Disclosure Of Personal Information Research Articles

Effects of Privacy Policy and Government Regulation on Trust of Consumers in Saudi Arabia: An Empirical Study

The research aimed to analyze the influence of privacy policy and government regulation on privacy risk concerns and trust. In other words, this paper attempted to highlight the importance of privacy policy and government regulations, which are two important aspects related to user’s privacy rights. Data were collected through an online questionnaire to test the relationships between each FTC category in online privacy statements of websites/Government regulation and its effect on trust/privacy concerns and relationships. Two hundred sixty-eight respondents participated in the online survey. Results of the study indicate that the privacy policy has a positive impact on trust, whereas privacy risk concerns have a negative impact on trust. A clear and transparent privacy policy helps organizations to establish good relationships with consumers. Additionally, the privacy policy has a negative impact on privacy risk concerns. A strong and powerful privacy policy will significantly improve users’ conservative attitudes about information sharing and privacy disclosure risks. Finally, government regulation has a positive impact on trust and a negative impact on privacy risk concerns. Government regulations such as disclosure, sharing, and use of personal information must be enforced to increase the willingness to use users’ information, thereby enhancing users’ trust in the relevant privacy policy protection laws. Clear and effective laws and regulations reduce users’ fear of privacy policy; that is, the quality of the law will effectively motivate users to provide personal information. The findings of the research imply that there is a high level of concern among the citizens linked to their privacy risk, indicating people do not trust e-government sufficiently. Taking into consideration weak spots related to e-government policies a cybersecurity plan should be implemented. Besides that, consumers’ trust related to privacy policy should be increased. This can be done by improving the standards for a privacy policy.

A Survey and a Case-Study Regarding Social Media Security and Privacy on Greek Future IT Professionals

Nowadays, social media and social networks are increasingly used in business as they have drastically changed the way the community works, communicates, collaborates, socialises, creates content and shares knowledge and ideas. However, in particular, IT professionals and practitioners need to be aware of online security and privacy issues and the potential negative impact that they may cause on different aspects of business, such as online breaches or information theft. The use of social media inevitably leads to disclosure of personal information, with the use of open-source intelligence (OSINT) and other similar techniques. Hence, the aim of this article is twofold, namely first to show results of a survey towards future Greek IT practitioners regarding awareness and viewpoints of social media users concerning security and privacy on social media. More specifically the study was based on responses and viewpoints of 178 Greek electrical engineering and IT students to an online questionnaire. Secondly, the aim is also to show how easily a potential malicious user can anonymously track and retrieve sensitive personal information in an automated and undetectable way from popular social media platforms by using publicly available information, resources, and tools. The results of the survey show that most of the respondents are aware of the privacy settings of the social media platforms they use. However, they consider that they should be more careful concerning personal data and whom they add as friends or followers and they do not feel comfortable with the fact that a stranger might be able to access their personal information through their publications on social media platforms.The case study indicates that it is possible for malicious users to acquire sensitive personal data (e.g. user's location via tweets and instas from smartphones). In addition, the ability to map activity could allow malicious users to track the activities of unsuspected users and predict their future locations.

Evaluation of the Likelihood of Friend Request Acceptance in Online Social Networks

Recent years online social networks (OSNs) have become an essential digital platform in the daily life of billions of earth inhabitants. Despite the advantages of easy communication and information sharing, OSNs users often fell in trouble causing by security breaches and violations. A recurring example of the troubles arises due to a rash acceptance of the friendship request, which can lead to the disclosure of personal information and vulnerability to an attack. Support for making a secure friendship decision is limited in the modern OSNs, making their use hazardous especially for the groups of children and young people. To overcome this issue, the paper proposes a method for evaluating the likelihood to become a friend in support of promoting hazard-free cyber environments. The proposed approach allows a user to define a model of a friend-to-be, and incoming friend requests are evaluated with reference to this model. The model takes into account the attributes (like common interests) and the behavioral properties of a friend-to-be (like frequency of the posts). The method allows for filtering friend requests to the given users and triggering notification of anomalous behaviors in an OSN. An empirical study proves the validity of the proposed model and its favorable characteristics against existing methods in the current OSN platforms.

Threat Analysis for Wearable Health Devices and Environment Monitoring Internet of Things Integration System

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, heterogeneous device management issues tend to arise in architecture security due to hardware computing power, types of software, data transmission interfaces, and networking protocols. Even during data exchange between devices and systems, traditional IoT devices are prone to the disclosure of personal information, which compromises privacy. Thus, planning an effective information security management strategy has become an essential part of application development. This paper presents a strategy to achieve information security verification and risk assessment for an IoT-based personal health information system. Using several interfaces of IoT devices, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, we simulate possible attack hypotheses and define test methods and evaluation methods suitable for each device. In our application systems for information security analysis, we also consider and integrate weaknesses of the system architecture to achieve a more complete information security threat analysis.

Tüketiciler Kişisel Bilgilerini İşletmelerle ve Kişilerle Paylaşırken Niçin Farklı Davranırlar? Kişilik Özellikleri ve Gizlilik Endişesinin Rolü

The aim of this study is to explain differences between consumers' personal information disclosure to companies (IDC behavior) and self-disclosure in social media (SDM behavior) based on personality traits, privacy concern and types of disclosed personal information. The population consisted of consumers who are 18 and over, have one or more social media accounts, and live in Turkey. The data were collected via the online survey method and analyzed by structural equation modeling. As a result of the analyses, it was found that consumers' IDC behavior and SDM behavior differ from each other depending on the disclosed personal information. It was also found that the personality traits have direct and indirect effects on both consumers' personal information disclosure and their self-disclosure in social media, and the privacy concern was the main reason for indirect effects. Accordingly, each of these disclosure behaviors was affected by different personality traits, and the dominant traits shape them. In conclusion, it has been determined that the personality traits and privacy concern have significant roles in the differences between IDC behavior and SDM behavior.

Impact of Social Networking Sites on Human Basic Privacy Rights

In recent era, Social networking sites (SNSs) have become an important source of communication and also became a matter of interest for researchers in several disciplines such as communications, technology and sociology. As SNSs are spreading rapidly, new issues regarding privacy and security are also raising. These Social networking sites including Facebook, Twitter etc. often reveal private data through the enclosure of public profiles, photographs, videos and messages send to the family, friends and general public. That is why the researcher is concerned to investigate the impact of Social networking sites (SNSs) on human basic privacy rights. As it was not possible to conduct a survey in complete population, therefore sample of 250 respondents (50% males & 50% females) was selected from different universities and colleges of Lahore, city of Pakistan. In the process of survey, questionnaire technique has been used to obtain the quantitative data. The findings revealed that Social Networking Sites significantly violate the human basic privacy rights. Majority of the respondents were of the view that privacy rights are harmed by SNSs. 10.4% respondents were strongly disagreeing about the statement that Facebook privacy is a real problem, 18.0% were disagree, 20.4% were neutral about the problem while 38.4% said they are agreed and 12.8% were strongly agree. The results also suggested that social networking sites leak personal data and also become a reason for disclosure of personal information. Hence, it is necessary when a user involves in the Social networking site he/she should be aware and vigilant of the privacy and security risks.

Effects of Genetic Counselor Self-Disclosure: an Experimental Analog Study.

The complex nature of self-disclosure poses challenges for genetic counselors in clinical practice. We examined the impact of genetic counselor self-disclosure on observer perceptions of the counselor. In an online analog study, 123 participants watched a 3-minute video of a simulated genetic counseling session. For half the participants, the video showed the counselor disclosing that she had a family medical history similar to the patient (direct personal disclosure). For half the participants, the counselor revealed her experience with other patients (direct professional disclosure). Half the participants in each video condition read that the patient had discovered personal information about the counselor during a pre-session web search (indirect personal disclosure); half read that the patient learned of the counselor's FAQ webpage for prospective patients (indirect professional disclosure). Participants in the direct personal disclosure conditions gave higher ratings to the counseling relationship on an abbreviated version of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory and rated themselves more likely to see the counselor compared to those in the direct professional disclosure conditions. The content of the indirect disclosure conditions (personal or professional) had no effect. Brief, direct, verbal disclosure of session-relevant personal information by a genetic counselor appears to enhance the counselor-patient relationship and increase the likelihood of patients returning to the counselor.

Research on Network Privacy Protection Mechanism Based on Trust Agent in Big Data Environment

The problem of personal information and behavioral privacy disclosure in the big data environment has aroused great concern in the whole society. This paper analyzes the user privacy leakage problem in the big data environment supported by cloud computing, proposes a privacy protection mechanism based on trust agent model, and studies the specific method and implementation path of using distributed trust routing and private cloud to realize privacy protection, and its core is to prevent users from leaking real private information through the localization and virtualization of privacy data. It also discusses the problem of user privacy information being corrupted by active privacy data pollution.

Gender differences in privacy tendencies on social network sites: A meta-analysis

The purpose of this study was to assess the presence and magnitude of gender differences in privacy-seeking tendencies on social network sites (SNS). To do so, a meta-analytic approach was chosen. A literature review produced a sample of 61 effect sizes from 37 independent studies (N = 16,159,261). Results showed that females on social network sites displayed higher privacy concerns and behaviors than did males. The gender differences, while all pointing to females being more committed to enhancing privacy, were small and statistically heterogeneous. A clear gender difference was apparent for activating privacy settings (d = 0.35) and untagging photographs (d = 0.26), whereas privacy concerns (d = 0.13) and disclosure of personal information (d = 0.13) showed smaller gender differences. The findings are in line with both evolutionary and social role theories and may be explained by differences in personality, threat vulnerability, or SNS activity levels. Advocators of SNS privacy should target males as the more vulnerable segment to privacy breaches. Additional studies are needed to investigate the moderating effects of variables such as culture and age, and to clarify the basis of this gender difference.

Why We Disclose Personal Information Despite Cybersecurity Risks and Vulnerabilities

Is it fair to say that the disclosure of personal information, in an online setting, is voluntary or due to incentivization, cognitive risk-benefit analysis, cognitive predisposition, or based on information sensitivity, whereas our personal information is being collected, knowingly and forcibly most of the time, and unknowingly and inadvertently at other times? While the collection of personal information is necessary to organizations and online users alike, in completing online transactions, the issue is the collection of additional non-pertinent information that serves only organizations' prescriptive and predictive analytics and their business interests, and not the users'. Most study on the phenomenon have centered on voluntary or willful disclosure, and on technical collections. This article examines the phenomenon based on the concept of the obligatory passage point and found that online users disclose their personal information online mostly because the information are designated as required in an online setting, contrary to conventional beliefs.

Preserving the Integrity of Medical-Related Information – How "Informed" is Consent?

Health care services are recognised as a right. These services are available to "everyone" who needs them. This availability ensures that users, that is, persons who receive treatment in a health establishment or who are in need of health services, are able to have access to these services. Generally, health care services should be available without undue financial burden to users. This then means that the government is saddled with an added financial and administrative burden to ensure their availability to users. However, the availability of the services depends on the availability of resources. In cases where resources are diminished, users who may be in need of health care services may be excluded. Furthermore, the availability of access to health care services does not sufficiently guarantee the securing of users’ personal information. Thus, it is enquired what levels of safeguards do health establishments have to secure the personal information of users? Do these security mechanisms allow for the disclosure of personal information to third parties, and how?
 

Access and Disclosure of Personal Health Information: A Challenging Privacy Landscape in 2016-2018.

Summary Objectives: To assess the current health data access and disclosure environment for potential privacy-protecting mechanisms that enable legitimate use of personal health information while preserving the rights of individuals. To identify the gaps and challenges between increasing requests and expanding uses of such information and the regulations, technologies, and management practices that permit appropriate access and disclosure while guarding against harmful misuse of such information. Methods: A scoping literature review focused on (1) regulations affecting access and disclosure of personal health information, (2) the uses of health information that challenge access and disclosure boundaries, and (3) privacy management practices that may help mitigate gaps in protecting patient privacy. Results: Countries and jurisdictions are developing laws, regulations, and public policies to balance the privacy rights of individuals and the unprecedented opportunities to advance health and health care through expanded uses of health data. Regulations and guidance are evolving, but they are outpaced by the increasing demand for and the challenges of managing access and disclosure. Mechanisms such as consent and authorization may not always be adequate. Mechanisms that advance principled stewardship are more important than ever. Conclusions: Access and disclosure management are important dimensions of privacy management practices. This is a volatile period in which diverging public policies may reveal how best to balance access and disclosure of personal health information by individuals and by institutional custodians of the information. Approaches to access and disclosure management, including the roles of individuals, should be a focus for research and study in the years ahead.

Low Self-Control, Information Disclosure, and the Risk of Online Fraud

This study investigates the risk of being a target of an attempt at fraud through email by assessing the role of low self-control, online activities, and the disclosure of personal information. A secondary analysis of the 2014 U.S. “Caught in the Scammers’ Net”, a national survey of online victimization ( N = 1,539), indicates that those with low self-control and individuals who engage in online activities are more likely to disclose personal information online. The risk of being targeted with a fraudulent offer is also associated with low self-control and online routine activities. Responding to a fraudulent offer is associated with disclosing personal information online and low self-control. Taken together, our empirical evidence strengthens the central role of low self-control theory.

Relationship between Information Privacy and Disclosure of Personal Information over the Internet to a Stranger: Manipulating the Expectancy of Meeting Face-to-Face

Relationship between Information Privacy and Disclosure of Personal Information over the Internet to a Stranger: Manipulating the Expectancy of Meeting Face-to-Face

Updating Disclosure for the New Era of Independent Spending

One of the most striking developments in recent elections has been the upsurge in spending by independent committees, particularly Super PACs and 501(c) nonprofit corporations, that are not technically affiliated with specific candidates or parties but that frequently work to promote or oppose specific candidates or parties. In many elections, these committees are de facto surrogates for the candidates they are aiding. Although our disclosure laws are reasonably effective at obtaining the disclosure of the identities of donors to candidates and parties, they fail to provide effective disclosure of the identities of the donors to independent committees. The Citizens United decision indicates that expanding disclosure to address the surge is independent is primarily a technical and political one, not a constitutional one, as the Court has strongly endorsed the disclosure laws and their application to independent committees.This article lays out a reform agenda for adapting our disclosure laws to this new era of independent spending. It addresses four issues: how to obtain the identities of the donors who contribute to organizations that engage in independent spending; how to define the election-related activity that triggers the duty to disclose; how to obtain the identities of the natural persons behind corporate contributions and expenditures; and how to assure that disclosure is made in a timely fashion.In earlier work, I have suggested that we require too much disclosure of personal information concerning relatively small donors. However, we currently provide too little information about the donors who are financing the independent committees that loom increasingly large over our elections. Rightsizing disclosure to enable voters to understand the financial forces behind our candidates requires that we both raise the monetary thresholds for disclosure and extend the ambit of disclosure to include the donors who are paying for independent spending.

AN EQUITY THEORY VIEW OF PERSONAL INFORMATION DISCLOSURE IN AN ONLINE TRANSACTIONAL EXCHANGE

This study draws upon equity theory to present a conceptual model for the study of personal information disclosure in an online buyer-seller transactional exchange. Prior research studies have utilized social contract and principal-agent theories to explain how information privacy concerns influence consumers’ intentions to provide their personal information to online sellers. Herein, equity theory is viewed as another “fairness and justice” lens through which online information privacy concerns can be explored while accommodating a broader set of situational factors, e.g., vendor loyalty, that also influence a buyer's willingness to provide their personal information to an online seller. The model operationalizes the “distress” construct that, according to equity theory, acts as an equity restoration mechanism and explores its mediation effects. Results of this empirical study show that event-driven distress can positively motivate an individual to provide personal information; and, that it can mediate the impact of certain situational factors on an individual’s willingness to provide personal information. Finally, vendor loyalty is conceptualized as a broadening of the “personalization” concept from the personalization-privacy paradox literature. It was also determined that “marital status” was significant in affecting one’s intention to disclose personal information while the significance of “age” was deemed inconclusive.

Protection of Privacy of Information Rights among Young Adults with Developmental Disabilities

Protection of privacy of information for young adults with developmental disabilities and their families is essential to promote quality of life, well-being, empowerment, and inclusion. Despite this, the young adults’ information privacy rights are increasingly at risk. This paper provides a scoping review, applying Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) approach, of all published peer-reviewed journal articles and gray literature to examine the barriers and facilitators in utilization of legislation that protects the collection, use, disclosure, and access of personal information in Canada. The scoping review process was further expanded with a rigorous reliability method and applied a socio-ecological framework to the final 47 studies. National and international policy and legislation (macro level), organization-based factors (meso), young adults and community interactions (exo), and individual disability related factors (micro) are examined. The review identifies the barriers and highlights the importance of facilitators for acting on personal privacy rights.

Joint Submission to Treasury on the Open Banking Review Final Report

This submission responds to the Final Report of the Review into Open Banking in Australia released by Treasury on 9 February 2018. The proposed ‘Open Banking’ regime, if implemented, will be the first incarnation of the broader ‘Open Data’ regime proposed for Australia. The Productivity Commission recommended the enactment of a ‘Consumer Data Right’ to secure the necessary ‘social licence’ for the greatly increasing collection and disclosure of personal information contemplated as part of the proposed ‘Open Data’ regime. The stated goal of the Consumer Data Right is that consumers should be empowered. This goal will not be achieved if the net effect of the Open Data regime is that a much larger amount of Australian consumers’ personal information is collected, processed and disclosed in a way that exacerbates inequalities in bargaining power, information asymmetries, discriminatory treatment and exclusion of vulnerable groups, especially if their existing exposure to risk without an effective remedy is not addressed. It is unsafe to promote a revolutionary increase in the exposure of the personal information of Australians without proportionate increases in the currently deficient legal protection of that personal information. This submission advocates increased substantive privacy protections, broader application of those protections, greater supervisory, investigative and representative powers for the relevant regulator, and penalties which are sufficient to achieve appropriate deterrence.

A continuous combination of security & forensics for mobile devices

In this research, we introduce the concept of adversary identification in combination with continuous authentication. To protect the system from session hijacking, it is important to not only use the traditional access control at the beginning of a session but also continuously monitor the entire session whether the present user is still the legitimate user or not. In case an impostor is detected, the system should lock to avoid loss or disclosure of personal or confidential information. In many cases, it will be important to not only secure the system but also establish the identity of the impostor which could be seen as a deterrence measure or could be used as a shred of evidence in the court. This concept has not been introduced in this manner before, and it combines security and forensics continuously.We have performed a closed-set and an open-set experiment to validate our proof of concept with two different publicly available mobile biometrics datasets. Depending upon the dataset and used settings, we show that the adversary can be correctly identified with 82.2% to 97.9% of the attack cases for closed-set experiment and for the open-set experiment this performance ranges from 73.8% to 77.6%.

Uso y valor de la información personal: un escenario en evolución

Our modern information societies are also –and especially– personal information societies. The collection of personal data has become the key asset for the development of digital markets. Even more, the way in which now people perceive and manage their privacy totally contrasts with the situation just a few years ago. Although these social transformations have accelerated recently, the process of modification of the scenario contextualising the use and value of personal information is ongoing for half a century. By means of the analysis of academic literature on the topic, this article describes such an evolution as well as the current interests of companies, citizens and public administrations regarding the disclosure and use of personal information.