

Simplified Assessment Method for Population RF Exposure Induced by a 4G Network

This paper presents a simplified method, based on surrogate modeling, to evaluate the day-to-day global population exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) induced by a fourth-generation (4G) network, from both uplink and downlink radio emissions in a typical urban city. The uncertainties of 4G-induced RF-EMF exposure of an entire population are characterized for the first time, taking into account the variability linked to urban propagation environment, information and communication technology usage, and EMF, respectively, from personal wireless devices and Evolved Node B (eNB), as well as uplink throughput. In addition, the study focuses on a sensitivity analysis in order to assess the influence of these parameters on RF-EMF exposure. Globally, results show that the 4G-induced RF-EMF exposure follows a generalized extreme value distribution with an average value of $1.19 \times 10^{-7}$ W/kg. Moreover, it is shown that, contrary to what has been observed in the third-generation (3G)-induced RF-EMF exposure, that is, the exposure is dominated by uplink radio emissions, results have highlighted the importance of received power density from eNB to the issue of 4G-induced RF-EMF exposure. In 4G, the uplink exposure from mobiles accounts for only 25% of global exposure, resulting from the high speed of uplink throughput.

A Secure Anonymity Preserving Authentication Scheme for Roaming Service in Global Mobility Networks

In real-life applications, ensuring secure transmission of data over public network channels to prevent malicious eavesdropping of the data is an important issue. Several potential security risks arise while protecting data and providing access control over the data. Due to the broadcast nature of the wireless channels, wireless networks are often vulnerable to various possible known attacks. Therefore, designing a secure and efficient authentication scheme in the global mobility network (GLOMONET) environment becomes a challenging task to the researchers. In recent years, several user authentication schemes for roaming services in GLOMONET have been proposed. However, most of them are either vulnerable to various known attacks or they are inefficient. Most recently, Zhao et al. proposed an anonymous authentication scheme for roaming service in GLOMONET (Zhao et al. in Wireless Personal Communications 78:247–269, 2014) and they claimed that their scheme can withstand all possible known attacks. In this paper, Zhao et al.’s scheme is revisited, and it is shown that their scheme fails to provide strong user anonymity when the session-specific temporary information are revealed to an adversary. Further, their scheme does not protect replay attack, offline password guessing attack and privileged-insider attack. In addition, there is no provision for revocation and re-registration mechanism in their scheme and also there exists design flaw in their schemeu. Moreover, another recently proposed Memon et al.’s scheme (Memon et al. in Wireless Personal Communications 84:1487–1508, 2015) fails to protect the privileged-insider attack. Thus, there is a great need to provide security enhancement of their schemes in order to apply in practical applications. The proposed scheme withstands the security weaknesses found in Zhao et al.’s scheme and Memon et al.’s scheme. Through the rigorous formal and informal security analysis, it is shown that the proposed scheme has the ability to tolerate various known attacks. In addition, the proposed scheme is simulated using the most-widely accepted and used Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool and the simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme is secure. The proposed scheme is also efficient in computation and communication as compared to Zhao et al.’s scheme and other related schemes.

Erratum to Two Articles in Wireless Personal Communications

Erratum to Two Articles in Wireless Personal Communications

Special Issue on Big Data Analytics and Network Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems Wireless Personal Communications

Special Issue on Big Data Analytics and Network Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems Wireless Personal Communications

User-Driven Network Selection during Vertical Handover in 4G Networks

The importance of network selection for wireless networks, is to facilitate users with various personal wireless devices to access their desired services via a range of available radio access networks. The inability of these networks to provide broadband data service applications to users poses a serious challenge in the wireless environment. Network Optimization has therefore become necessary, so as to accommodate the increasing number of users’ service application demands while maintaining the required quality of services. To achieve that, the need to incorporate intelligent and fast mechanism as a solution to select the best value network for the user arises. This paper provides an intelligent network selection strategy based on the user- and network-valued metrics to suit their preferences when communicating in multi-access environment. A user-driven network selection strategy that employs Multi-Access Service Selection Vertical Handover Decision Algorithm (MASS-VHDA) via three interfaces; Wi-Fi, WiMAX and LTE-A is proposed, numerically evaluated and simulated. The results from the performance analysis demonstrate some improvement in the QoS and network blocking probability to satisfy user application requests for multiple simultaneous services.

Call for Papers: Special Issue on Profit-Driven Analytics.

Call for Papers: Special Issue on Profit-Driven Analytics.

Самоорганизация в древовидных персональных беспроводных сетях при наличии нескольких шлюзов

Самоорганизация в древовидных персональных беспроводных сетях при наличии нескольких шлюзов

Adaptive Cross Layer Design for Mobility Using Media Independent Handover

The fading boundaries between wireless computer networks and mobile personal communication have lead to rapid growth in all fields of mobile communication which include deployment of communication system, advances in mobile techniques and services in heterogeneous network environment. Various layers of the protocol stack contribute in decision-making during network switching in such an environment. Various network and quality of service metric considered in proposed framework include flow rate (congestion measure), throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss. Thus, the proposed framework is a unified and global cross layer framework to overcome challenging problem of seamless access of wireless networks and services. Inter-layer and inter-network communication is implemented through IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover standard.

From multilevel security to multiple independent levels of security/safety: the evolution illustrated through a novel cross-domain architecture

Since years organisations classify information according to security schemes and various criteria. The requirement to protect information characterised by a hierarchy of sensitivity levels led to the definition of multilevel security. Multilevel security represents one of the toughest problems that security engineers are still facing, due to the fact that it is difficult to manage securely information at different classification levels on the same electronic device or network. It concerns wired and wireless communications, from personal area and wireless sensor networks to wide area and satellite networks. The problem becomes even more critical when users with various clearances, privileges, and roles need to operate simultaneously on these security-motley data. Recently, a new approach gathered the endorsement of industry and academia, the so-called multiple independent levels of security/safety. In this article, we show the evolution that drove the multilevel security into this new paradigm, highlighting the benefits and the drawbacks of the former together with the improvement of the latter and its open issues. A novel cross-domain solution is presented as the thread in-between the two approaches.

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF INDOOR DS-UWB COMMUNICATION USING PSD ESTIMATION AND PULSE SHAPE OPTIMIZATION

Ultra-wideband system offers a great substitution for short-range, high-speed Personal Wireless Area Network, as well as for detection and ranging applications. IR-UWB technology can also be used in the military for radar and image sensing as well as localization of objects. In spite of this tremendous usefulness of UWB, some bandwidth interfering issues with the coexisting narrowband system can also be arises due to the huge bandwidth of UWB (> 500 MHz). This spectrum interference makes a huge pressure and lot of regulations to restrict the use of UWB in different environment. Consequently, the trait of UWB is not fully utilized. In this paper, we proposed the modified seventh order derivative of Gaussian monocycle and presented the performance analysis of pulse in an indoor environment with AWGN and the Rayleigh noise distributions. The aim of pulse shape optimization is for detection and ranging application of UWB to spectral interference. We recommended that higher order derivative of the Gaussian monocycle pulse offers an excellent reliability for the detection and ranging purpose in an indoor environment with co-existing narrowband communication. The pulse is windowed with a rectangular window function in the time domain to bind the pulse into the finite time interval. The pulse is analyzed for the interference with co-existing narrowband communication by fulfilling the power spectral density (PSD) masks provided by regulatory bodies of different countries.

Introduction to the Special Issue on Inventive Network Structures for Next Generation Wireless Personal Systems

Welcome to the Special Issue of the Wireless Personal Communication Journal on Inventive Network Structures for Next Generation Wireless Personal Systems. We have received a large number of wireless personal communication-related submissions to the journal. Wireless personal communication needs are extending beyond its limitations by gradually incorporating a wide range of challenging services and applications. The tremendous growth of wireless personal communication devices and heterogeneous access technologies provides uninterrupted services to both mobile and static users. The integration of localized interoperability network structure with seamless access between various vendors still poses significant technical challenges. Most of existing network architectures follow the neighbor aware architecture information exchange, but current wireless technology need new dynamic architecture/routing techniques to scalable in small geographical areas and rely on different metrics. This special issue addresses the applicability of various technologies with emphasis on wireless applications. These integrated network environments require innovative computing strategies to exploit the communication opportunity. The contributions of this special issue covered the high-quality theoretical as well as practical works on a wide range of wireless issues. The contributed papers mainly focus on performance improvements of wireless networks. The contributed papers have been divided into three categories. The first category contains papers that deal with the performance improvements of wireless networks. The second group of papers in this issue deals with mobility in wireless systems.

Convergence Interaction for Communication

Welcome to this special issue of Wireless Personal Communications. This issue contains a collection of the best papers out of various authors who have been submitted to this issue. The main goal for this issue is to be a timely vehicle for publishing selected research papers from practitioners and academia in convergence industries on this emerging topic. This issue covers some of the hottest topics in Convergence Interaction for Communication, including: convergence; interactive applications; cloud service; P2P architectures and wireless protocols; data and index structures; motion recognition; future communication system; hybrid networking system; spectrum resource allocation; personal networking and architectures; multiple access techniques; multicasting and computer communications. The paper by Mun et al. [1] proposes the injecting of a subject policy into access control to strengthen the protection of personal information. This study provides two confidential access control models that apply individually established policies to the role-based access control model (RBAC) and the mandatory access control model (MAC) technologies. In the SpRBAC model, a user’s right to access would follow organizational policy, and accessing personal information would be restricted by the subject policy. In the SpMAC model, users would have to satisfy the subject policy established by the provider of the information, in addition to the requirements of the normal MAC policy. The paper by Lee et al. [2] presents variability change management using orthogonal variability model-based traceability. The proposed method is an approach to tracing variability based on explicit

DUAL BAND SECTORIAL SLOT PAC-MAN ANTENNA BY USING POLYPROPYLENE SUBSTRATE

In this paper, sectorial and circular slot Pac-man antenna for dual band frequency, 1.7 GHz for indoor wireless personal communications and 2.45 GHz Industrial science and medical (ISM) was proposed by using polypropylene (PP) flat pressed temperature con-trolled method. The method and material was chosen to reduce the overall cost and proposed new substrate with density =0.9gcm-3, dielectric constant = 2.57 and loss tangent = 0.0352.The dual band operation was distributed by sectorial slot design with, small circular slot to control and tuning the operating frequency. The back to back comparison between normal circular patch with Pac-man antenna using proposed substrate are dis-cussed and overall result distributed that there is no significant changes for gain, directivity, efficiency, vswr and physical size even though the proposed Pac-man antenna perform for dual band operation hence it is al-so improve the bandwidth of 17% compared to normal circular patch. The final Pac-man design fabricated using proposed polypropylene substrate (PP100) was then analyzed by using OTA-500 ATENLAB anechoic chamber.

Validation of objective records and misreporting of personal radio use in a cohort of British Police forces (the Airwave Health Monitoring Study)

BackgroundTerrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) is a digital communication system progressively adopted by Police Forces in Great Britain since 2001. In 2000, the UK Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones suggested that exposure to TETRA-like signal modulation might have adverse effects on health. The Airwave Health Monitoring Study was established to investigate possible long-term effects of TETRA use on health. This requires estimation of TETRA use among Police Force employees participating in the study. MethodsWe investigated TETRA usage among 42,112 Police officers and staff. An algorithm was created to link each personal radio user to his/her objective radio usage records for the 26,035 participants with available data. We linked 16,577 personal radio users to their objective radio usage records and compared self-reported usage with data from the TETRA operator for those individuals. ResultsFor weekly usage, the correlation between self-reported and operator-derived personal radio usage was r=0.69 for number and r=0.59 for the duration of calls. Compared with objective data, participants under-reported the number of calls and over-reported the duration of calls by a factor of around 4 and 1.6 respectively. Correlations were lower and bias higher when looking at daily usage. ConclusionWhere both objective and self-reported information were available, our study showed substantial misreporting in self-reported TETRA usage. Successful linkage of large numbers of TETRA users to objective data on their personal radios will allow objective assessment of TETRA radio usage for these participants and development of algorithms to correct bias in self-reported data for the remainder.

ACM/Springer Mobile Networks & Applications (MONET) Guest Editorial for Special Issue on Innovative Computing Structures for Future Wireless Personal Networks

Welcome to the Special Issue of the Mobile Networks and Applications Journal on Future Wireless Personal Networks. We have received a large number of wireless-related submissions to the journal. Wireless personal communication needs are extending beyond its limitations by gradually incorporating a wide range of challenging services and applications. These integrated network environments require innovative computing strategies to exploit the communication opportunity. Furthermore, mobility, quality of service and battery constrains increase the complexity of this task. In this context, what appears theoretically possible becomes conditionally feasible only when all available network resources are being efficiently exploited, including those hosted in nearby network architecture. This special issue addresses the architecture issues with emphasis on wireless applications. The contributions to this special issue cover high-quality theoretical as well as practical works on a wide range of wireless issues. The contributed papers have been divided into three categories. The first category contains papers that deal with the performance improvements of wireless networks. The second group of papers in this issue deals with security issues in wireless systems. This group of papers offers solutions group security and user authentication. The third group of papers covers infrastructure issues of wireless networks. We would like to thank the authors of the papers whose keen efforts and dedications made the publication of this special issue possible. We are indebted to the promptness and devotion of the reviewers whose valuable evaluations improved the quality of the papers significantly. In addition, we would like to thank the Springer publication staff members for their continuous support and dedication. We particularly appreciate the relentless support and encouragements granted to us by Dr. Imrich Chlamtac, the Editor-in-Chief of the Mobile Networks and Applications Journal. * S. Smys smys375@gmail.com

Compact integrated bluetooth UWB bandnotch antenna for personal wireless communication

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a compact microstrip fed octagonal ring dual band antenna for integrated Bluetooth (2.4∼2.484 GHz) and ultra‐wideband (UWB; 3.1∼10.6 GHz) applications withband notch characteristics for wireless local area network (WLAN; 5.15∼5.825 GHz) is proposed and investigated. The entire UWB frequency band is achieved by using an octagonal ring patch and a modified ground plane. The dual band operation is achieved by integrating Bluetooth characteristicsby embedding a quarter wavelength resonating strip at the center of the octagonal ring radiating patch. Further, to avoid the potential interferences of the UWB system with the existing narrow band system such as WLAN in the proposed antenna,an inverted U‐shaped slot in the feed line has been etched to obtain the desired band notch characteristics. The proposed antenna is designed, fabricated on a FR4 glass epoxy substrate and tested. The proposed antenna yields a measured impedance bandwidth over the frequency range of 2.40 ∼ 2.5 GHz and 3.1 ∼ 13 GHz to exhibit the integrated Bluetooth and UWB characteristics respectively for VSWR < 2 with an excellent rejection band of 5.15 ∼ 5.90 GHz to prevent interferences of WLAN signals. The proposed antenna exhibits directional and omnidirectional radiation pattern in E and H‐plane with stable gain and good time domain characteristics at all desired frequency bands. The compact dimension of 38 × 30 mm2 of the proposed antenna makes it a suitable candidate for personal wireless communication application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:540–546, 2016

Foreword by Guest Editors for the Selected Papers from 2014 ICUFN (International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks)

Welcome to the special issue of Wireless Personal Communications. This special issue constitutes a selection of best papers from 2014 ICUFN (International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks). All the papers have been remarkably extended by the authors and formally reviewed by at least three independent reviewers. ICUFN is an annual international conference which is co-sponsored by the IEEE Communications Society and organized by the KICS (Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences). The first paper entitled ‘‘ID-Based Communication Framework in Future Networks’’ presents a generalized ID-based communication framework and then show how the recently proposed ID/locator split based networking and information-centric networking architectures fit into the framework. The second paper entitled ‘‘Continuous Reference Broadcast Synchronization with Packet Loss Tolerance’’ proposes a packet loss tolerance