Personal Life Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF VARIOUS WHITENING AGENTS ON THE TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF DENTAL HARD TISSUES

Intorduction. Discoloration of teeth is a common aesthetic concern affecting various segments of the population and individuals of all ages. According to current literature, 74% of respondents believe that an unattractive smile negatively impacts their career, while 92% think it influences success in their personal lives. Modern dentistry offers numerous whitening methods to address tooth discoloration, with professional clinical bleaching being one of the most commonly performed procedures. Despite the variety of available techniques and the continuous emergence of new advancements in recent years, the issue of selecting the most effective and safe whitening agents remains a pressing concern. The purpose of this study was to clinically and experimentally substantiate the selection of optimal teeth whitening methods and to assess their effectiveness. This evaluation was based on experimental analyses of the chemical composition of dental hard tissues, as well as clinical and laboratory research methodologies. To achieve this purpose, the study outlined the following objectives: Identify changes in the chemical composition of tooth enamel in experimental settings after the application of various professional whitening systems and protocols. Evaluate the long-term effects of whitening agents on the chemical composition and structural integrity of dental hard tissues. Methods. Experimental and statistical research methods were utilized to achieve these objectives, including microscopic analysis of the morphological and chemical composition of enamel using a high-resolution Mira LM electron microscope. For the experimental groups, bleaching systems containing 35% hydrogen peroxide and 44% carbamide peroxide were used to analyze their effects on enamel composition. Results and Conclusions. The study compared the chemical composition of enamel surfaces following professional hygiene procedures and the use of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide as active components in clinical teeth whitening systems. The findings demonstrated that changes in enamel composition significantly influence various oral parameters, including the composition of the oral fluid, the activity of salivary glands, and the functional and structural resilience of dental hard tissues. Experimental results revealed notable deviations in the basic elements of enamel. These findings underscore the importance of selecting whitening agents based on clinical and laboratory tests. Moreover, the use of remineralizing agents with specific chemical formulations tailored to the chosen whitening components is essential to mitigate potential adverse effects and preserve enamel integrity.

Work-Life Balance and Work-Life Integration: A Comparative Analysis through Conceptual Distinction

The evolving discourse surrounding work-life balance and work-life integration reflects significant shifts in workplace dynamics, driven by factors such as increased workforce diversity, particularly the participation of women, and advancements in technology. This paper explores the conceptual distinctions between work-life balance, which emphasizes clear boundaries between professional and personal life, and work-life integration, which promotes the blending of work and non-work domains to create synergy. Work-life balance traditionally involves setting firm limits between paid work and personal responsibilities to maintain equilibrium, while work-life integration encourages flexibility, allowing individuals to fluidly navigate between professional and personal roles. Drawing on recent research, this paper highlights how each approach caters to different organizational structures and employee needs. Work-life integration, supported by the rise of remote work and flexible schedules, is especially suited for knowledge workers who benefit from autonomy. Conversely, work-life balance remains a preferred model for industries with fixed schedules or physical presence requirements, particularly among blue-collar workers. This article concludes by addressing the implications of both approaches for employee well-being, productivity, and organizational performance, emphasizing the need for tailored solutions to meet diverse workforce demands in today’s rapidly changing work environments.

The impact of wearing compression hosiery and the use of assistive products for donning and doffing: A descriptive qualitative study into user experiences.

This qualitative study aimed to describe users' experiences and needs related to wearing, donning, and doffing compression hosiery, and the provision process of compression hosiery and associated assistive products for donning and doffing. Adults who have been advised to wear compression hosiery participated in semi-structured interviews. Existing frameworks about the provision process and acceptance of assistive technology guided the topic list. The interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis. After 19 interviews, data saturation was reached. Three main themes were revealed: (1) becoming and being a compression hosiery wearer (or not), (2) wearing compression hosiery, and (3) donning and doffing compression hosiery. In cases of acute conditions, the participants reported feeling overwhelmed when they were first prescribed compression hosiery. In contrast, those with long-term complaints felt relieved. Participants considered advantages and disadvantages and then decided whether to wear compression hosiery. Despite mentioned beneficial effects from wearing compression hosiery, participants had to cope with a range of discomforts, including pinching, straining, sagging, and heat. Additionally, participants had difficulties with the appearance, and often tried to hide the compression hosiery. They mentioned problems with donning and doffing, which can result in dependency of home or informal care, which stopped some participants from wearing. In general, participants were not aware of the full range of assistive products for donning and doffing, but were interested in them. In conclusion, wearing compression hosiery has a large impact on a person's life because of its lack of comfort, unattractive appearance, and possible loss of independence through the need of donning and doffing support. These are expressed reasons for non-adherence, in addition to a lack of understanding of the importance of wearing and the consequences of not wearing compression hosiery. Easy-to-find independent information and more attention to donning and doffing during the fitting appointment of compression hosiery are recommended.

Faculty Workload and Well-being at President Ramon Magsaysay State University: Impacts of Allied Tasks on Stress and Health

Faculty members in higher education institutions are increasingly burdened by a growing workload, particularly non-teaching assignments or allied tasks. The time spent on workloads were observed to have increased in the past years. Hence, the researchers decided to undertake this study entitled,”Faculty Workload and Well-being at President Ramon Magsaysay State University: Impacts of Allied Tasks on Stress and Health,” during the academic year 2021-2022. A quantitative descriptive design was employed to evaluate the variables of the study. A researcher-made survey questionnaire was administered to forty-three faculty members using population sampling. Data were collected through online platform due to limited face to face interactions. A letter of consent was emailed to the three(3) Campus Directors of north campuses prior the online survey. Descriptive statistics such as percentage, weighted means, and Pearson Correlation was used in the treatment of data. The findings revealed that on average, faculty members spent approximately 29.54 hours on teaching tasks and 34.73 hours on allied tasks per week. This study revealed significant differences in the time spent on allied tasks across various demographic groups, such as age, gender, civil status, highest educational attainment, and length of service. Additionally, a significant relationship was found between the time spent on teaching and allied tasks and the extent of experienced stress, but not on personal life, mental health, or physical health. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the university administration implement strategies such as offering mental health support services and creating a more supportive work environment. Reallocating administrative responsibilities or hiring support staff is highly encouraged. Providing health breaks may also be implemented which could help address stress.

სოციალური მედია და თანამედროვე საზოგადოება

Without social media, the life of a modern person has become practically unimaginable. Applications such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Site X (formerly Twitter), TikTok are used by billions of people worldwide, and this statistic is constantly growing. Social media platforms are functionally used for many purposes, including communication, receiving and spreading information, self-expression, entertainment, as well as a tool of information warfare, etc. Considering its growing popularity, it is necessary to study the impact of social media on modern society, its benefits, Challenges and risks. This article discusses the nature of social networks, history of origin and development, negative and positive aspects of social media, its impact on the process of communication between people, democracy, social life, human psyche, behavior, etc. The article analyzes how the life of modern society has changed to a new one. In digital reality, existing problems related to the issue are identified, ways to solve them, prevention mechanisms and development perspectives are established. In the era of globalization and hybrid threats, reducing the public's vulnerability to information warfare tools and raising the awareness of Internet users is especially important.

Социальное здоровье современной молодежи

The article provides an analysis of the concept of “social health of young people”, which is a universal social value of a given community, which, on the one hand, reflects the level of ability of young people to adapt to the constantly changing social environment, on the other hand, is determined by a combination of their external and internal activity, allowing them to effectively cope with the challenges and changes in the surrounding world. The work identifies possible criterion signs and indicators of the social health of young people within the framework of philosophical, medical, socio-psychological, pedagogical and sociological approaches. At the same time, an important indicator of the social health of young people is their attitude to health, which can manifest itself in the form of self-preserving or self-destructive behavior and is closely related to their value system. The hierarchy of values of young people changes with age, which leads to the emergence of contradictions that affect their beliefs and views, including their attitude to health. Social health, understood as a set of specific characteristics and qualities of an individual, must ensure harmony between the individual and society, thereby facilitating self-realization and enabling the attainment of personal life goals.

GESTÃO FINANCEIRA DO POLICIAL MILITAR E O IMPACTO NA SUA ESTABILIDADE FINANCEIRA

The military police career is characterized by strenuous hours and unique responsibilities, requiring a balance between professional demands and personal life. In this context, financial management becomes a crucial element to ensure the emotional stability and well-being of public security professionals. This article aimed to analyze the importance of financial management for Military Police Officers, highlighting its influence on the quality of life and financial security of these professionals. The problem investigated was: how can financial management contribute to a safer and more stable future for military police officers? The methodology adopted consisted of a literature review, using scientific databases such as Portal CAPES, Science Direct and SciELO, with a focus on identifying the main difficulties faced by police officers in managing their financial resources and the most effective strategies to overcome them. The results indicate that the lack of financial planning is associated with high levels of stress and instability, affecting both personal life and professional performance. The study proposes the inclusion of financial education in the training and during the career of military police officers, in order to promote awareness about planning and healthy financial habits. The contributions of this research extend to the large area of public management and security, by proposing the implementation of public policies and financial education programs aimed at military police officers. These initiatives aim to improve the quality of life of professionals and strengthen the police institution, ensuring a greater balance between personal and professional life, in addition to ensuring a more stable and secure future.

The inner struggle: Co‐optation and moral authenticity within social movements scholarship

AbstractThe concept of co‐optation, denoting the appropriation of actors and ideas to support unintended agendas, has been widely employed in social movements studies. Despite its prominence, some scholars argue that the concept introduces ambiguous discussions of authenticity that morally judge activists under categories that are disconnected from their experiences of political participation. Consequently, they choose to separate morality from politics. I propose a meaningful approach to engage with morality and authenticity that contributes to the current understanding of the implications of co‐optation on movements and activists. First, I illustrate that moral concepts and attributions of responsibility are inherent to how activists experience co‐optation. Next, I highlight the limitations of existing theories of authenticity in capturing these moral elements. I then introduce the concept of moral authenticity, which refers to the importance that individuals place on acting in accordance with the type of person they aspire to be. I argue that integrating this notion with co‐optation offers a robust framework for describing and evaluating what authenticity means in the context of movements. This framework offers new insights into the relationship between individuals' personal lives and activism, an emerging field of inquiry in social movement scholarship.

Human Value in the Process of Commodity Economic Development

This content aims to clarify human values expressed through personal life and concretize them in career and job positions. Productivity and work efficiency are labor values expressed in money in a market economy. Philosophically, this topic is approached by the methodology of humans and society, combined with qualitative and quantitative research methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, and contrast. The inversion method analyzes the relationship between individuals and money. The research results show that humans are both subjects and objects of social life. Human values are respected and expressed through product value, which is affected by the laws of supply and demand, competition, and the market. Treating humans as a commodity can lead to inequality and discrimination. The article concludes that humans are different from animals in that humans create and live in an artificial world, every profession has value and contributes to the existence of society, and discrimination causes conflict. It hinders the development of society. Human value in a market economy is expressed through labor, occupation, and job position, directly affecting product quality and price. The real struggle is to eliminate injustice and protect human rights.

Re-Explaining the Urgency of the Death Penalty in Realizing a Deterrent Effect in Cases of Premeditated Murder

One of the extraordinary crimes in this country is premeditated murder, this is because premeditated murder is carried out with evil planning consciously and thinking in advance, where the result of this crime is the loss of a person's life. The death penalty in suppressing the number of premeditated murder cases through efforts to create a deterrent effect with fear of the death penalty needs to be re-examined legally, because the element of planning is difficult to interpret in premeditated murder, and there are fundamental changes in the imposition of the death penalty for perpetrators of premeditated murder has become an obstacle in itself in the implementation of the death penalty as a penal medium in creating a deterrent effect for perpetrators of premeditated murder. This article with a normative method tries to discuss the death penalty as a means of creating a deterrent effect for perpetrators of murder both in the aspect of normative studies and in comparative legal studies in the scope of the comparison between the death penalty according to the old Criminal Code and the new Criminal Code. So this article intends to describe the development of the death penalty system for perpetrators of premeditated murder according to the development of the National Criminal Code. Based on the existing study, it can be seen that the death penalty in preventing the increase in premeditated murder in society is currently not optimal, the cause is the difficulty in understanding the meaning of planning due to not being written down in the Criminal Code what is meant by planning in premeditated murder. The second problem is the change in the criminal threat for perpetrators of premeditated murder in Article 459 of the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code, where the presence of this provision creates a loophole for perpetrators of premeditated murder to avoid the death penalty due to the minimum sentence of 20 years in prison. In addition, the change in the position of the death penalty to an alternative sentence with conditions also opens up a loophole for perpetrators of premeditated murder to be free from the death penalty.

Family and family relations in Russian folk tales

The influence of the family on the formation of personality has long been one of the important issues. The family occupies a central place in a person's life. Family is in the focus of almost all folk tales. Russian folk tales serve as a source for studying the image of the family, its importance in people's lives. The purpose is to study the role of family members in Russian folk tales and identify the features of family relations. In the course of the work, the theoretical patterns of fairy tales as a genre of folklore were studied, the role and functions of family members were investigated, and the features of family relations in Russian folk tales were revealed. The object of the study was 30 Russian folk tales. The methods of situational analysis, classification and generalization were used in the work. The authors conclude that each image of a family member is filled with special qualities and functions important for the harmonious existence of the family; fairy tales serve as a mirror that reflects both the positive and negative sides of family life.

Grounding the Content of the Qur'an Surah Al-Fatihah in Everyday Life as a Form of Living Religion

This article presents a literature review of the book by Mary Pat Fisher and Robin Rinehart that discusses the concept of Living Religion and its application in everyday life, with a focus on Surah Al-Fatihah in the Qur'an. Surah Al-Fatihah, as a fundamental part of Islamic teachings, has a very deep and broad meaning, not only as a prayer in ritual worship but also as a moral and spiritual guideline in human interaction with God and others. This article explores how the values contained in Surah Al-Fatihah can be grounded in everyday life as part of a living religious practice. By applying the principles of Surah Al-Fatihah in everyday life, Muslims can face life's challenges more wisely and meaningfully. This discussion also raises the relevance of the concept of Living Religion in the modern pluralistic and dynamic world, where religious teachings need to be adapted to remain relevant and provide solutions to social and personal life problems. This article is expected to provide insight into the development of a more contextual and applicable understanding of religion, as well as encourage the application of religious values in everyday life that is more meaningful. Contribution: The discussion extends to the concept of Living Religion within a pluralistic and dynamic world, addressing the necessity for religious teachings to evolve and remain applicable to contemporary social issues. This perspective encourages interfaith dialogue and understanding in increasingly diverse societies.

The extent of physical and psychological workplace violence experienced by prehospital personnel in Denmark: a survey

Abstract Background Workplace violence against healthcare workers has been a well-known problem for more than 40 years. This problem is also relevant for prehospital personnel who are at risk of physical and/or psychological violence during work. Violence and threats of violence can have physical and psychological consequences, including personal challenges in their everyday life, use of sick days, reports, and the need for professional help. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the extent of and subsequent reporting of physical and psychological workplace violence toward the prehospital healthcare workers in Denmark in a two-year period. Moreover, we wanted to elucidate any possible effect of workplace violence on the private and professional lives of the prehospital healthcare personnel. Methods A nation-wide survey where a validated anonymised questionnaire was directed to all of the approximately 4500 Danish prehospital healthcare workers. Results Out of 584 complete responses we found that 47.4% had experienced psychological violence on the job whereas 25.7% had experienced physical violence on the job within the past two years. The perpetrators were mainly patients or relatives of the patients. Physical violence was mostly reported as punching, pushing, and kicking, while psychological violence included threats of violence and other intimidation. After experiencing violence the respondents reported both physical and psychological harm, which for some prehospital healthcare workers had consequences for their professional and/or personal life. Furthermore, some prehospital healthcare workers reported that the violence had resulted in some patients receiving worse treatment afterwards. We found that violence was rarely reported to either employers or the police, because respondents believed the events were not important enough to merit reporting, or because a report was not considered to make any difference to the healthcare worker. The survey demonstrates that, as a minimum, at least one healthcare worker in 30 and one healthcare worker in 16 has been exposed to episodes of violence and threats of violence within the last two years. Conclusion We suggest that the prehospital organisations emphasise reporting future episodes of physical and/or psychological violence. Knowing the extent of the problem is a prerequisite for addressing, debriefing, and/or other psychological follow-up. Trial registration N/A.

Outbreak Transmission of Coronavirus- A Case Study

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, originating in Wuhan, China, swiftly spread globally, wreaking havoc on both personal lives and economic stability. Method: Its highly contagious nature, transmitted through human contact, necessitated urgent government interventions worldwide. Measures such as quarantine, social distancing, and lockdowns, alongside medical awareness campaigns, were earnestly adopted to mitigate its impact. Results: While the development of a cure remains a time- consuming endeavor, the focus has shifted towards prevention through diverse strategies, explored in this study. Conclusion: Presenting a stochastic model, this paper aims to analyze the percentage of affected individuals across various factors, highlighting the efficacy of lockdown measures at different intervals.

The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Desktop Workers: Exploring the Link between Sleep Quality, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Lifestyles—A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract Background: Digital devices and work from home have blurred boundaries between work and personal life. Reduced physical activity has disrupted sleep patterns, impacting overall well-being. Sleep deprivation is characterized by inadequate or poor-quality sleep, and is linked to various health issues. This study evaluates the prevalence of sleep deprivation among desktop workers and explores its relationship with physical activity and sedentary behavior. Materials and Methods: A sample of 110 desktop workers participated. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) assessed physical activity, whereas the (SATED) questionnaire evaluated sleep quality. Participants completed surveys on the week’s first and last working days to track sedentary behaviors. Results: There was a significant change in IPAQ scores between the first and last working days (P > 0.05). However, SATED scores remained constant throughout the week. Additionally, no correlation (P > 0.05) was found between IPAQ and SATED scores. It was observed that 50% of participants engaged in regular activity; 79.1% exercised for 1–3 h daily. About 74.5% slept 6–8 h, whereas 23.6% reported 4–6 h of sleep. While 52.7% experienced nighttime awakenings, suggesting sleep disturbances. Conclusions: Although there was no significant correlation between screen time and sleep deprivation, some of the participants reported disturbed sleep. Regular physical activity may mitigate screen time effects, but other factors could also influence sleep quality.

Factors Influencing the Outcome, Mechanism, and Implementation of Motivational Interviewing After Hip Fracture: A Qualitative Analysis.

Motivational interviewing, an evidence-based person-centered counseling style, may help to facilitate increased mobility and physical activity after hip fracture. We explored contextual factors influencing the outcome, mechanism, and implementation of motivational interviewing after hip fracture. A qualitative study was completed using an interpretive description framework. Data sources included verbatim transcriptions of interviews with purposively sampled patients (n=18), clinicians (n=6 including 3 physical therapists), and relevant physical therapy stakeholders (a trial coordinator, a manager, and physical therapists involved in trial recruitment; n =4), and 128 randomly selected clinician diaries where clinicians recorded notes at the end of each motivational interviewing session. Data were independently coded by 2 researchers and mapped to the Medical Research Council process evaluation framework. Consensus discussions involving all researchers were completed to triangulate the data and develop an interpretive synthesis. We found 3 main themes and 3 subthemes in the data. The main themes were: (a) It's about life, (b) Walking is not the goal, and (c) It's complicated. The last theme was further developed into a model depicting internal, external, and social factors influencing the outcome, mechanism, and implementation of motivational interviewing after hip fracture. Internal factors related to physical and psychological functioning. External factors included elements related to the environment and health services. Social factors included having a support system, receiving positive feedback, isolation, and feeling overwhelmed. Factors interplayed to create a multitiered model, with the person's life at the center. Traditional rehabilitation was perceived as addressing the physical factors of hip fracture, while motivational interviewing intervention was considered to address the whole person. Many contextual factors interplay to influence motivational interviewing intervention after hip fracture. For successful hip fracture rehabilitation, our results suggest physical therapists and other care providers address these factors in addition to physical rehabilitation and focus on the person at the center of the process.

Производственная повседневность рабочих и служащих промышленных предприятий Дагестана в условиях Великой Отечественной войны (1941–1945 годы)

The article analyzes the peculiarities of working conditions and material and living conditions of workers of industrial enterprises of Dagestan during the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact, that the daily life of an ordinary person in extreme conditions allows us to better assess his contribution to the victory, as well as to understand the motives for the labor heroism he committed during the war years. Studying the daily production life of one of the main social categories that played an important role in achieving victory over Nazism - workers of industrial enterprises - using the example of the Dagestan Autonomous Republic provides an opportunity to feel this era, to understand the psychology and behavior of people during this dramatic period in the history of our country. Based on published works and diverse sources, it is concluded that, despite the objective material and living problems and hardships that existed during the war years, the deterioration of working conditions and the priority of state interests over the interests of an individual, workers and employees of industrial facilities in Dagestan demonstrated selfless work, examples of sacrifice and unity with the front in the name of a great goal - victory over fascist Germany. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the influence of material and living conditions on the attitude towards work of workers in factories and plants in the conditions of everyday military life.

Professor Horst Lucke (1929–2024)

Horst Lücke was an outstanding legal scholar who brought to Australia a deep knowledge of comparative law from his native Germany (via a Fulbright Scholarship in the United States of America). He specialised in private law, particularly the law of contract, statutory interpretation and legal history. He was an outstanding Head of School at the University of Adelaide and finished his career as an Honorary Professor at the University of Queensland. He was a delightful and stimulating colleague who contributed to research seminars right up until his death, aged 95, on 26 September 2024. His long life bore witness to profound changes in society, his personal life and academia.

Navigating Gen Z Hospitality Employees’ Inter-Role Conflict: A Multi-Level Examination of Work–Personal Conflict

Gen Z is gaining prominence in the hospitality industry workforce, making it critical to explore the dynamic interplay between Gen Z hospitality employees’ personal and work lives. Drawing on role stress theory, this daily diary study examines the role of work–personal conflict in Gen Z hospitality employees’ daily lives. Data was collected from 91 Gen Z Chinese hotel employees using the experience sampling method. The results show that work-to-personal and personal-to-work conflict at the within-person level increases turnover intention via emotional exhaustion. Regarding outcomes in the “nonwork” domain, work-to-personal conflict positively influences nostalgia. Furthermore, workplace fun at the within-person level and person–job fit at the between-person level moderate the relationship between work-to-personal conflict and emotional exhaustion. Based on the findings, hospitality companies should try to increase the fun of their employees’ daily work and improve person–job fit to mitigate work–personal conflict among Gen Z employees.

Developing nurse and midwife centred rostering principles using co-design: a mixed-methods study

BackgroundCurrent nursing and midwifery rosters are based on guidelines which may no longer adequately meet the needs of health services or staff and often result in decreased job satisfaction, poor health and wellbeing, and high turnover. Little is known about the rostering needs and preferences of contemporary nurses and midwives in Australia. The aim of this study was to identify the rostering concerns, needs and preferences of nurses and midwives, and co-design acceptable, equitable and feasible rostering principles.MethodsA mixed-methods design using a co-design approach with three components: survey, discussion groups, and co-design workshops. Nurses and midwives employed at three public health services in Victoria, Australia were invited to participate. The quantitative (survey) data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the qualitative (discussion groups and co-design workshops) data using thematic analysis.ResultsSurveys were completed by 715 nurses and midwives including unit (n = 14) and roster (n = 13) managers. Nurses and midwives (n = 688) were mostly satisfied with their roster (mean satisfaction score = 57.4). Many had responsibilities or commitments which impacted their roster availability (n = 406, 61.6%) and over half had taken personal leave due to roster-related fatigue (n = 335, 59.1%) or unmet roster requests (n = 310, 54.7%). Midwives reported significantly less satisfaction (p < 0.001) and more challenges with current roster practices than nurses. Roster and unit managers described spending considerable time preparing and reworking rosters. Thirty-nine nurses and midwives participated in a focus group and outlined concerns about the fairness and equity of current roster practices, and the adverse impact on their health, work, and personal lives. Ninety-one nurses and midwives participated in a co-design workshop and identified a need for roster practices and guidelines which ensure flexibility, fairness and equity, and fatigue management.ConclusionsAlthough nurses and midwives were mostly satisfied with their rosters, they often experienced frustrations and challenges with current roster guidelines and practices as well as adverse effects on their health and work and personal lives. Nurses and midwives identified a preference for fair and equitable rosters which provide flexibility and enable them to manage their other commitments and responsibilities, reduce roster-related fatigue, and provide high quality patient care.