Persistent Stereotypes Research Articles

A Lavender League of Their Own? Voice and Visibility of Lesbian Ballplayers

A Lavender League of Their Own?Voice and Visibility of Lesbian Ballplayers Peter Dreier (bio) In 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Elena Kagan, the Solicitor General and former dean of the Harvard Law School, to serve on the Supreme Court. The New York Post ran a seventeen-year-old black and white photograph of Kagan smiling and getting ready to swing a bat in a softball game under the headline, "Does this photo suggest high court nominee Elena Kagan is a lesbian?"1 Other news outlets quickly raised the same question, stirring a controversy over Kagan's sexuality, which was no doubt what those opposed to Kagan's nomination intended. The controversy reflected both the persistent stigma against lesbianism and the persistent stereotype that links women athletes—and particularly baseball and softball players—to lesbianism. The story of lesbians in baseball parallels the struggles of women and gay people to gain more equality in all walks of life. In the 1940s and 1950s, when lesbianism was a taboo topic, especially in the sports world, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League—the inspiration for the 1992 film A League of Their Own—did everything it could to avoid that stigma. The rise of modern feminism in the 1970s, especially the passage of Title IX of the federal Education Act of 1972, significantly increased the number of girls and women participating in organized sports at all levels, from preteens through the professional ranks. As the gay rights movement also burgeoned, a growing number of lesbian athletes came out of the closet, and the stigma was no longer as powerful. women in baseball Since its inception in the early 1800s, baseball was known as a sport for boys and men. "Baseball is too strenuous for womankind," wrote Albert Spalding in 1911,2 reflecting the dominant views of the period. Women faced ostracism [End Page 230] and derision—including the fear of becoming unmarried "spinsters"—if they dared violate social norms about engaging in sports.3 The first women's colleges were established in the 1860s and within a few decades some of them—including Smith College, Wellesley College, and the Women's College at Brown University—fielded baseball teams.4 In 1919, New York City's school system incorporated baseball as a physical education activity for girls. Most young girls played what eventually became known as softball, but some insisted on playing by men's rules and with baseball equipment.5 Gladys Palmer's 1929 book, Baseball for Girls and Women, included a variety of rules for indoor and outdoor games.6 the aagpbl During World War II, professional baseball faced a labor shortage. Eventually, over five hundred major leaguers served in the military during the war, while others worked in defense plants. Major league owners worried that fans would not pay to watch teams with second-tier players, but Philip K. Wrigley, the multimillionaire chewing gum magnate who owned the Chicago Cubs, figured they might buy tickets to see women play baseball. He recruited businessmen to sponsor local teams in midsized industrial cities within a one hundredmile radius of Chicago. The league started with four teams—the Racine Belles and Kenosha Comets in Wisconsin, the Rockford Peaches in Illinois, and the South Bend Blue Sox in Indiana—and eventually grew to ten. Softball had grown in popularity in the 1930s and 1940s. By 1943, there were at least forty thousand women's softball teams—one quarter of all the teams in the country.7 They provided a talent pool for the AAGPBL, but Wrigley insisted that they play some version of regular baseball. Over six hundred players participated in the league, which operated from 1943 to 1954. (Even after Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color line in 1947, the AAGPBL excluded Black players). Most players were from working-class families. Their salaries—initially ranging from $45 to $85 a week—were considerably higher than most other jobs available to women, and many men, even in defense plants. Most of them still had to work during the off-season, in factories or at clerical and office jobs. In 1987, Kelly Candaele made a public television documentary about the AAGPBL called A League...

НОВЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА ИСТОРИЮ ИСЛАМА (РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА КНИГУ ТОМАСА БАУЭРА "КУЛЬТУРА НЕОДНОЗНАЧНОСТИ И ПЛЮРАЛИЗМА: К ДРУГОМУ ОБРАЗУ ИСЛАМА")

Thomas Bauer’s monograph “The Culture of Ambiguity and Pluralism: Towards a Different Image of Islam” (Berlin: Directmedia Publishing, 2020. 400 p.) is an absolutely new interpretation of Islam as a world religion, based on the concept of “ambiguity”, which assumes a universal ability to ambiguously interpret certain phenomena of everyday life and public life. The monograph attempts to destroy one of the most persistent stereotypes about Islam as a religion that regulates human life in detail. The author proves that for a longer period of its history, Islam was much more tolerant to the spiritual practices of believers, to their way of life. The author cites numerous information from religious texts of the 8-19th centuries, which clearly show the high tolerance of Islamic culture to polysemy. The author justifies the validity of various ways of reading the Qur’an, describing this diversity as mercy and grace. The rejection of this tolerance in Islam, according to the author, occurred in the middle of the 19th century, largely under the influence of the West, which aggressively imposed its radical ideas about the truth...

Гендерные стереотипы: социокультурная или биологическая обусловленность?

The question under consideration is highly relevant due to the widespread prevalence of gender stereotypes in modern society and insufficient knowledge of the factors that contribute to their formation. Gender stereotypes are generalized images of groups of men and women, ideas about masculinity and femininity. Persistent stereotypes contribute to the maintenance of gender inequality and can limit the individual’s opportunities for self-realization. Gender stereotypes are manifested in various spheres of life, including the professional activities of school teachers. Further study of the structure and formation of gender stereotypes will contribute to expanding teachers’ knowledge in this area. Gender stereotypes are based on widespread opinions about significant differences between men and women. There are different approaches to the analysis of gender differences: sociocultural and biological. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of modern information about the somatic and psychophysiological properties of men and women that can determine gender differences and gender stereotypes. An analysis of prior research showed that the differences in psychological indicators are small. It has been established that these differences depend on gender stereotypes. The somatic and psychophysiological characteristics of men and women showed significant individual variability. The paper compares data on the level of motor and sensorimotor properties, on the brain structures in connection with the spatial and intellectual abilities, sensitivity to pain and aggression. I emphasize the individual variability of the properties under the influence of different factors. The abilities of an individual are the result of a complex interaction of genetic, hormonal, nervous and environmental influences. The data on the differences between men and women do not provide sufficient grounds for accepting them as a biological basis of gender stereotypes.

A Survey Experiment on “Bad Bosses”: The Effect of Social Networks on Gender Solidarity

Are women and men in positions of authority judged differently? If a gender evaluation gap exists, is it due to persistent stereotypes or notions of gender solidarity? We explore gender differences in judgement through a survey experiment in Argentina with a national sample of 4,068 employees. Respondents were asked to recommend a salary increase for a “bad boss” whose behavior was characterized as aggressive and at the limit of what is fair and appropriate. The survey experiment measures the extent to which respondents punish and reward female and male managers differently. The main finding is that women are more likely to punish male bad bosses, and men are more likely to punish female bad bosses. We explain variation as a function of respondents’ social and personal networks. Study findings carry significant implications for the study of the gender pay gap.

The Promise of the Suburbs: A Victorian History in Literature and Culture, by Sarah Bilston

When Sarah Bilston argues that Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s The Doctor’s Wife ‘rais[es], only to unsettle and complicate, stereotypes of the suburbs and the suburbanite’ (p. 156) she perfectly describes her own book. Bilston challenges the persistent stereotype of suburban life as ‘crushingly dull and tasteless’ (p. 1), a stultifying environment of mindless repetition. Her book uncovers instead ‘a counter discourse … about the suburbs as places that facilitated creative self-expression and enabled new communities formed around shared interests rather than birth networks’ (p. 3). As its subtitle suggests, the book constructs a history that brings literature and culture together and grants them equal weight, paying as much attention to gardening and interior decoration manuals as to the fictions of writers as well known as Wilkie Collins and as little known as Bertha Buxton. The book moves dialectically between positive and negative images of suburbia. In Chapter One, readers are introduced...

Socialisation, masculinity and adolescence

The rigid and persistent stereotypes regarding gender can be perpetuated through a lack of socialisation and sensitisation of teenage boys to this issue, resulting in increased risk behaviours for men that begin in adolescence.

K-8 Teachers’ Overall and Gender-Specific Beliefs About Mathematical Aptitude

Teachers’ beliefs play a significant role in students’ academic attainment and career choices. Despite comparable attainment levels between genders, persistent stereotypes and beliefs that certain disciplines require innate ability and that men and women have different ability levels impede students’ academic career paths. In this study, we examined the prevalence of US mathematics teachers’ explicit general and gender-specific beliefs about mathematical ability and identified which teacher characteristics were associated with these beliefs. An analysis of data from 382 K-8 teachers in the USA indicated that overall, teachers disagreed with the idea that general and gender-specific mathematical ability is innate and agreed with the idea that hard work and dedication are required for success in mathematics. However, our findings indicate that those who believed mathematics requires brilliance also tended to think girls lacked this ability. We also found that teachers who were teaching mathematics to 11- to 14-year-old students seemed to believe that mathematics requires innate ability compared with teachers who were teaching mathematics to 5- to 10-year-old students. In addition, more experienced teachers and teachers who worked with special education students seemed to believe less in the role of hard work in success in mathematics, which could have serious consequences for shaping their students’ beliefs about their academic self-concept and future career-related decisions.

Is bullying and suicide a problem for East Asia's schools? Evidence from TIMSS and PISA

ABSTRACTHerein we examine the dominant image of East Asian schools as marked by a darker side of widespread bullying, leading to high rates of youth suicide. First outlining the substantial literature on bullying in the English language, we turn to show how – paradoxically – the rates of bullying and suicide are no higher, or in nearly all cases, lower than both Anglo-American systems (Australia, England, New Zealand, United States) and high PISA performers (Canada, Finland, Estonia). To explain this, we extend a constructivist approach proposed by sociologists of Japanese youth, suggesting that recurrent ‘moral panics’ such as bullying are determined, at least in part, by underlying differences in self-construal and views of how society functions. This analysis contributes to recent work that has challenged persistent stereotypes of East Asian education, those images blocking deeper engagement with the underlying differences in approach and philosophy these systems represent.

Динамічна типологія американських соціокультурних стереотипів

The article presents the results of a dynamic classification of American sociocultural stereotypes based on their variability. The dynamics of stereotypes are traced in changes of assessment, emotional perception, and modification, reflected in the discursive representation of socio-cultural stereotypes. The degree of variability of socio-cultural stereotypes depends on the time of their formation, the frequency of occurrence in media discourse, and their emotional load. Persistent stereotypes, such as frontiersman, cowboy, are are based on cultural traditions. They function as templates for the reproduction of new sociocultural stereotypes. Transformational socio-cultural stereotypes demonstrate various changes that can relate to the content of stereotypes. Such is the case of melting pot. Once denoting unity of American society, this stereotype has transformed into a combination of diverse social and cultural elements, marked as salad bowl, mosaic, mixing bowl. Changes in socio-cultural stereotypes are manifested also in emotional and evaluative perception. Thus, the negative perception of the stereotype WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) has changed to positive. Transformational stereotypes can become the symbols of a certain historical period, marked by radical changes in views, attitudes and standards of behavior. Such is flapper – the stereotype of a bold and fashionable young woman that has become a symbol of “Roaring 20s”. Transient stereotypes are unable to transform and cease to exist with the disappearance of their referents. An example of such a stereotype is the Valley Girl, which denoted the category of rich and idle fashionistas of the 1980s. Today, the Valley Girl is an anachronism that alludes to the 1980s through definite fashion trends and slang. The result of the study is the recognition that American sociocultural stereotypes are changeable and situational fragments of the social environment. They may modify or disappear due to changes in the socio-cultural context. The duration of their existence depends not only on economic and cultural factors, but also on occurrence in media discourse.

Incongruity between Work and Gender Roles: The Effects of Gender Stereotype Deviation on Job SatisfactionDate submitted: May 7, 2018Revised version accepted after double-blind review: August 31, 2019.

We analyze the effects of deviation from gender stereotypes on job satisfaction for male and female employees in general and for employees in leadership positions. Based on social role theory, backlash mechanisms owing to the violation of gender norms and role incongruity theory, we expect that deviating from gender stereotypes negatively affects job satisfaction. We test our hypotheses by hierarchically applying multiple linear regressions to German employee data. Results show a stable negative effect of deviation from gender stereotypes on job satisfaction for women only. Our findings are consistent with recent studies that confirm traditional gender structures on the labor market and expand our knowledge about backlash effects, since they indicate that deviation from gender norms not only affects objective career indicators but also subjective ones. As job satisfaction is a predictor of organizational success, we discuss ways for organizations to reduce the harmful effects of persistent traditional gender stereotypes in workplaces.

Racialising Amateurism

Though their cultural births coincided, punk and rap musicians performed in New York City for at least seven years before they endeavoured any substantial creative interactions. Musicians, critics, and fans referred to both punk and rap as ‘primitive’; however, this article compares the acceptance and celebration of punk as ‘primitive’ with inverted judgments of shared qualities in rap music. Specifically, this article considers New York punk in the 1970s as a white racial project. Persistent stereotypes in white music media, particularly rock criticism, constructed the discursive meanings of punk and rap, while institutional and political segregation structured this distinction. Artistic ‘amateurism’, thus, functions as a celebratory term only when we give such art the benefit of the doubt – that it is not mere ineptness, that it is fruitful, that it is intentional, or that it is subversive. This benefit, in this case, is a white privilege.

Modern Organization of Financial Control

The definition of the financial control structural organization in current conditions includes the analysis of functional contents, powers and the structure of relevant controlling institutions. The study of the necessity and obligation of the control function is determined by the essence of management. The main institutions of financial control, their functions and tasks in the established spheres of activity are considered in the same connection with the management. The current processes of economic modernization, innovation, transformation of economic and financial relations into a digital form have led to the expansion of the range and content of the control function. The tendencies of development and improvement of structural and legal basis of financial control are shown in the conditions of digitalization. The features of the control were due to changes in the tasks of control in the conditions of the Russian economy transformation. The role and importance of all forms of control for decisions and the preparation of raw data for them has been proven. The conclusion that there are limitations in the development and improvement of control functions is due to the persistent stereotypes of managers’ behaviour and objective reasons for uncertain prospects and conditions of control. The need for a unified approach to the formation of the organizational, legal and information-methodical framework of financial control is justified. The proposals are designed to help improve the organizational structure of Russia’s financial control institutions while further digitizing its economy.

Listening well to psychiatric service users: What does it mean to give uptake?

Communication is central to good healthcare, with clinician, patient, and family members all playing a key role in identifying the needs and treatment options for the patient. Because good healthcare is person-centered, communication needs also to be person-centered - with the patient as the primary focal point - even though there may be several other parties who have interests and concerns for the patient. But in what does good communication consist? This article delves more deeply into the question of what is entailed in listening well, expanding on the concept of uptake as introduced by J.L. Austin. I apply uptake to psychiatric service users; because of persistent stigma, implicit bias, and stereotyping, this population faces some unique challenges when it comes to being listened to and taken seriously, This is especially true for members of Black, minority and ethnic groups. While the focus of this article is on uptake, I also discuss some kinds of silencing that may be at play in clinical encounters and in co-production. However, many questions are left unanswered as to when and how uptake is properly given, and when, if ever, it should not be given. The final section of this paper speaks to the need for others to engage in research and practical engagements so that this vitally important practice can be taught and employed. Here, I raise a number of questions that need to be addressed in order for a deeper understanding can develop about what it means to give uptake well.

The Role of Socializing Agents on Dropout and Continuing Participation of Adolescent Girls in Masculine-typed Sports

ABSTRACT Despite the positive effects of sports participation on young girls‘ development and well-being, gender disparities persist, and sport participation drops dramatically as young girls grow into adolescence. Current reports (e.g. Tucker Center, 2018) confirm persistent gender stereotypes that influence participation, especially in masculine-typed sports (MTS). Socializing agents (e.g. parents, siblings, peers) play a key role in shaping the social climate that influences young girls’ sports participation, and that influence is manifested through social support functions. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of socializing agents on dropout and continuing participation of adolescent girls in MTS. A total of 118 US women and a smaller sample of Israeli women (n = 28) completed a survey on social support they received during their adolescent sport experiences. Findings revealed that social support was greater for girls who engaged in MTS than girls who engaged in neutral and feminine sports; social support was greater for girls who continued participation than for those who dropped out; and social support was greater for US girls than for Israeli girls.

Stereotyping Indigeneity: the Case of Native American

Raising awareness of indigeneity comes forward with strengthening of cultural globalization. The lack of relevant knowledge of indigenous cultures results in persistent stereotyping. Regarded the representation of an ethnic group, a stereotype is based on implicit assumptions and behavioral implications that are reflected in evaluative characteristics. Stereotypes are spread by mainstream culture through popular media and cinema. This work attempts to profile the stereotype of Indigenous American created by mainstream American culture on the results of qualitative analysis of media discourse. Treated as uncivilized, Native Americans are portrayed as unbending and cruel warriors or as wise and helpful friends of White. America’s attitude to Indians is changing from banishing to extolling. The deconstruction of stereotypes in humanitarian paradigm is the matter of acknowledgment of cultural uniqueness and establishment of social equality.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОФЕСІЙНИХ СТЕРЕОТИПІВ ПОЖЕЖНИХ-РЯТУВАЛЬНИКІВ

The article presents the results of the theoretical and empirical research on professional stereotypes characteristic for specialists working in extreme situations. During professional work, stereotypes concerning the performed professional functions, actions, operations are formed inevitably. They simplify fulfilment of professional tasks, increase their certainty, and facilitate relations with colleagues. Stereotypes bring stability into professional life, they promote experience acquisition and formation of an individual style of work. Professional stereotypes are directly dependent on the nature of performed tasks and their psychological characteristics. Active cognitive processes are the main mechanism behind stereotyping; they include such processes as categorization, schematization and attribution. A formed stable stereotype has both positive and negative values for an individual. The use of stereotypes is positive under standard operating conditions and negative when it is necessary to act beyond the standard operations, at new working conditions with a new regime or if conditions varies or are changed dramatically. In our research, we identified 6 categories of rescuers’ stereotypical ideas related to their professional work: personal qualities; professionally important qualities; stereotypes related to awareness of duty and responsibility; value stereotypes; stereotypes of optimal role behaviour; stereotypes of professional communications and interactions. The article proves that the professional stereotypes of the studied rescuers differ qualitatively depending on the period of their professional work. During professional genesis, the most persistent stereotypes are those related to the ideas on the personal and professionally important qualities needed for rescuers. The most transformative stereotypes are those related to the value of professional work. The ideas about professional responsibilities, characteristics of professional behaviour and features of professional communications are also changed. The psychological diagnostic research results showed the need to provide a social and psychological training in order to form certain components of fire-fighter’s professional consciousness.

Behaviors, Cognitions, and Affects of Catholic School Students and Teachers on Capiz Aswang Phenomenon (C.A.P.)

It is alleged that Capiz has evolved to be the subject of many aswangs and other mythological ghosts, goblins, ghouls, manananggal and other monster stories. As views, opinions, and questions are ignored or receive a poor treatment - varying beliefs about the aswang phenomenon in Capiz will just lead to rising ignorance, persistent stereotyping, and deeper confusion that may continue to afflict Capiz and dehumanize Capisnon undeservedly. Hence, this study was conducted to probe the perception of Capisnon to the said phenomenon; elicit change in their conceptual, personal/social behaviors and dispositions vis-a-vis their practice of the Catholic faith. The research employed a descriptive qualitative design using a researcher-made questionnaire to a stratified sample of respondents. Also, a Focus Group Discussion with non-probable sample from Dumarao's Tag-aw Ati Minority and the Guban-Tapaz Tribe Panayanon Bukidnon was conducted to enrich the data and inferences of the study. Results acknowledged that the past colonial masters are the reasons for wrongly imputing the word aswang to Capiz and Capisnon and the contemporary detractors who take Capiz Aswang Phenomenon or C.A.P. out of their proper historical and cultural contexts. With or without the presence of C.A.P., the ideal circumstances in upholding the real identity and self-worth of Capisnon are: a well-informed insight about the phenomenon, a conscious discernment of its history and real meaning, and a growing diligence in character to be good and to do good in the community.

Is exam hell the cause of high academic achievement in East Asia? The case of Japan and the case for transcending stereotypes

High student achievement across East Asia is often explained as an outcome of highly competitive, stress‐inducing college entrance exams across the region. This ‘exam hell’ drives students to study longer and harder than their peers worldwide, a race that leads—unsurprisingly—to higher marks in international comparisons such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Yet, the race comes at a considerable cost: psychological pressure, forfeited childhoods, regimes of rote memorisation, lack of creativity and private outlays for cram schools. In this article, we seek to refute this outdated narrative by focusing on changes in Japanese education over the past three decades. We first analyse quantitative data for learning time based on three longitudinal surveys conducted by researchers in Japan to show that learning time for Japanese upper secondary students declined during 1980–2000 (Study 1). We then turn to analyse PISA 2015 data to show that now Japanese students study less than their peers in major Anglo‐American countries: the USA, the UK and Australia (Study 2). These findings run counter to well‐worn images frequently rehearsed in both the academic and popular literature. In helping to remove one of the most persistent stereotypes about East Asian education, we seek to help make visible other explanations for East Asian student achievement.

Breaking stereotypes through network analysis of the Chesapeake oyster community

Given the stories of Oyster Wars, competition for resources, and the large number of people involved in managing the oysters of the Chesapeake Bay, one might expect a fractured social network. Some management mandates require multiple stakeholder groups at the table, but these very rarely also mandate collaboration between the different types of oyster work going on: wild harvest, aquaculture, sanctuaries, and restoration. 140 people were surveyed via snowball sampling to document the social network of the Chesapeake oyster community. The survey questions used to construct the links between people in the network focused on the transfer of valued advice. Results show that the oyster community is well-connected across jurisdictional divides, type of oyster worked with, opinions of management, and across most career sectors. This shows that, despite persistent stereotypes to the contrary, members of the oyster community reach out for advice to a diverse cohort of colleagues.

Engaging and Retaining Women in an Engineering and Entrepreneurship Program [Commentary

Workplace and classroom culture, persistent stereotypes, and gender-specific pressures have all been suggested as reasons for the gender discrepancy in engineering. This article shares some of the behind-the-scenes observations and strategies that have proven successful to recruit, engage, retain, and propel women on their engineering career trajectories. Though the HESE program is small when compared to the engineering student body, our study of the motivations is significant because these observations have been consistently apparent over the past decade of the program's operation, and during that time period participation of women stayed above 50% of the total. The observations detailed here have implications for engineering and entrepreneurship education systems as well as large corporations, governmental agencies, and other societal actors that want to attract and retain women in their organizations.