Personal Interview Method Research Articles

A Study on Adoption of Indigenous Technical Knowledge Practices among Tribal Farmers in Kolli Hills

Objectives: To make a quantitative study of Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) practices pertinent to crops grown in Kolli hills tribes in the Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu, India.
 Methods: The attempt was made to study the adoption level of the interpreted ITKs among Kolli hills tribes. The Kolli hill was picked purposively for its uniqueness in continuing their traditions age old practices in farming practices by the tribes. The present study has been carried out in the Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu state. The Namakkal district was administratively divided into seven taluks and fifteen blocks. Among these seven taluks and fifteen blocks, higher populations of tribes were seen at Kolli hills. For the selection of the respondents based on the proportionate random sampling technique and the data were collected from each respondent through personal interview method. The study was carried during 2019 with 150 respondents in highly populated villages of Kolli hills. The Adoption index was used to analyse the adoption level of the ITK’s by the tribes.
 Findings: More than half of the respondents (55.56 per cent) had a medium level of knowledge followed by high (25.10 per cent) and low (19.34 per cent) levels of knowledge on indigenous cultivation practices.
 Conclusion: Indigenous technical knowledge has a substantial heritage in agrarian civilization. The findings highlight the effectiveness of indigenous technical knowledge above its modern equivalent. Thus, extension workers should identify and incorporate them in the technology transfer action in order to ensure long-term or sustainable agricultural development.

Analysis Growth Rate in Area, Production and Productivity of Sapota in Gujarat, India

The present investigation was "Analysis growth rate in area, production and productivity of Sapota in Gujarat". A multi stage random sampling design was used for selecting the sample. The study covered 2 Districts, 2 talukas, 12 villages and 120 Sapota growers from Valsad and Navsari districts. The primary data were collected for the season of 2011-2012 by personal interview method. In the results revealed that the Valsad and Navsari districts were found to having positive growth rate in area and production (0.20 and 0.73 per cent and 1.59 and 2.30 per cent, respectively). While the productivity of both the districts was positive viz., 0.54 and 0.70 respectively. On the contrary, a lower but positive and significant growth rate was observed in sapota area for the state as a whole, whereas the production and yield showed positive trend (2.01 and 2.55 respectively). The per hectare total cost of establishment for four year were Rs. 75387.59 for the orchards in Valsad district and Rs. 74025.27 for the orchards in Navsari district. The maintenance cost worked out to be as Rs. 56326.59 and Rs. 55298.27 in Valsad and Navsari district respectively. The average per ha yield from Valsad district was 10. 61 tonnes and from Navsari district was 11.11 tonnes in 6th year and net returns were Rs. 113527 from Valsad district and Rs. 118877 from Navsari district.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL GREEN TOURISM IN THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION

The article examines the activities of households that provide services in the field of rural green tourism in Transcarpathian region. The main prerequisites which helped rural residents to start their own business in the sphere of rural green tourism are analyzed; the main indicators of rural tourism homesteads activity according to COVID-19 and in the pre-crisis period are reviewed; the main factors influencing the realization of social and economic potential of households in rural green tourism and its effective use in crisis situations are revealed. The purpose of the article is to conduct socio-economic analysis and assessment of impact of the main generating and destructive factors affecting the functioning of rural tourist estates in Transcarpathian region, which form the basis for the development of anti-crisis measures to improve their socio-economic potential, which can be used by the owners of rural green estates. Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of the results of sociological monitoring of owners of rural estates in the Transcarpathian region, conducted by the Transcarpathian Regional Center for Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2021. The monitoring covered 95 respondents, of whom 51.6% were women and 48.4% were men. 74% of the respondents were economically active people between the ages of 35 and 56. The monitoring was conducted on the basis of the method of personal structured interviews according to a stochastic sample, which is representative for the population of the region at the age of 18 and older. The results of the study confirm that the functioning of the majority of rural tourist estates in the Transcarpathian region, in addition to objectively negative consequences of the crisis COVID-19 is affected by many destructive factors at the micro- and macro level, the elimination of which ensures their functioning in case of recurrence of crisis situations. The results of the study showed that only 4% of entrepreneurs were able to increase the potential and profitability of their own business during the crisis period. Also 23.7% of entrepreneurs, despite the crisis, plan to diversify and expand their business in the future. According to the results of sociological research anti-crisis measures to improve the effectiveness of rural tourist estates were developed, such as increasing the level of education and qualifications of owners of rural tourist estates, business diversification and expanding the range of services, reorientation to a new category of consumers, the development of e-tourism, strengthening of integration and cooperation between different economic actors in the region.

STUDY ON MARKETING PATTERN OF APPLE CULTIVATION IN KASHMIR VALLEY, INDIA

An attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the price spread of apple in the state of Jammu and Kashmir; the study is confined to Baramulla and Pulwama district with 35 growers, who were selected randomly from six selected villages considered to collect the required information. The primary data were collected from the apple growers through personal interview method with the help of well prepared pre tested schedule for the year 2019-20. For the present study 4 marketing channel were identified for the transaction of apple i.e.; Producer - Aratiya - Wholesale - Retailer - Consumer; Producer - Pre-harvest Contractor - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer, Producer - Post-harvest - Contractor -Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer and Producer - Commission Agent - Wholesaler – Retailer - Consumer. Thus it can be concluded that the apple business in Kashmir is more remunerative. This enterprise is not only profitable and financially viable but also provides employment to large number of people in the valley area. The area and production of the apple is increasing at the fast rate, but the various defects of the existing marketing system results in the least share to the producer. Net return from the apple business can further be increased if the problems and defects of existing marketing system as stated above are taken care of. It can also be concluded that apple growing is more beneficial on all producers.

Economic Analysis of Integrated Farming Systems in Uttar Kannada District of Karnataka

Background: The present study was conducted in Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka as a project on integrated farming systems was implemented in this district by University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during the year 2013-15. It was considered for study in master’s research. Methods: Under the study three taluks viz., Sirsi, Mundagod and Bhatkala were selected with an overall objective of identifying and analyzing and the economics of integrated farming systems. The relevant data collected from primary sources through personal interview method were analyzed by tabular and production function techniques. Four main integrated farming systems followed by majority of the farmers in the study area are selected for study, viz., Integrated Farming System-I,II,III,IV. Result: The study revealed that the total cost under Integrated Farming Systems-III was highest with Rs. 129023, while it was Rs. 115388, Rs.115266 and Rs. 97434 respectively in Integrated Farming Systems-I,II and IV. net farm returns was highest under Integrated Farming Systems-I which was Rs. 86351. In all the different integrated farming systems, the labour and seed cost had significant influence on gross returns. The seed and feed were underutilized, fertilizer, FYM and land were over utilized.

Determinants of Store Loyalty –Empirical Evidence from United Arab Emirates

This paper selected and investigated the determinants to achieve store loyalty in United Arab Emirates. The study selected three important variables namely internal, service quality and exogenous variables and tested their impact on achieving store loyalty. Personal interview method was used to collect data from 299 respondents and multiple linear regression analysis was utilized to reach outcomes for this study. The inference indicated that (1) service quality variables have more influence on achieving store loyalty followed by internal and exogenous variables (2) place variables (store oriented) and promotion variables have higher impact, (3) empathy and assurance variables elicit more influence, followed by culture and peer groups found to have more influence over achieving store loyalty. The implications were discussed.

English

In developing countries, milk quality characteristics are not maintained by the milk producers and the middlemen. This study initially estimates the influence of various milk quality attributes on its price and then estimate the effect of socio-demographic characteristics on the marginal price of the milk components. Data collected from milk consumers through personal interview method, and milk sample took from the same consumers are used to estimate a two-stage hedonic model. In the first stage, prices were estimated for milk components and in the second stage, implicit price of each component was used as the dependent variable. The first stage results show that fat, solids-not-fat, total plate counts, color, and pleasant aroma have a significant impact on the milk price. The second stage results indicate that fat and solids-not-fat values are a function of the sociodemographic characteristics of consumers. To maintain milk quality attributes, we recommend the establishment of chilling centers for maintenance of quality, checkpoints and mobile laboratories for testing quality, provision of basic testing equipment at subsidized rates, hygiene awareness program for stakeholders in value chain, health risk awareness for consumers consuming raw milk and its products, and introduction and popularization of enzyme-based lactoperoxidase preservation technology.

Study the Working Conditions of Ao Naga Tribal Women Engaged in Different Farming Activities at Tuli Block of Mokokchung, Nagaland

This study has been conducted to find out the working conditions of Ao Naga tribal women in different farming activities in the district of Mokokchung. The aforementioned study was conducted in Tuli Block at Mokokchung district in the year 2021. A descriptive research designed was applied for this study. The primary data was collected from 120 respondents by personal interview method using pre-structured interview schedule. After the analysis of the data it was observed that, maximum number of the respondents were having medium level of extension contact and a medium level percentage was found in regards to the attitude of the respondents.

EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMMES ON TELEVISION AS PERCEIVED BY TELEVIEWING FARMERS IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

The present study was undertaken with the main objective of assessing the effectiveness of agricultural programmes of different channels as perceived by the televiewing farmers. Before and After research design was followed in the present investigation. The study was conducted in Tirupathi mandal, Chittoor district which were selected purposively. The data were collected randomly by talking personally interview of 120 televiewers. The data was collected by personal interview method through structured interview schedule. Majority of the respondents were middle aged, had medium level of education, medium farming experience, medium land holding, medium level of extension contact, mass media exposure, economic orientation, achievement motivation and innovativeness. Majority of the respondents had perception of televiewing farmers of different channels with respect to components of effectiveness, namely understandability, usefulness, demonstration mode of presentation, entertainment and relevancy of pictures. “Time duration is not sufficient”, “Telecast time is not convenient”, “Telecast programmes are useful to the farming community” and “Telecast programme are drawing attention of the farmers to bring awareness on new technology” were the major reactions of the respondents. Telecast time need to be changed from 6:00am-7.00am and 7.00pm-9.00pm, all programmes should be telecasted should be telecasted daily, information on the schedule of the topics to be telecasted in the telecasted in the consecutive week should be advertised at the starting of the week, separate television channel is required to telecast agriculture related activities.

Human Resource Management and its Impact on the Level of Job Performance: An Analytical Research in the Iraqi Ministry of Interior

The current research aims to highlight the role of human resource management with its practices (human resource planning, selection and placement, training and development, performance evaluation, compensation, and incentives) in raising the level of individuals' performance and its dimensions (task performance, contextual performance, unproductive work behavior, and adaptive performance) by explaining the research problem, which can be limited to the low level of performance of individuals, where the researchers use the descriptive analytical approach and the SPSS program in the practical aspect of the research community represented by the general manager and his assistant and directors of directorates, departments and divisions in the General Directorate of Human Resources Management, amounting to 180 individuals, where a sample of 130 individuals was selected. The researchers use the questionnaire and the method of personal interviews for collecting data from the research community. The most prominent statistical methods were used (ratios and frequencies, the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis). The researchers reached a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which was to continue to adopt work force dependent on university qualifications with accreditation holders of higher university degrees in the specialization of management and human resources and the most important result is that most of the managers are of the male gender and have both higher and primary university qualifications. It is presented at the end of the research

​An Economic Analysis of Chilli Production in Tripura, India

Background: Chillies are one of the most widely used spices and a commercial crop. It is the most widely used universal spice and is named as the wonder spice. Tripura is one of the largest producers of a commercial crop of chilli in the entire north eastern state. Commercial cultivation of chilli is very profitable and can expect high revenue because of high market value or market demand in local markets. Under this backdrop, the paper attempts to study the economics of chilli production in Tripura, India. Methods: This study was conducted on a sample of 150 chilli growers in Dhalai district, West Tripura and the Sipahijala district of Tripura during 2019-20 as it is the highest chilli growing area. A personal interview method was used to collect the data and suitable statistical tools were used for analyzing the data. The cost of cultivation for chilli was calculated by using the CACP (Commission on Agriculture Cost and Prices) approach. Result: The study revealed that the majority of the respondents were under the age of 54 years, belonged to the schedule tribe category i.e., 48.66 per cent (24.33) followed by the general category i.e., 34.66 (17.33) and the schedule caste category i.e., 16.66 per cent (8.33). All the respondents were from farming families, mainly belonging to marginal and small land holdings. It has been observed that the maximum cost was incurred on total family labour, i.e., Rs. 41230.11, Rs. 56769.23 and Rs. 51972.17 respectively in West Tripura, Unakoti and South Tripura, whereas in the case of total hired labour cost, no was involved by the growers of South Tripura district. The total production of chilli was 2894.45 kg/ha and the overall return over cost C was determined at Rs. 104572.94 per ha. In the different districts, the return per rupee over cost C ranged from 1.99 to 2.44.

The sustainability quotient: a trader’s trade-offs

Learning outcomes The learning outcomes of this case will help the participants to assess values, motivations and interpersonal relations that exist and evolve in a family firm; analyze individual-level strategies in absence of business growth strategy and succession plan; expose trade-offs associated with natural inheritance or merit-based succession; reveal alternate strategies of coping with conflicts in multi-generation multi-family firms. Case overview/synopsis This case focuses on leadership, succession and conflicts at Dalal Group, a 50 years old textile yarn trading family-run business. The trading business has 10 members across three generations working in it. The business is making profits but the growth of the business is not synchronous to the number of family members working in it. As revenues are stable and buyers’ network is not growing, an internal tussle has begun among the members to preserve business resources available to them. The founder, who is also the Managing Director of the Group, is about to retire in a couple of years but there is no clear successor to his position. In the absence of a business growth plan and uncertainty about the next leader, members are clueless about their own future and that is affecting their interpersonal relations at work. This has triggered the need for decision and action by the founder, failing which the business might disintegrate. The case author has used personal interview methods and secondary sources like annual reports and manuals of the company to collect data and information. Complexity academic level Senior Undergraduates, MBA (Entrepreneurship and Family Business), MBA. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 6: Human resource management.

Knowledge of the Pineapple Growers toward Improved Pineapple Production Practices in Imphal East District of Manipur

This study has been conducted to find out the knowledge of the respondents towards recommended pineapple production practices. The study was conducted in Keirao Block in Imphal East district which were selected purposively. A descriptive research designed was applied for this study. The primary data was collected from 120 respondents which were selected randomly by personal interview method using pre-structure interview schedule. It was observed that, maximum number of the respondents were having medium level of extension contact, a medium level (65.83) was found in regards to the knowledge of the respondents. The Study indicates that a sum number of the population had incorporated the new technologies while others have still yet to adopt and use the new recommended pineapple cultivation practices. The socio-economic variables associated with the respondents, such as age, land holding, education, annual income and mass media exposure, extension contact and personal contact were positively and significantly associated with the overall knowledge of the respondents. The above results compel that the research and extension system to work on the gaps which will improve knowledge of the pineapple growers of the area.

Knowledge and Adoption of Mentha Growers Regarding Recommended Cultivation Practices of Mentha Crop in Siddhaur Block of Barabanki District Uttar Pradesh

This study was conducted in Siddhaur block of Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh in 2020-2021. With the help of random sampling method, 120 Mentha growers were selected and data were collected by personal interview method by using pre-tested interview schedule and later appropriate statistical analysis was done to find out the meaningful result. The finding of the study revealed that the overall level of knowledge of mentha growers regarding the recommended practices indicated they have medium knowledge level. The Adoption level of mentha growers on recommended cultivation practices of mentha also indicated as medium level of adoption (66.70%), followed by low level of adoption (21.70%) and high level of adoption (11.60%).

Sustainability and Profitability of Organic Ginger Growers in South District of Sikkim

The present study was conducted in South district of Sikkim to study the sustainability and profitability of organic ginger growers. A total number of 120 organic ginger growers were selected proportionately from five villages under Namchi Block because production, productivity and area under organic ginger cultivation were found to be maximum. The data were collected by personal interview method by using pre-tested interview schedule and later appropriate statistical analysis was done to find out the meaningful result. Sustainability indicators with various organic practices have been used to check the sustainability of organic farming practices of organic ginger growers. Whereas, the profitability of the respondents was found to be Rs.11578.57 on an average. Thus, it can be seen that investment of a rupee in organic farming yields 2.57 rupees.

Knowledge of the Ginger Growers toward Improved Cultivation Technology in Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya

The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge of the ginger growers toward improved cultivation technology in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya. A total number of 120 ginger growing farmers were selected proportionately from eight villages under Umsning Block because production, productivity and area under ginger cultivation were found to be maximum. The data were collected by personal interview method by using pre-tested interview schedule and later appropriate statistical analysis was done to find out the meaningful result. The findings of this study revealed that majority (65.83 %) of the respondents had medium level of overall knowledge towards improved cultivation technology of ginger followed by 21.67 percent and 12.50 per cent of the respondents with low and high levels of knowledge respectively.

Income and Employment Pattern of MNREGA Programme in District Sant Kabir Nagar

The MGNREGA scheme is an initiative to improve rural livelihood, but also there are several pros and cons. So, this research is being done to study the scheme in the selected area. The study was conducted using purposive cum random sampling procedure and seventy-five respondents were selected from a block of district. The data collected through personal interview method were classified, tabulated and analysed in the light of objectives of the study. MGNREGA is a beneficiary scheme that improves the socioeconomic face of the maximum rural households in the selected research area. It is seen that majority of the respondents are enjoying the income and employment rewards from the scheme and are further seeking it in the future. The wages provided and works assigned are found satisfactory to the households, and MGNREGA enhances livelihood security in the study area.

Effect of Covid 19 lockdown on the lifestyle and dietary diversity of women handloom workers

BackgroundCovid-19 lockdown has influenced the lifestyle of handloom women as weaving is the only mean of earnings for them. The nutrition profile of working women is a vital part of their general health as they have more chances of dietary deficiencies; in addition they face various safety related problems at workplace. Working conditions and household responsibilities complicate role conflict leading to stress that in turn affect nutrition and health status. Material and methodsPurposive sampling method was used to collect data from 100 samples of women handloom workers between the ages of 30–60 years from Kanhirode Weaver's Co-operative Society, Kannur, Kerala, India. Personal interview method was used for data collection. The interview schedule included occupational health profile, anthropometric, physical activity and food frequency assessment. Dietary diversity questionnaire was used to assess the levels and adequacy of dietary diversity. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) was used to assess psychological well-being among the samples. ResultsCOVID-19 lockdown downgraded the life style of majority (90.7%) of women workers. Majority of samples were with mean age 46.74 ± 5.73 years and height of 1.52 ± 0.10 m respectively. Out of 100, 63 samples noticed a weight change from which majority (71.4%) noticed an increase in their body weight. The mean weight before lockdown was 54.100 ± 7.603 Kg and after lockdown 55.020 ± 8.013 Kg. The mean BMI before lockdown was 23.232 ± 2.866 and after lockdown BMI slightly increased to 23.572 ± 2.928. Lockdown introduced a significant reduction in percentage of consumption of pulses (3.7 ± 1.2g), fish (4.1 ± 0.5g), chicken (2.0 ± 0.6g), meat (1.4 ± 0.6g) and milk products (4.6 ± 1.05 ml). Most of the subsamples were not meeting the calories (2063.3 ± 166.9 Kcal), fat (20.6 ± 4.3g) and micronutrients such as vitamin A (761.3 ± 180.3 mg), vitamin C (61.2 ± 15.9 mg) and calcium (963.3 ± 183.9 mg) requirements which indicate the incomplete dietary diversity. ConclusionThe nutrition profile of women handloom workers was negatively influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Socio-Economic Status and Knowledge Level of Brinjal Growers on Improved Production Practices in East Champaran District of Bihar

Brinjal has been considered as one of the important vegetable crop. Production and productivity of brinjal can be increased through adoption of new varieties and with improved technologies. The present study was conducted to understand the existing status of adoption of improved technology. This study was carried out in East Champaran district of Bihar during 2020-2021. By employing random sampling technique, 120 brinjal growers were selected and data were collected by personal interview method by using pre-tested interview schedule and later appropriate statistical analysis was done to find out the meaningful result. The results reported that majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (41.67%), educated to primary level of education (32.50%), possess land holding of below 1 ha (35%), earns medium level of annual income (45%), possess small family size (45%). Meanwhile, most of them had medium level of farm power (43.33%), membership in more than one organization (45%), low level of scientific orientation (51.67%), low level of extension contact (44.17%) and low level of progressiveness (52.50%). Meanwhile, most of them had medium level of knowledge on improved brinjal cultivation practices (64.17%) and had significant and positive association with age, education, farm power, social participation, extension contact, scientific orientation and progressiveness.

Impact of COVID-19 on Consumers’ Buying Behaviour and Consumption Pattern towards Milk in Nagpur City of Maharashtra

Understanding and monitoring the behaviour of consumers is vital for producers of products and services which help them for market development, new product design, packaging and promotional efforts, so as to suit for milk consumers. Also, to know about how the milk sales were affected during COVID-19, the project was undertaken. The descriptive cross sectional research design was used. The place of study was Nagpur City of Maharashtra and duration was 1st July to 31st July 2020. The data has been collected from 100 milk consumers. Non-Probability Convenience sampling method was used. Primary data was collected through Personal Interview Method by meeting consumers. Secondary data was collected from journals, Research papers, and Company website. Descriptive Statistics method such as Percentage, Averages, Rankings, etc. was used to analyze the data. Graphical analysis was used to achieve the objectives of the study.
 It was found that Roadside vendors (54.29%) were the major source for purchase of packaged milk followed by Kirana stores (37.14%). Major important source for getting information about the milk brands was Television (47.14%), followed by Newspapers (37.14%), Retailers (14.29%) respectively. It was observed that among various attributes that affect purchase of milk, Taste was the most important attribute, followed by Quality, Brand Image, Packaging and Price respectively. The study with reference to homemade dairy products revealed that majority of the respondents (76%) were not making dairy products at home, only near about 1/4th respondents (24%) were making dairy products at home. During Lockdown majority of the respondents (63%) had no change in their milk consumption, while for near about 1/4th respondents (23%) consumption was increased and for some respondents (14%) consumption was decreased. For 23% respondents 250ml increase in milk consumption was seen. For majority of the respondents (65.22%) the reason for increase in milk consumption was All family members staying at home and for rest of the respondents (34.78%) it was Work from home. For 10% respondents 250ml decrease in milk consumption was seen and for 4% respondents 500ml decrease was seen. For majority of the respondents (78.57%) the reason for decrease in milk consumption was Financial issues.