Personal Tax Research Articles

Revising the Fiscal and Social Security Landscape of International Teleworkers in the Digital Age

The challenges of digitalization – exacerbated by the COVID-19 crisis – provide an excellent case study in which the fiscal and social security landscape of international teleworkers can be subjected to a critical evaluation. This contribution discusses whether and how policymakers should consider adapting the longstanding tax and social security rules and principles for tele-employment to new working practices created by digital developments in a globalized economy. Various elements make the traditional assimilation of the source state to the (performance of) activity state no longer suitable to tackle the challenges in the digital economy. The special focus lies on a critical comprehensive, in-depth evaluation of the interpretation and application problems with regard to (1) the place of exercise of employment of international teleworkers for the allocation of taxing rights for employment income, (2) the creation of a permanent establishment for the employer by teleworking from home (i.e. home office) or contract conclusion in the homes of employees/agents, (3) the loss of personal and family tax benefits, and (4) the affiliated (dis)coordination between the tax allocation rules (double tax treaties) and the social security law rules (Regulation (EC) No 883/2004). These issues matter even more considering the tax implications and potential new burdens arising due to the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis under which teleworking is – at least temporarily – the new normal. Suggestions are made regarding the tax jurisdiction over employment income of international teleworkers and effective coordination between fiscal and social security law. Telework, digitalization, physical presence, discoordination between taxation, social security.

Taxes and Firm Investment

We investigate the firm level investment responses to narrative shocks to average personal and corporate tax rates using a universal micro dataset of publicly traded U.S firms for the post- 1962 period. By allowing for heterogeneous effects over the business cycle and accompanying monetary policy regime, as well as over firm-level characteristics, we show that : (i) corporate tax multipliers are negative overall, but this result is driven by smaller firms who face larger borrowing constraints, especially during high-unemployment periods or when the accompanying monetary policy is contractionary; (ii) while the magnitude and the significance of personal income tax multipliers are smaller on the aggregate, there is some evidence of positive personal tax multipliers in high-unemployment state by large (dividend-paying) firms, which is consistent with the recent literature.

Research on Data Mining of Personal Income Tax in Tax Collection and Administration Audit

In the context of the rapid development of economy and information technology, the level of tax informatization is getting higher and higher. The tax department has obtained a large amount of tax management data. Taxation departments must analyze and apply these data in order to grasp the deficiencies in the current tax management work, so as to take effective measures to improve tax quality and efficiency. This is the focus of the work of the taxation department. In the process of personal income tax collection and management, full application of data mining technology can break through the traditional personal tax collection and management model and improve the level of personal tax collection and management. At the same time, this can also ensure the effectiveness of the tax data verification work, which is positively helpful to improve the tax data application capabilities. This can also provide an effective reference for tax management decision-making. At this stage, the full application of risk-oriented audit methods based on data mining technology can improve the effectiveness of personal income tax collection and management audits. However, it is necessary to pay attention to a comprehensive study of the sources of personal income tax data. At the same time, the taxation department should also discuss the data processing of personal income tax and the review of the rationality, legality, and compliance of personal tax collection, so as to improve the data mining level of China’s personal tax collection and management.

The concept of fairness as a criterion for the assessment of the personal income tax in Poland

Purpose – The aim of the article is to present the essence of tax justice in relation to the personal income tax in Poland. Research method – The realisation of the aim required using the method of descriptive and compa-rative analysis to assess the fairness of charging the personal income tax.Results – The results of the empirical study on the personal tax structure point to the progressive tax as the one which better fulfils the concept of tax justice. The common acceptance of the tax progression confirms the deeply rooted sense of vertical equity in the Polish society. According to this, higher taxes should be paid by the rich, while the less wealthy should be charged with lower taxes. Unfortunately, the structure of the personal income tax in Poland does not reflect this. On the basis of the evolution of the PIT tax structure, it is possible to determine flattening of the progression due to the introduction of the two-stage tax scale. What is more, one may experience frequent ethical doubts connected with tax exemptions, and especially with the rules of granting them.Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Author’s own evaluation of the personal income tax in terms of tax fairness.

Output, Employment, and Price Effects of U.S. Narrative Tax Changes: A Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregression Approach

This paper examines the short- and long-run effects of U.S. federal personal income and corporate income tax cuts on a wide array of economic policy variables in a data-rich environment. Using a panel of U.S. macroeconomic data set, made up of 132 quarterly macroeconomic series for 1959-2018, the study estimates factor-augmented vector autoregression (FAVARs) models where an extended narrative tax changes dataset combined with unobserved factors. The narrative approach classifies if tax changes are exogenous or endogenous. This paper identifies narrative tax shocks in the vector autoregression model using the sign restrictions with Uhlig's (2005) penalty function. Empirical findings show a significant expansionary effect of tax cuts on the macroeconomic variables. Cuts in personal and corporate income taxes cause a rise in output, investment, employment, and consumption; however, cuts in personal taxes appear to be a more effective fiscal policy tool than the cut in corporate income taxes. Real GDP, employment, investment, and industrial production increase significantly and reach their maximum response values two years after personal income tax cuts. The effects of corporate tax cuts have relatively smaller effects on output and consumption but show immediate and higher effects on fixed investment and price levels.

Personal Income Taxes and Small Business Lending

I investigate whether and how personal income taxes impact bank lending to small businesses. My empirical design exploits staggered statutory changes of state personal tax in the U.S. as identification and compares loans granted in geographically adjacent counties across state borders with relative tax changes during 2001-2018. I find that higher personal tax rate has significantly negative effects on loan outcomes, including smaller loan size, shorter maturity, higher default probability and higher charge-off ratio. I further find significantly smaller number and amount of small business loans in high-tax localities. These novel evidences suggest personal tax-induced distortion in borrower’s creditworthiness constrains local banks’ lending to small businesses.

Factors influencing the value added tax compliance in small and medium enterprises in Jordan

This study aims to obtain the results of value added tax (VAT) compliance through behavioral decision theory with work personal attributes of the taxpayer's, tax understanding and taxpayer education, and ability to pay theory with tax compliance cost and audit system as a connecting variable to VAT compliance. The researcher randomly selected sample of n= 172 small and medium enterprise owners from Jordan by using web-based survey questionnaires. Data analysis uses the SPSS 23.0 and validates the relationship between study variables. The researchers also propose a research model support by the behavior decision theory and the ability to pay approach. Findings reveal a strong positive relationship between personal characteristics, VAT education and tax compliance under both theoretical grounds and also indicate a positive correlation between VAT compliance cost, audit system and VAT compliance in Jordan. Addressing the understudies, this study extends the role of value added tax practices in SMEs. It provides some useful information to the government and policy makers to develop and impose the value added tax law on SMEs Level. Therefore, the researcher suggests more studies to investigate the factors affecting VAT compliance in Jordan by using the proposed conceptual model under consideration.

Czy PIT komunalny może ograniczyć rozlewanie się miast?

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, to re-energize discussion on local personal tax, and second, to show how such a tax could curb urban sprawl. The authors start with a short description of the communal tax and its potential links to urban sprawl. In the current system of communities’ financing in Poland, suburban municipalities have a significant incentive to increase the number of inhabitants as the PIT revenues follow their inflow. The authors propose and discuss a simple variant of local PIT called Self-government Tax Rate which is a flat tax on a broadly defined tax base. Contrary to the present system of Polish local government units’ share in progressive PIT, this system is linear, which reduces the gains in PIT revenues from taxpayers in the second tax bracket moving to suburbia. This is the first paper in the relevant literature that investigates the links between communal tax and urban sprawl.

On Ukrainian Citizens as taxpayers in sociological measurements

The article deals with the results of first special sociological research on taxpaying thematic undertaken in Ukraine. Three waves of national wide survey (N1 = 2038 F2F; N2/3 = 2000 CATI) during 2020 by means of questionnaire with 5 basic questions regarding the taxpaying theme: budget structure, main expenses clauses, evaluated free of charge state services, equitable tax level, taxes for purchases and services. The provided analyses gave opportunity to choose most valuable questions concerning the Ukrainian citizens financial literacy in order to construct the Index of taxation erudition which revealed extremely low level of knowledge of Ukrainians as taxpayers about active tax system, particularly the role of taxpayers in state budget formation, when only 32% in the first wave and 43% in third wave pointed the citizen’s contribution, 54% respondents has no idea about the type of acting taxation system on the background of 52% in first wave and 39% in second wave, who pointed the 10% personal tax fee dimension as desirable and equitable. Only 20% citizens pointed the right figures of tax paying for purchases and services, when 36,5% have no knowledge about this tax at all, Sociologically was first time noticed important fixation of 56% readiness for paying less taxes and needed service accounts by own, especially for medical care and education, in such way it was acknowledged that constitutional article of social state is under civic scrutiny. As final research task the algorithm of Index of taxpayer’s knowledge ability has been proposed for regular monitoring as also recommendation for further special thematic research development with proper media involvements.

From remote work to digital nomads: tax issues and tax opportunities of digital lifestyle

Abstract With spread of remote work, digitalization of economy and gig economy, a new class of entrepreneurs arose – digital independent workers. Its ulterior form so far is digital nomads, who travel the world with limited or no fixed abode – and this is not a marginal group. Existing tax rules based on residence criteria do not suit these well: remote work severs ties between budget revenues from personal income tax and budget spending on local infrastructure, gig economy disrupts PAYE system, and digital nomads are at risk of being tax residents nowhere, and may not enjoy the same tax regimes as regular settled employees. This paper estimates the tax potential of digital independent workers, reviews their income structure, personal tax issues related to digital lifestyle and the solutions various countries employ to tax the income of these digital independent workers. The PAYE taxation of income of digital independent workers proposed by Russian politicians and internet companies seems to disregard the variety of that income. Digital independent workers prefer to register as sole proprietors or self-employed and enjoy special tax regimes where possible, but further research is necessary to manage their tax behavior, improve relevant tax control and solve double taxation issues.

Taxes and Firm Investment

We investigate the firm level investment responses to narrative shocks to average personal and corporate tax rates using a universal micro dataset of publicly traded U.S firms for the post- 1962 period. By allowing for heterogeneous effects over the business cycle and accompanying monetary policy regime, as well as over firm-level characteristics, we show that : (i) corporate tax multipliers are negative overall, but this result is driven by smaller firms who face larger borrowing constraints, especially during high-unemployment periods or when the accompanying monetary policy is contractionary; (ii) while the magnitude and the significance of personal income tax multipliers are smaller on the aggregate, there is some evidence of positive personal tax multipliers in high-unemployment state by large (dividend-paying) firms, which is consistent with the recent literature.

The Effect of Shareholder Taxes on Bank Risk-Taking: Evidence from S Corporation Banks

This study examines the effect of shareholder taxes on bank risk-taking. Economic theory predicts that personal tax rates affect individual risk-taking through risk-sharing with the government via full loss offsets. Using plausibly exogenous changes in personal state income tax rates and detailed ownership data for a sample of S corporation banks, I find that increases in shareholder tax rates are positively (negatively) associated with bank risk-taking when shareholders can (cannot) share in risk with the government through full loss offsets. These relations are driven by banks with few shareholder conflicts and less strict regulators. Overall, the results suggest that investor-level taxes play an important role in bank risk-taking.

Determinants of personal tax compliance

The largest state revenue comes from taxes. Even though the number of taxpayers is increasing from year to year, the tax revenue in Indonesia is still relatively low, since taxpayer compliance is still low. This study aims to determine the factors that influence individual taxpayer compliance in paying taxes at Jepara, Indonesia. The study uses a quantitative approach with a population of individual taxpayers who are registered at the tax office of Jepara, Indonesia. The number of samples is obtained by 100 respondents using the Slovin formula. The sampling technique was a convenience sampling technique. The data analysis method used is multiple regression analysis and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Based on the test, it is found that the quality of tax authorities service, understanding and knowledge of taxation, tax sanctions, tax socialization, taxpayer awareness and perceptions of tax effectiveness have an influence on taxpayer compliance. In addition, the employment status of Civil Servants is more compliant in paying taxes since their income tax has been routinely deducted by the employer on the paid income.

Taxation of personal income in the context of issues of social fairness

The subject. The leading position of the personal income tax in most countries is due to a number of circumstances. First, it is a personal tax, the object of which is the income actually received by the payer, and not the estimated average income that could be received in specific economic conditions. Second, income tax allows to maximize the implementation of the basic principles of taxation - universality and uniformity. In recent decades, national regimes of personal income taxation regimes have been actively developed both in foreign countries and in Russia. Purpose of the study. The article shows the results of analysis of the framework of personal income taxation in the Russian Federation in the context of the principle of the social fairness. Dealing with selected provisions of the national legislation of European countries and Russia the article shows that elements of progressive taxation can be applied only in particular aspects. The proposals of taxation of rich taxpayers are also brought into light. Methodology. The research was carried out with the application of the formally legal interpretation of legal acts as well as the comparative analysis of Russian and European legal literature. Structural and systemic methods are also the basis of the research, The main results. After studying the European experience of personal income taxation the authors come to the conclusion that some of the ideas described can be transferred to the Russian tax legislation, but this should be done with caution. It is not necessary to introduce a progressive tax system in its pure form in the Russian Federation, but it is worth considering options for switching to a dualistic system. The authors believe that the elements of borrowing foreign experience should be aimed rather at a fair distribution of benefits, for example, through rules that fix tax benefits. Conclusions. The following proposals can be formulated to improve the legal regulation of personal income taxation in the Russian Federation: the distinction between taxation of taxpayers with ultra-high incomes and those with minimal incomes should be based not on the income criterion, but on the expenditure criterion; to establish a non-taxable minimum in the amount of the minimum wage, which will ensure tax fairness for taxpayers with lower-average incomes; to review the criteria of taxation of luxury vehicles, raising the border separating the mass and premium segments of the Russian car market by at least two times - up to 6 million rubles. The best solution would be to abolish the vehicle tax and impose an increased excise tax on fuel and lubricants for personal transport.

ANALISIS POTENSI PAJAK PENGHASILAN ATAS BAGI HASIL YANG DIBAYARKAN MITRA GOFOOD KEPADA PERUSAHAAN GOJEK

The growth of many startup that provides various of product like application based technology makes economics activity more effective and efficient, such as Gojek. One of the best features that gojek has is gofood. Gofood facilitates its users to buy beverages via online. Because of that, many restaurant in Indonesia begin to become gofood’s partner. However, the existence of gofood’s partner still doesn’t contribute for tax income. This researches aim to analyze personal tax income of gofood’s partner potenty more deeply that focuses on KPP Pratama Jember’s administration area. This research uses qualitative approaches to collect data by interviewing some related interviewees.. According to research result, the growth of gojek application influences to increasing of gofood partner’s omzet.. So, this condition gives impact to increasing of personal income tax potenty. The personal income tax potenty consists of three aspect, such as income aspect, operation expense aspect, and sharing profit aspect. Directorate General of Taxation should designs a rules that manages taxation of gofood partner’s business process. This strategy is expected to increase tax revenue and contributes to development of this country in the future.

Фискальная роль налога на имущество физических лиц

Цель работы – выявить текущую роль имущественных налогов в формировании бюджетных доходов территорий Российской Федерации. Основные элементы рассматриваемых налогов изучены с применением метода наблюдения и сбора фактов. Рассматриваются факторы, влияющие на фискальную значимость изучаемого налога, анализируется динамика его элементов. Рассматриваются перспективы изменения исчисления и взимания налога, а также возможные варианты влияния элементов налога и других факторов на его фискальную значимость. Делается вывод о низкой фискальной роли налога и практическом отсутствии возможностей влияния на фискальную значимость органов местного самоуправления в рамках полномочий, определенных Налоговым кодексом РФ при установлении и введении в действие данного налога на территории муниципального образования. The purpose of the work is to identify the current role of property taxes in the formation of budget revenues territories of the Russian Federation. The main elements of the taxes under consideration were studied using the method of observation and collecting facts.The factors influencing the fiscal significance of the tax under study are considered, and the dynamics of its elements is analyzed. The prospects for changes in the calculation and collection of tax, as well as possible options for the impact of tax elements and other factors on its fiscal significance are considered. The conclusion is made about the low fiscal role of the tax and the practical lack of opportunities to influence the fiscal significance of local governments within the powers defined by the Tax code of the Russian Federation when establishing and implementing this tax on the territory of a municipality.

ANALISIS PERLAKUAN ZAKAT DALAM PERHITUNGAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN ORANG PRIBADI (PPh 21) PADA BADAN AMIL ZAKAT NASIONAL (BAZNAS) KOTA MAKASSAR

This study discusses analyzing zakat in the calculation of personal tax in Baznas Makassar city. This type of research is a comparative study that aims to discuss the comparison of zakat as a deduction for taxable tax with zakat arrangements as a direct deduction of translation tax. Data retrieval of this research refers to interviews and document techniques. The type of data consists of primary data. Based on the research that has been carried out, the conclusions from the research proposed in this study are zakat as a personal tax calculation in Baznas Makassar city in accordance with the procedures stipulated in applicable laws and regulations, zakat which is used as deduction from taxable results of individuals management both from success and distribution increases in terms of capacity and improvement and its application that increases development from year to year in which the number of ASNs that pay zakat increases every year.

Escape or Play Again? How Retiring Entrepreneurs Respond to the Wealth Tax

We investigate the impact of wealth taxation on the behavior of entrepreneurs in France. Before 2018, business sales triggered the conversion of tax-exempt business assets into taxable wealth. Using personal tax data, we confirm that retirement of entrepreneurs leads to large annual wealth tax payments. There is no evidence of higher expatriation by entrepreneurs following retirement, but their take-up of tax-favored investments in SMEs increases. The elasticity of such investments to the tax increase is far higher than for charity donations. These investments fall after financial wealth becomes tax-exempt in 2018. This evidence suggests that a wealth tax, combined with tax-favored investment schemes, may have encouraged former entrepreneurs to reinvest their wealth in SMEs.

Construction and Analysis of Actuarial Model of the Influence of Personal Tax Deferred Commercial Pension Insurance on Personal Pension Wealth in China

Taking mortality distribution, surrender value, and tax relief factors into consideration, the authors construct an actuarial model for the influence of personal income tax deferred commercial pension insurance on changes in personal pension wealth and adopts a numerical simulation to deliver the corresponding changes in personal pension wealth to different initial insured age and different initial insured annual salary. In order to better measure the security level of the commercial pension insurance, the model for the net replacement rate of pension of the commercial pension insurance was further constructed. The results show that the effect of participating in the personal income tax deferred commercial pension insurance on the present value of personal pension wealth depends on the combined action of the initial insured age and the initial annual salary. Under the same insured age, because men retire later and work longer than women, men can obtain a higher accumulation of personal pension wealth than women. For insured persons with different income levels, high-income groups can obtain higher personal pension wealth growth, and although low-income groups cannot obtain higher personal pension wealth growth, they can obtain a significant increase in the pension replacement rate by participating in the insurance, thereby better guaranteeing their living standards after retirement. Regardless of the income level, tax relief can be obtained once participating in the insurance, but the value may vary. The optimal tax-saving age for men is 23 years old, and for women 25 years old.

Personal taxation and individual stock ownership

ABSTRACT Under a differential taxation system, portfolio allocation decisions are based not only on the risk-return relationship of assets but also on their tax characteristics. The higher the tax burden on equity securities, the lower the share of stock investment in a tax-optimal portfolio. I use a multitude of changes in personal tax rates to assess the impact of personal taxes on individual stock ownership among a sample of 9,055 listed European firms. I observe lower levels of individual stock ownership, if relative personal taxes on stock ownership are higher than personal taxes on bonds. Cross-sectional evidence further reveals that the relation between personal taxation and individual stock ownership is significantly moderated by firm-specific risk. I additionally provide single country evidence of a tax clientele effect. Following an increase in the personal capital gains tax rate in Austria, I find individual owners to rebalance stock ownership to maximize after-tax returns in light of the new tax rules.