Person Shooter Research Articles

What Influences Shooter Bias? The Effects of Suspect Race, Neighborhood, and Clothing on Decisions to Shoot

AbstractPolice shooting deaths of unarmed Blacks and African Americans led to psychological research on the influence of racial stereotypes on decisions to shoot, an effect called shooter bias. This article investigates how contextual cues signaling threat or safety interact with the race of the target to moderate shooter bias. Across two experimental studies using a first person shooter task, participants viewed Black or White male targets who held either a neutral (wallet or cellphone) or dangerous (gun) object. Study 1 manipulated the perceived safety or threat associated with the neighborhood context these shooting decisions occurred in, and Study 2 manipulated the perceived safety or threat associated with the targets’ clothing. Participants made quick decisions to “shoot” or “not shoot” the presented target, with error rates serving as the dependent variable. Across both studies, results confirmed that racial bias in shooting decisions against Blacks was present in perceived threatening neighborhoods and in perceived threatening clothing, and it was reduced in perceived safe neighborhoods and when wearing perceived safe clothing. Results help to identify contextual factors that may lead to mistaken shooting decisions, which can be used to improve police training and decision making to reduce bias.

An Evolutionary Transfer Reinforcement Learning Framework for Multiagent Systems

In this paper, we present an evolutionary transfer reinforcement learning framework (eTL) for developing intelligent agents capable of adapting to the dynamic environment of multiagent systems (MASs). Specifically, we take inspiration from Darwin’s theory of natural selection and Universal Darwinism as the principal driving forces that govern the evolutionary knowledge transfer process. The essential backbone of our proposed eTL comprises several meme-inspired evolutionary mechanisms, namely meme representation , meme expression , meme assimilation , meme internal evolution , and meme external evolution . Our proposed approach constructs social selection mechanisms that are modeled after the principles of human learning to identify appropriate interacting partners. eTL also models the intrinsic parallelism of natural evolution and errors that are introduced due to the physiological limits of the agents’ ability to perceive differences, so as to generate “growth” and “variation” of knowledge that agents have of the world, thus exhibiting higher adaptivity capabilities on solving complex problems. To verify the efficacy of the proposed paradigm, comprehensive investigations of the proposed eTL against existing state-of-the-art TL methods in MAS, are conducted on the “minefield navigation tasks” platform and the “Unreal Tournament 2004” first person shooter computer game, in which homogeneous and heterogeneous learning machines are considered.

Zombies Arena: fusion of reinforcement learning with augmented reality on NPC

Augmented reality (AR) is a discipline having less cognizance but it is the door to new advance technologies. Accustomed games doesn’t facilitate user to physically interact with the surroundings which resulted into reduced learning capabilities. Our objective is to develop AR based first person shooter game empowering reinforcement learning. This act as a building block to capacitate users to interact with the physical environment. Non-player characters will be able to learn and adopt strategy more wisely after each move to capacitate players. Game is played by hundred users at different stages. Reported results are summarized in experiment section.

FPS Game Design and Implementation Based on Unity3D

This paper describes the planning process of a first person shooter game (FPS in short), including game scenario design, playing method design, game passed condition, the enemy AI intelligent system logic design and energy system design. Meanwhile the main implementation technologies of the game are introduced here by the mainstream Unity3D engine. Practice shows that a picture lifelike realism, movements’ smooth game works can be efficiently made using the unity3D engine.

GameFlow in Different Game Genres and Platforms

The GameFlow model strives to be a general model of player enjoyment, applicable to all game genres and platforms. Derived from a general set of heuristics for creating enjoyable player experiences, the GameFlow model has been widely used in evaluating many types of games, as well as non-game applications. Initial applications of the GameFlow model were limited to real-time strategy games. However, in order to be considered a general model of player enjoyment in games, the GameFlow model needs to be applied to a more varied set of play experiences. In this article, we revisit the design of the GameFlow model, review the various applications and derivative models, and discuss on-going analysis of the model. Subsequently, we describe a study that aims to extend the initial validation of the GameFlow model to incorporate additional game types. We report the results of expert reviews conducted using the GameFlow criteria to evaluate first person shooter games on Sony PlayStation 3 and adventure games on Apple iPhone. Our findings provide insight into the manifestation of the GameFlow elements in these types of games and also highlight some of the genre-specific considerations in the application of the GameFlow model. Key issues are raised and discussed in relation to immersion, social interaction, and multiplayer games.

Film Writing Adapted for Game Narrative: Myth or Error?

Film Writing Adapted for Game Narrative: Myth or Error?

Shoot at first sight! First person shooter players display reduced reaction time and compromised inhibitory control in comparison to other video game players

Studies have shown that regular video game use might improve cognitive and social skills. In contrast, other studies have documented the negative outcomes of excessive gaming vis-à-vis health and socioprofessional spheres. Both positive and negative outcomes of video game use were linked to their structural characteristics (i.e., features that make the game appealing or are inducements for all gamers to keep playing regularly). The current study tested whether active video gamers from main genres (massively multiplayer online role-playing games, online first person shooter, multiplayer online battle arena) differed in a laboratory task that measured inhibitory control. Eighty-one gamers performed the Hybrid-Stop Task, assessing restraint (go/no-go trials) and cancellation (stop-signal trials) processes of a prepotent response. They completed additional self-reported questionnaires measuring demographics, problematic video game use, impulsivity traits, and depressive symptoms. Results showed that when confounding variables were controlled for, participants who favored online first person shooter were characterized by accelerated motor responses yet reduced abilities to cancel a prepotent response. No differences between groups were identified regarding the restraint process. The findings of this pilot study might have clear implications for video gaming research by supporting the critical importance of distinguishing between video game genres when considering their specific potential benefits and detrimental effects.

GAME ONLINE DAN AGRESIVITAS ANAK USIA SMP DI SIDOARJO

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of online games towards aggressiveness of junior high school students in Sidoarjo Regency. This research used a quantitative research through an explanatory approach. The sampling technique in this study was a random sampling of 100 students in the Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency. Analyzing data used linear regression. The results showed that the online games that is currently booming in Sidoarjo Regency were Game Action Adventure (78.2%), Game action "lostaga" (77.2%), FPS (first person shooter) "Cross Fire" (73, 4%). Aggressiveness that was the most often done by the respondent did not serve the conversation (75.4%) did not prevent others to hurt those who have hurt him (71.2%), and did not talk the person who has hurt him (69.2%). Based on research showed that, the study of online games did not affect to the aggressiveness of the child.

Penilaian Atribut Usabilitas oleh Gamer First Person Shooter (FPS) Indonesia

<p>Computer games, especially First Person Shooter (FPS) have become one of the fastest growing and most economically sucessful software in Indonesia. Given the potential economic benefits of the FPS games, it is important to design its user interface as usable as possible to win the market. In accordance, it is crucial to find out what user interface factors should be considered in designing an FPS game. These factors can be used as a designing guide for game developers in Indonesia. The purpose of this paper is to discover the main user interface factors that should be considered in designing an FPS game especially from usability point of view and to suggest improvement of the user interface in current FPS game.</p><span>Fourty (40) usabilty attributes from literature review are qualitatively grouped into 5 factors. Those factors are: Basic FPS Feature (BFF), Basic Game Feature (BGF), Display & Sounds (D&S), Help & Hints (H&H), and Enjoyment (E). Usability testing on the factors is conducted in three different groups of players: Novice, Experienced, and Expert. Mann-Withney Test are conducted to understand performance difference for each group. The result shows that BGF and H&H are not significantly difference for all groups. While for BFF, the novice group tend to have different preference rather than other groups since there is not enough time duration given on novice users accessing the FPS feature. For D&S, expert tend to have different preference rather than other groups. Some future research potentials are also proposed in this paper.</span>

The Hierarchy of an Online Gaming Community

Extensive research was conducted amongst a First Person Shooter (FPS) online video game community called Syndicate Gamers. The research focused on their effective use of an organizational structure and managerial hierarchy; implemented and executed via the Internet. The research included studying Syndicate Gamers' managerial hierarchy as well as the roles and responsibilities of those occupying positions of importance within the online gaming community. From January 2014 – May 2014, the researchers utilized the participant-observer model to gather information about the staff positions of Syndicate Gamers. The results of the study showed clear delineation of roles and responsibilities within the staff structure, which allowed efficient execution of duties and tasks. In the event a staff member was unable to perform a task due to absence, the tasks and responsibilities were temporarily transferred, to an organizational superior, peer, or subordinate until the primary staff member could resume his or her responsibilities full-time.

Modeling outcomes of violent video game play: Applying mental models and model matching to explain the relationship between user differences, game characteristics, enjoyment, and aggressive intentions

While much research on video games has focused on aggressive outcomes, the extant research has not come to consensus on the role of other factors, notably enjoyment, frustration and individual differences amongst players, in mediating the link between violent game play and aggression. This experimental design uses a mental models approach to examine game features (e.g., controller naturalness), player characteristics (e.g., first person shooter experience, sex, degree of competitiveness) and the game play experience (e.g., perceived game realism, immersion, game failure, frustration and enjoyment) to explain aggressive outcomes. Results from a revised path model suggest perceived realism, immersion, and experience with other first person shooters all positively predicted enjoyment while frustration negatively predicted game enjoyment. Frustration and enjoyment both predicted state aggression. The findings of this study support the application of mental models as a theoretical approach to unify thinking about violent games, contextual features of violent games, individual difference variables and differences in player perceptions and game experiences with regards to outcome aggression. Results are discussed in terms of the model matching hypothesis and implications for the comprehensive study of violent game play, including the importance of enjoyment and frustration, are also discussed.

Applying thematic analysis to define an awareness interpretation for collaborative computer games

ContextCollaborative computer games have evolved from single-player to massively multiplayer awareness-demanding games, usually involving collaboration to achieve team goals. As a consequence of such evolution, these players should be provided with awareness information that enables them to perform collaborative tasks with other team members. ObjectiveThe objective of this work is the analysis of current awareness interpretations in order to develop an awareness interpretation that collects the awareness needs of such games. MethodThis analysis has been conducted by means of a step-by-step Thematic Analysis of current interpretations that led us to extract the most relevant awareness elements defined in existing interpretations. The developed awareness interpretation was empirically evaluated by means of several surveys aimed at assessing whether the implementation of the interpretation elements in a game would improve the players enjoyment. ResultsThe Thematic Synthesis Analysis concluded that none of the current awareness interpretations can deal properly with collaborative computer games, specifically due to collaboration and social & group dynamics. This Thematic Synthesis Analysis led us to coin Gamespace Awareness, a new awareness interpretation based on a combination of the previously analyzed awareness interpretations, which is suitable for collaborative computer games. The interpretation was positively evaluated for two games, namely a first person shooter and a real-time strategy game. ConclusionsGamespace Awareness combines the potential awareness elements needed for collaborative computer games, making it possible to identify the awareness requirements of these games from the very beginning.

Predicting Individual Action Switching in Covert and Continuous Interactive Tasks Using the Fluid Events Model.

The Fluid Events Model is aimed at predicting changes in the actions people take on a moment-by-moment basis. In contrast with other research on action selection, this work does not investigate why some course of action was selected, but rather the likelihood of discontinuing the current course of action and selecting another in the near future. This is done using both task-based and experience-based factors. Prior work evaluated this model in the context of trial-by-trial, independent, interactive events, such as choosing how to copy a figure of a line drawing. In this paper, we extend this model to more covert event experiences, such as reading narratives, as well as to continuous interactive events, such as playing a video game. To this end, the model was applied to existing data sets of reading time and event segmentation for written and picture stories. It was also applied to existing data sets of performance in a strategy board game, an aerial combat game, and a first person shooter game in which a participant’s current state was dependent on prior events. The results revealed that the model predicted behavior changes well, taking into account both the theoretically defined structure of the described events, as well as a person’s prior experience. Thus, theories of event cognition can benefit from efforts that take into account not only how events in the world are structured, but also how people experience those events.

Experience and Training of a First Person Shooter (FPS) Game Can Enhance Useful Field of View, Working Memory, and Reaction Time

Experience and Training of a First Person Shooter (FPS) Game Can Enhance Useful Field of View, Working Memory, and Reaction Time

Commentary: Awareness of Risk Factors for Digital Game Addiction: Interviewing Players and Counselors.

Commentary: Awareness of Risk Factors for Digital Game Addiction: Interviewing Players and Counselors.

Action Video Gaming and Cognitive Control: Playing First Person Shooter Games Is Associated with Improved Action Cascading but Not Inhibition.

There is a constantly growing interest in developing efficient methods to enhance cognitive functioning and/or to ameliorate cognitive deficits. One particular line of research focuses on the possibly cognitive enhancing effects that action video game (AVG) playing may have on game players. Interestingly, AVGs, especially first person shooter games, require gamers to develop different action control strategies to rapidly react to fast moving visual and auditory stimuli, and to flexibly adapt their behaviour to the ever-changing context. This study investigated whether and to what extent experience with such videogames is associated with enhanced performance on cognitive control tasks that require similar abilities. Experienced action videogame-players (AVGPs) and individuals with little to no videogame experience (NVGPs) performed a stop-change paradigm that provides a relatively well-established diagnostic measure of action cascading and response inhibition. Replicating previous findings, AVGPs showed higher efficiency in response execution, but not improved response inhibition (i.e. inhibitory control), as compared to NVGPs. More importantly, compared to NVGPs, AVGPs showed enhanced action cascading processes when an interruption (stop) and a change towards an alternative response were required simultaneously, as well as when such a change had to occur after the completion of the stop process. Our findings suggest that playing AVGs is associated with enhanced action cascading and multi-component behaviour without affecting inhibitory control.

Player Modelling in Target-based Games

people's attention span dropping and computational capacity increasing, artificial intelligence and machine learning are making inroads into the area of gaming. One such technique to make games more interesting, i.e. player modeling has become popular off late. However, most of the work on player and opponent modeling involves strategy games. The aim of the paper is to model the style, and more importantly, even the skill of a player in an entirely different genre, the target based aiming games. It was found that traditional player modeling approaches fail in this genre as real valued continuous output needs to be modelled. The research took a turn to regression methods to model this genre and explore and pick from a number of algorithms. These were next applied to a practical game and evaluated against the humans, on which they were modelled, to judge their performance. The paper concludes by talking about how these methods can also be extended to other similar genres like first person shooters.

Violent Fantasies in Young Men With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Dangerous or Miserable Misfits? Duty to Protect Whom?

Predictability of dangerousness in association with mental disorders remains elusive, outside of a few relatively well-established risk factors for the prognostication of violence, such as male sex, the presence of a psychotic disorder, and comorbid substance abuse. In clinical practice, inquiry into the presence of aggressive or violent ideation, in the form of ideas of homicide or suicide, is part of a standard mental status examination. Nonetheless, fantasy life, when it concerns harm toward others, may not be as reliable an indicator of imminent danger as it may be in the case of self-harm. Five cases of young Italian men with Asperger syndrome and recurrent and extremely violent femicide fantasies are presented. While there is no direct correlation between autism spectrum conditions and violence, as other humans, persons with an autistic condition are capable of committing crimes, including homicide. All five had in common a number of characteristics and behaviors felt to be pathoplastic: All had been bullied, all had been romantically rejected, all were long-standing First Person Shooter (FPS) game players, and all were avid violent pornography consumers. The potential for an actual neurocognitive impact of violent video games, well documented in the literature, and its combination with personal life history and chronic habituation following long-standing violent pornography use is discussed in the context of social and emotional vulnerabilities. While aggressive fantasies cannot and should not be underestimated, in countries where duty to protect legislation does not exist, a clinical approach is imperative, as, incidentally, should be anywhere.

Studying Social Interactions in Groupware Systems

Groupware Systems (GS) support groups of users to, via cooperation, coordination, and communication, achieve a common goal. Technological advance has caused the users requirements become more demanding for the GS, being required for the GS to include social interactions for improving the collaboration of users in a better way. Thereby, it is necessary to find techniques for enhancing and performing tasks in collaborative work. In this paper, we present a review about the works related to the interaction models. In addition, we present the results of an experimental study with 30 users aimed to evaluate the social interactions of a GS (a collaborative videogame - First Person Shooter). The results obtained show that the social interactions can still be improved in such systems, whereby we propose a conceptual model of social interactions to support the collaboration of users. In order to validate our approach we propose a prototype based on Multi-Agent Systems.

Commercial-Off-the-Shelf-Technology in UK Military Training

Aim. This article gives an overview of how commercial computer game technology was introduced for training, education and decision support within the British Army. Value of the article. It records the narrative of the introduction and development of first person shooter computer games into the British Army; an area where developments are not routinely reported outside the closed world of defence training. Methodology. The research was based on interviews of key staff who worked in procurement at the Defence Academy of the UK and for the MoD during 2002 to 2012. The interviewees included two officers, an experienced defence contractor and a senior civil servant. These interviews were given on the understanding that the views expressed would not be individually attributable as they might not represent those of their current employers. The authors were also given access to a unique collection of documents, some of which were not publically available, but are held in the archives of the UK Defence Academy. These are cited in the bibliography. Limitations of the article. This article cites the evidence from the time that supported the continued use of what was a radical and contentious new way of training. Since the introduction of Virtual Battle Space 2 into the British Army, further research into the effectiveness of games based training in the military has been published. Analysis. Games based training has become a significant part of the training cycle for many parts of the British Army. These games have limitations, but are the only alternative to real operations for some types of training. However, the difficult topic of what is the correct proportion of games based training to other types? is a contested area within defence training in the UK. Conclusions. Initial evaluations on the effectiveness of the use of computer games in preparing UK forces for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan showed they had a significant positive impact. The first experience of the British Army with these games has secured the long-term application of this technology and it is unrealistic to imagine future military training without some degree of games technology.