Persian Literature Research Articles

O‘zbek tili sintaksisi rivojida chun bog‘lovchisining o‘rni

The remains relevant use of grammatical forms specific to other systems' lan-guages, their syntactic formulas specific to that language, and how they express different meaningful relationships to that language. This article explores the history of the use of the conjaction “chun” , its role in the development of the Uzbek language, based on the achievements of modern linguistics. In particular, the linker has formulated both the dicta-tive and the subjective (modus) expressions, and the expressive meaning has been used as a dependent component of the sentence. It has been revealed that subordinate expres-sions express meaningful relationships such as cause, time, condition, and conjuction, and when subjective content is used as a complementary sentence.Also, the ability of the binder to be able to be used in the sentence, between different parts of the sentence, is another indication of this. This problem has been studied in terms of the grammatical content of the sentence, that is, from the perspective of the communica-tive aspect of syntax. The analyzed language materials clarify the development of the syntac-tic structure of the Uzbek language and serve as a source for its study. The conclusions and the scientific bases provided help to properly understand the meaning of the conjuction “chun”, which is found in modern Uzbek translations of classical and modern Persian literature.

Persian Literature and Modernity: Production and Reception

Persian Literature and Modernity: Production and Reception

Persian Literature and Modernity: Production and Reception

Persian Literature and Modernity: Production and Reception

Dividing Science by Ten

Abstract The Ġāyat al-ḥakīm (“the Aim of the Sage”), the Arab ancestor of the celebrated Picatrix on astral magic, includes a curious tenfold classification of the sciences, with five disciplines said to be compulsory “for the legislators” and five “for the philosopher”. This classification was once described by Hellmut Ritter and Martin Plessner as “ein Unikum in der umfangreichen Einteilungsliteratur”. This paper is a survey of medieval texts concerned with a tenfold classification of the sciences, ranging from a wide collection of sources including the world chronicles of Agapius and Girgīs al-Makīn, the Ādāb al-falāsifa, the Sindbādnāma, the Pseudo-Avicennian alchemical De anima, and Roger Bacon’s edition of the Secretum Secretorum. It appears from this survey that the Ādāb al-falāsifa certainly played a crucial role in the transmission of these traditions, but that other texts, in particular amongst the Pseudo-Aristotelian Hermetica, may have been influential as well. Regarding the ultimate origin of this material we are reduced to mere speculations, although various elements invite us to consider Middle Persian literature as a more plausible formative stage than Greek literature in the conception of tenfold classifications of knowledge.

Naqd-i Khayāl: Barrasī-i Dīdgāhʹhā-yi Naqd-i Adabī Dar Sabk-i Hindī

Naqd-i Khayāl: Barrasī-i Dīdgāhʹhā-yi Naqd-i Adabī Dar Sabk-i Hindī

The Analysis of Semantic Field in Persian-Speaking Patients With Wernicke’s Aphasia

Objectives: Wernicke’s aphasia is one of the most prominent focal brain deficits affecting the comprehension abilities of patients while preserving their production abilities. Although a lot of studies in different languages have been conducted to analyze the nature of this deficit, still some controversies exist in this regard. While some research studies attribute this defect to a performance problem, some research highlight competence deficit and hypothesize qualitative problems. This research, considering the lack of sufficient literature in Persian, tries to reconcile this controversy by investigating the nature of the semantic field in Persian-speaking patients with Wernicke’s aphasia and to compare their semantic processing abilities with those of healthy controls. Methods: In doing so, a semantic judgment task was administered to 10 patients with Wernicke’s aphasia and their age- and education-matched controls to recognize different semantic relations between a group of words whose meanings were related to each other in some way or another. Results: The results showed dissociation in the subjects’ performance. While patients with Wernicke’s aphasia had severe deficits in semantic judgment tasks, healthy control performed very well. This selective performance was also observed in different semantic pairs. Also, patients with Wernicke’s aphasia performed poorly in almost all classes of semantic pairs, but the severity of their problems was more prominent in certain semantic categories. Discussion: The findings, in line with a competence deficit hypothesis, suggest that linguistic items are processed in the mental lexicon as a semantic unit. Hence, linguistic items are categorized in a brain network correlating with each other based on different semantic relationships.

Literature and Medicine: Clinical Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Contemporary Iranian Fictions

Background: Some studies indicated that the study of stories in which physical or mental illnesses are described helps to better understand the patient and his/her sickness; but unfortunately, this approach is neglected in the Persian literature. Paying attention to this issue can increase the attractiveness of studying such literary works for the Iranian and non-Iranian audience and can grant new sights to readers, as well. Objectives: This research is conducted to describe and explain the symptoms of the PTSD in the characters of modern Persian fiction, based on the clinical symptoms. Methods: This is qualitative research. Seven characters from the seven stories were selected purposefully to fit the researcher’s goals. Then, they were analyzed according to the DSM-5 criteria. Results: The results indicated that the selected stories represent individuals with PTSD consistent with the clinical criteria for the diagnostic of the disorder. In these stories, the authors, in addition to describing clinical symptoms, have considered inheritance, gender, and cultural factors to create characters in accordance with the specifications of the people who have been damaged in the real world. Conclusions: Reading these stories can be useful due to applying descriptions based on clinical criteria for the diagnosis of this disorder (PTSD), and thanks to the use of literary language in representing the victim’s inner and spiritual status, are useful in creating an engagement resulting from a proper understanding of the person who is suffering from such disorder.

DJAMAL KAMAL - AN EXPERIENCED TRANSL AL - AN EXPERIENCED TRANSLATOR

The article is dedicated to the brief biography of Jamal Kamal, the great poet of Uzbekistan, skilled translator and publicist, a public man, a literary critic, and the candidate of philological sciences. Along with his creative activity, the author translated the finest pieces of world literature into the Uzbek language. It is also an ancient tradition to translate samples of Persian literature into Turkic or, conversely, Turkic works of art into Persian. Taking into account all above said, Jamal Kamal was one of the first in Uzbekistan to translate the work of Jaloliddin Rumi “Masnaviy Manaviy” into Uzbek. In order to confirm our opinion, the original Uzbek translations have been studied comparatively.

Comparación de los componentes de la literatura de perseverancia en dos poetas importantes de la era Ghaznavi: Sanayi Y Masoud Sa’d Salman

A lo largo de la historia de la literatura persa, ha habido poetas que han alimentado los tesoros literarios persas con su pluma capaz. En ese sentido, este artículo examina y compara específicamente los poemas de la sostenibilidad de los dos innovadores y dueños del estilo en la era Qaznavid. Por un lado, Sanayi estableció una especie de poesía social y crítica. La poesía gnóstica y Qalandar con sus letras y refrescó la doctrina religiosa con su Masnavis y expresó cuestiones religiosas en forma de historias. Por otro lado, los temas de la literatura de sostenibilidad son claramente evidentes en todas sus formas poéticas. Temas como la lucha contra la opresión y la pobreza, la invitación a una paz duradera y la promoción de la ética religiosa. Masood Sa’d es uno de los innovadores de élite de la era Ghaznavi, y su Habsiyeh (encarcelamiento), Shahrashoub y sus encantamientos muestran el genio de su poesía. Su utilización de los componentes de la sostenibilidad es muy significativa, especialmente en su encarcelamiento, y en otros tipos de poesía, tiene menos. El presente estudio trató de investigar estos componentes con respecto a las limitaciones de la estructura del artículo desde una perspectiva integral después de un estudio cuidadoso de los trabajos de estos dos poetas y lograr los ejemplos sobresalientes de literatura de sostenibilidad.

Within the context of sociological criticism theory, a literary work from the 17th century; Nefhatü’l-Ezhâr

Spanning over a period of six centuries from the 13th century till the 19th century, Classical Turkish Literature takes up a reputed position in Oriental Literature. In the earliest centuries, classical Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian Literature; however upon completing its foundation, it started to embrace a domestic and national character as of 16th century. With the advent of 16th century, particularly in masnavis as used to narrate lengthy stories, a different path was taken from other Oriental literatures in regards to characters and settings in stories. Stories, then, began to evolve within the borders of Ottoman territory and a wider place was reserved to take notice of witnessed problems. In some of these masnavis it is feasible to come across social reflections on the specific period and certain expressions that would most probably not approved at an age this work was compiled. In that sense one of the salient examples is Nefhatü’l-Ezhâr masnavi written by 17th - century poet Nev’i-zâde Atâyî. In Nefhatü’l-Ezhâr it is detected that defects that the poet witnesses in his society are narrated to his readers in short stories that develop within a plot. In such stories, Atâyî criticizes the kind of people exploiting religion for personal gains and those simple men licking powerful men's shoes for self-interest. In relation to social criticism stealing and injustice of rulers are highlighted-issues by the poet. Further to that, by narrating obscene stories, the poet attempts to unveil a form of corruption that has eroded moral fiber of community. In order to better grasp a literary text and locate the author's messages aimed for the reader, there is need to approach a work from a wide range of perspectives. In our research, stories that are considered to reflect traces from society in the said work of Nev’i-zâde Atâyî will be elaborated within the context of sociological criticism.

Homer’s the Odyssey and Taskin-e-Shirazi’s Falaknaz Nameh: A Comparative Study of the Role of Women

The book Falak Naz Nameh is among the love-epic couplets and one of the lyrical works of the Persian Literature in the thirteenth century AH which shares some similar epical features with European romance and was said by a poet of Arab descent named Yaqub ibn Masud with the pen name of Taskin-e-Shirazi. The present inquiry has a comparative look at the aforementioned book and the epic written by Homer (the blind Greek poet) and compares and contrasts women in both epic books. Through a profound view, the similarities and differences of the two foregoing poets with regard to women were investigated and scrutinized. In both stories, the presence and participation of women are among the main focuses and some or all part of the epics are based on their roles and activities; moreover, the logical and reasonable procedure of the story are taken by them. Therefore, the topic of woman and the part she plays are among significant features in both epopees, for women are the causes of the establishment and continuation of what happens in the two stories.

Fars Edebiyatında Yaşar Kemal Çevirileri

This thesis uses the research on Persian translations to establish the place of the novels and stories of Yaşar Kemal, one of the best known Turkish authors in the Republic era, in Persian literature. Yaşar Kemal has been selected as a candidate for the Nobel Prize several times, but he has faced criticism in newspapers and journals in İran. In this work there has been emphasize on the novels and stories of Yasar Kemal, which have been translated in Persian.

مترجم یا سفیر: پرنس ارفع دانش

The nineteenth century was a transitional era in the history of Iran, and among all dynasties that had ruled over the country, it was the Qajar dynasty who had built a bridge between tradition and modernity. A big part of modernization in Iran was and has been the duty of translators throughout modern history. During the Qajar era, translators were mostly found among the students who had furthered their studies in Western countries. They were mostly employed in the government sector after graduation. One of the influential translators of the time was Mirza Reza also known as Prince Arfa’, who first had served as a translator in the Embassy of Iran in Tbilisi [in present-day in Georgia] and proceeded to be an ambassador of Iran to the Ottoman court. Based on historical shreds of evidence traced from six royal decrees displayed at the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, this study tries to draw a timeline on Prince Arfa’, highlighting his contributions in diplomatic services as well as the Persian literature. This paper draws on a descriptive framework based on a certain timeline to explain Prince Arfa’s biography in relation to historical context.

A Corpus Analysis of Animal-Term Conceptual Metaphors in the Persian Book of Marzbannameh

The current study investigated the distribution of animal terms in the Persian book of Marzbannameh and their metaphoric repetition in the users’ opinions, thoughts, and worthiness. By investigating the Persian book of Marzbannameh as one of the famous literary books which is rich of animal conceptual metaphors, a corpus of 376 animal terms in content has been chosen and analyzed. Four raters who were the Persian Literature teachers analyzed accurately the pertinent book for evaluating the available animal metaphors. And, two other raters who were the Persian Literature professors were asked to study the decisions and present the final propositions if they had different ideas about a concept. Moreover, as a supporting research method, focus groups were engaged by the Persian Literature teachers and professors to give their ideas and thoughts about the positive and negative qualities of the contained animals in the selected book. The results offered that animals are not distributed alike in this book, are used with diverse conceptualizations and stood for both positive and negative connotations. Also, it was found that the domestic animals generally have positive characteristics; however, some of them violate this rule, connoting just negative characteristics. After all, the wild animals, except for hawk, generally have negative characteristics.

Exploring Several Social Traditions In Persian literature (Until The 8th Hegira Century)

Undoubtedly, the social customs and traditions and beliefs are enumerated amongst parts of Persian culture and literature. The architects of Persian literature’s palace have taken advantage of these customs as themes and motifs for their poems and proses. These works are the full-scale mirror of their contemporary society. Certain beliefs, traditions and customs have been prevalent in certain periods. The poets or the authors have been fostered and developed in these pervasive beliefs and traditions in their periphery; they have seen them and lived with them and, willingly or unwillingly, used them in their literary works. Such types of matter have been understandable at the time of the poet by the elites and general public and everybody could readily discern them; but, these materials have been erased of the people’s minds in the course of time and for various reasons and they have sounded and looked rather odd to the later generations. The present study intends to investigate, within the research’s tolerance, the social traditions and customs reflected in the Persian prose and poetry works till 8th hegira century as topics less frequently dealt with so that the individuals interested in Persian language can be made familiar with the minutes of their thoughts and arts as well as with the national and cultural identity thereby to be assisted in resolving the difficulties and reaching a more precise understanding of the prose and poetry works.

Exploring Several Social Traditions In Persian literature (Until The 8th Hegira Century)

Undoubtedly, the social customs and traditions and beliefs are enumerated amongst parts of Persian culture and literature. The architects of Persian literature’s palace have taken advantage of these customs as themes and motifs for their poems and proses. These works are the full-scale mirror of their contemporary society. Certain beliefs, traditions and customs have been prevalent in certain periods. The poets or the authors have been fostered and developed in these pervasive beliefs and traditions in their periphery; they have seen them and lived with them and, willingly or unwillingly, used them in their literary works. Such types of matter have been understandable at the time of the poet by the elites and general public and everybody could readily discern them; but, these materials have been erased of the people’s minds in the course of time and for various reasons and they have sounded and looked rather odd to the later generations. The present study intends to investigate, within the research’s tolerance, the social traditions and customs reflected in the Persian prose and poetry works till 8th hegira century as topics less frequently dealt with so that the individuals interested in Persian language can be made familiar with the minutes of their thoughts and arts as well as with the national and cultural identity thereby to be assisted in resolving the difficulties and reaching a more precise understanding of the prose and poetry works.

Recent Work on Classical Persian Literature: A Wake-up Call

Recent Work on Classical Persian Literature: A Wake-up Call

Kilisli Divan Şairlerinin Şiirlerinde Tarihin İzleri

Harflerin rakamsal karşılıkları yani ebced hesabı ile tarih düşürme geleneği, önemli bir olayı tarihe kaydetmek amacıyla Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında sıklıkla kullanılan bir gelenektir. Belâgat kitaplarında her ne kadar bedi‘ sanatlar arasında sayılsa da tarih düşürme aslında beceri ve hüner gerektiren teknik bir olaydır. Şairler, tarih düşürmeyi şairliğin bir gereği olarak görmüşler, sanatlarını, hünerlerini ve ustalıklarını gösterebilmek için bu gelenekten faydalanmışlardır. Sanatlarını ve ustalıklarını gösterirken de içinde bulundukları topluma dair önemli gördükleri olayları bu gelenek vasıtası ile tarihe not olarak düşmüşlerdir. Fakrî Dede, Hâkî, Kâ’il, Rûhî, Mehmed Emin Vahid Paşa, Celal Paşa, Zihnî, Bekir Vahîd Efendi, Lütfullah Hâzım, Hâmî, Şeyh Abdullah Sermest gibi şairler yetiştirmiş olan Kilis, Osmanlı coğrafyasının önemli kültür merkezlerinden biri olmuştur. Çalışmamızda Kilis’te yetişen şairlerden Ebubekir Vahid Efendi, Hâmî, Lutfullah Hâzım ve Zihnî’nin divan ya da divançelerinde yer alan tarih manzumeleri esas alınacaktır. Bu tarih manzumeleri muhtevalarına göre vefat yahut velâdet hakkında düşürülen tarihler, inşa yahut tecdid hakkında düşürülen tarihler, doğal afetler hakkında düşürülen tarihler, zafer münasebetiyle düşürülen tarihler, padişahın tahta geçişi münasebetiyle düşürülen tarihler ve diğer konular hakkında düşürülen tarihler şeklinde tasnif edilerek çeşitli yönleriyle açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

The Position of Politics in the Metamorphosis of Persian Poetry and Literature

The position of politics in the metamorphosis of Persian poetry and literature is the main subject of this research. In this study, politics is considered as a general term. Biographies and the history of literature each from their own view express the reasons for the growth and decline of Persian language and literature. This study aims to prove what is said so far about the causes of change and metamorphosis of Persian poetry and literature is a mere cause but can be considered as one of the reasons for the metamorphosis of poetry style. The authors of this article believe that the political, social, religious, cultural, economic, historical, regional and environmental factors and other reasons have affected the metamorphosis of Persian poetry and literature. The authors consider the results of the past review of Persian literature as a necessity to draw a future map and to encourage the scholars and thinkers for innovative, attractive, creative and compatible planning with the new conditions of the today world. Considering the cyberspace and social networks is another point in this study which emphasized the importance of applying these kinds of inclusive technologies in Persian language and literature promotion

The Position of Politics in the Metamorphosis of Persian Poetry and Literature

The position of politics in the metamorphosis of Persian poetry and literature is the main subject of this research. In this study, politics is considered as a general term. Biographies and the history of literature each from their own view express the reasons for the growth and decline of Persian language and literature. This study aims to prove what is said so far about the causes of change and metamorphosis of Persian poetry and literature is a mere cause but can be considered as one of the reasons for the metamorphosis of poetry style. The authors of this article believe that the political, social, religious, cultural, economic, historical, regional and environmental factors and other reasons have affected the metamorphosis of Persian poetry and literature. The authors consider the results of the past review of Persian literature as a necessity to draw a future map and to encourage the scholars and thinkers for innovative, attractive, creative and compatible planning with the new conditions of the today world. Considering the cyberspace and social networks is another point in this study which emphasized the importance of applying these kinds of inclusive technologies in Persian language and literature promotion