Violence Perpetration Research Articles

Analysis of the Crime of Sexual Violence in the Study of National Criminal Law Indonesia

Criminal acts of sexual violence that occur in adolescent relationships can be said to be a form of unhealthy relationship. Not a few teenagers make unhealthy relationships as an outlet for emotions that are not channeled properly, and can also be a psychological trauma that encourages a teenager to take retaliatory actions against others. Sexual violence against women and children is an essence in the form of violence by showing the vulnerability of the position of women or children to sexual interests that occur in men. The identification of acts committed by a perpetrator of sexual violence is sexual desire and power that cannot be restrained and most women are always used as object. The issues raised in this writing are What are the forms of sexual violence in unhealthy relationships and Analysis of Toxic Relationship crimes. This research method uses normative juridical methods with a statutory approach and a case approach. Based on this study, the spread of sexual violence that occurs in unhealthy relationships usually attacks victims, especially women who are trapped in a relationship with the perpetrator. The government and law enforcement officials have a role to punish and sanction perpetrators of toxic relationship crimes.

Cultural Scaffolding and Dark Triad: A Feminist Poststructuralist Perspective on Male Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and Abuse

Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is under-reported, under-prosecuted and under-convicted. The apparent ineffectiveness of policy approaches in reducing the incidence of DVA, or mitigating its social and economic costs, forms the backcloth of my enquiry.I explore the processes by which heterosexual women enter, endure, and leave abusive relationships. Using narrative-style interviews, I worked with 14 women with a wide range of characteristics in terms of age, ethnicity, physicality, and socio-economic status.I examine the space between normalised heterosexual relationships and abuse. I shine a spotlight on the full range of perpetrators’ behaviours that entrap and oppress their female partners, and identify four key domains in which the coercive tactics of the abuser work to: Ensnare his victim; dismantle her previous identities; prevent her from leaving the relationship; and punish her for leaving.From a feminist poststructuralist perspective, participants’ experiences of entering, enduring and exiting abusive relationships can be read as part of the wider cultural scaffolding (Gavey, 2019) of heteropatriarchy, which left them exposed to ensnarement and exploitation. Using dark triad (Paulhus, 2014) as a model for conceptualising perpetrators’ manipulation of their ex-partners, their children, and professionals, I offer an alternative to traditional psychology’s way of understanding men’s abuse of their female partners.

Say It Like You Mean It

There is power and meaningfulness that the act of apology can hold for those with experiences of sexual violence who wish to receive an apology from the perpetrator of the violence committed against them. The perpetration of sexual violence does not occur in a vacuum; there is a communal context in which sexual violence is perpetuated. This paper asks: how can a critical response intervention based in a community accountability model of apology present a transformative alternative to conventional models of perpetrator apology that do not adequately support those who have experienced sexual violence? I argue that the communal context needs to be placed in conversation with the act of apology by a perpetrator of sexual violence not as a means of dispersing the weight of wrongdoing away from the perpetrator, but strengthening the need for keeping perpetrators accountable by adopting a community accountability model of apology.

“You Have to Humanize Your feelings:” Black fathers’ Reflections on How Youth Violence Prevention and Perpetration Influence Their Overall Health and Fathering Practices

ABSTRACT In Baton Rouge, LA, and nationally, youth violence is a serious public health problem affecting the lives of community members. Fortunately, Black fathers have responded to the urgent call to prevent youth violence in Louisiana. In 2021, the SUPPORT project was launched to unearth stories of Black fathers’ prevention practices and interventions. Since relationships are embedded within and across various systems, the Social-Ecological Model for Violence Prevention was applied to a semi-structured interview approach to investigate two aims with 12 Black fathers from Baton Rouge: (1) how their experiences with youth violence influence their mental and social health, and their children’s violence exposure, and (2) the benefits of addressing youth violence. Using Braun and Clarke’s (2021) thematic analysis, the three major themes that emerged related to Black fathers’ history with violence were: (1) self-reflexive moments on lessons learned, (2) the impacts of victimization and bullying, and (3) socioemotional responses to youth violence. Related to the second aim, the salutary impact on the neighborhood and improvement of the school community were the major themes that emerged regarding the perceived benefits of addressing youth violence. These findings demonstrate that interviewees are cognizant of how their history of violence led to maladaptive coping mechanisms in response to youth violence and influenced their fathering ideologies; moreover, they were concerned with familial betterment. Further research is needed to deepen understanding of how Black fathers’ socioemotional responses to youth violence impact their wellness and fathering practices as their children mature.

Violence in the emergency department: a quantitative survey study of healthcare providers in India

BackgroundWorkplace violence (WPV) in Emergency Departments (EDs) is an increasingly recognized challenge healthcare providers face in low-resource settings. While studies have highlighted the increased prevalence of WPV in healthcare, most of the existing research has been conducted in developed countries with established laws and repercussions for violence against healthcare providers. More data on WPV against ED providers practicing in low-resource settings is necessary to understand these providers’ unique challenges.ObjectiveThis study aims to gain insight into the incidence and characteristics of WPV among ED healthcare providers in India.MethodsThis study was conducted at two EDs in geographically distinct regions of India. A survey was designed to assess violence in EDs among healthcare providers. Surveys were distributed to ED workplace providers, completed by hand, and returned anonymously. Data was entered and stored in the RedCAP database to facilitate analysis.ResultsTwo hundred surveys were completed by physicians, nurses, and paramedics in Indian EDs. Most reported events involved verbal abuse (68%), followed by physical abuse (26%), outside confrontation (17%), and stalking (5%). By far, the most common perpetrators of violence against healthcare workers were bystanders including patient family members or other accompanying individuals. Notably, reporting was limited, with most cases conveyed to ED or hospital administration.ConclusionThese results underscore the prevalence of WPV among Indian ED healthcare providers. High rates of verbal abuse followed by physical abuse are of concern. Most perpetrators of WPV against healthcare providers in this study were patient family members or bystanders rather than the patients themselves. It is imperative to prioritize implementing prevention strategies to create safer work environments for healthcare workers.

Dating Violence Victimization, Perpetration and Suicidality Among Adolescents

ABSTRACT Few studies have focused on evaluating the relationship between dating violence (DV) and suicide during the critical period of adolescence, particularly for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth. The study examined the relationship between experiencing DV victimization and perpetration in the past 6 months and suicidality (ideation and attempts) among male, female, and TGD adolescents. This study used data from a longitudinal randomized trial examining the effectiveness of myPlan, a healthy relationship and safety planning app intervention for adolescents, to a control website. Data for this study was collected virtually, in which participants completed surveys through online platforms. A convenience sample was recruited through youth organizations and posting on online platforms including social media. N = 610 adolescents age 15–17 years, who resided in the U.S. experienced DV in the past 6 months, had access to a safe device, and were able to access online surveys were included in this study. The majority were female (63.8%) with (19.5%) TGD and 16.7% male. Nearly 22% of the sample identified as Hispanic/Latino and 61.0% as white. Participants completed an online survey consisting of measures of socio demographics, DV victimization and perpetration via the Conflict of Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), and suicidality. The primary outcome was the association between DV victimization and perpetration on suicidality. Different forms of DV were accounted for including emotional/relational, physical, and sexual DV. Logistic regressions determined differences in the rate of DV victimization and perpetration on suicidality between gender groups (cisgender female, cisgender male, and TGD). A stratified analysis was conducted to test if the relationship between DV and suicidality differed across gender identity. Approximately one-third (32.2%) of adolescents reported suicidality in the past 6 months. TGD adolescents were more likely to report suicidality compared to males (20.6%, p < .05) and females (32.7%, p > .05). The overall odds of suicidality increased as frequency of emotional/relational DV victimization (OR = 1.37, p < .001), physical DV victimization (OR = 1.59, p < .001) and sexual DV victimization (OR = 1.42, p < .001) increased. These relationships were not significant for DV perpetration. When stratifying findings by gender groups, all forms of DV victimization significantly increased the odds of suicidality for females as well as female perpetration of physical violence. For males, all forms of DV victimization and perpetration were associated with increased odds of suicidality, although not significant due to the smaller sample size. While DV victimization is associated with increased odds of suicidality for TGD, perpetration of DV is associated with decreased odds of suicidality, although not significant due to small sample size. The findings from this study provide further insight into experiences of DV and suicidality among gender diverse youth and can guide future interventions aimed at preventing DV and suicide among adolescents.

Sociodemographic Background and Psychosocial Behaviors of Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: A Hospital-based Retrospective Study

Abstract Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide issue with a high prevalence rate seen in Asia. Aims and Objectives: To plan and implement preventive measures, it is important to understand the characteristics, background, and medico-legal significance, especially from the perspective of perpetrators. Materials and Methods: This study is a questionnaire-based retrospective study conducted among perpetrators of IPV who presented to a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. Results: Out of 325 subjects, 97.2% were males and 64.0% were aged 26–45 years. Most (80.9%) perpetrators were older than the victimized partner, with a mean age gap of 4.3 years. Only 2.8% had achieved higher education and 78.5% had been married to the victim for more than5 years. Alcohol and/or other substances were abused by 75.4% and 11.1% of them were diagnosed with a psychiatric illness. Perpetrators have been exposed to child abuse (CA) as minors (50.1%), with physical CA being the most common, whereas 42.5% had witnessed IPV during their childhood. Ill-treatment by the spouse (odds ratio [OR] = 24 [95% confidence interval (CI):5.6, 99.9]) and substance use (OR =22 [95% CI: 5.1, 91.5]) were significantly associated with perpetrating emotional violence. A victim having an extramarital affair was 5.1 times more likely to be subjected to sexual IPV, whereas previous IPV, parental deprivation, and affairs of perpetrator were proved to be protective factors. IPV had negatively affected the economy of 71.3% of families. Legal procedures were expected by 22.4%, whereas 60% wanted to negotiate with their spouses. Conclusion: Families having low income and alcohol/substance abuse should be targeted to plan preventive programs at the community level. Proper counseling and follow-up of victims of CA can be used as a primary preventive measure of IPV.

Effectiveness of the myPlan Teen App, a Digital Healthy Relationship and Safety Planning Intervention With Adolescent Aged 15–17 Years

PurposeTo determine the effectiveness of myPlan Teen app compared to usual care on the use of helpful safety behaviors, dating violence victimization and perpetration, depression, and suicide behavior. MethodsA longitudinal randomized clinical trial with 617 adolescents randomized to myPlan Teen or usual care. Participants in both groups completed surveys using validated measures at baseline, 3, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline. The study analysis examined the difference between the intervention and control groups in change over time in outcomes. ResultsmyPlan Teen significantly increased the use and helpfulness of safety behaviors among adolescents compared to the control group. Intervention users also significantly reduced the perpetration of physical and sexual violence and suicide behaviors. Although both groups experienced decreases in victimization and depression over the 12 months, the differences were not significantly different by group. DiscussionmyPlan Teen, a digitally delivered intervention, is one of the few interventions targeting dating violence in adolescence that has proven effective.

EFFECT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN FARMING ACTIVITIES IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

Domestic violence against women in agricultural households presents a multifaceted challenge affecting both the individuals involved and broader agricultural productivity. The objective of the study was to; describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents; examine the nature of domestic violence prevalent in the study area; identify the causes of domestic violence and determine the level of participation of women in farming activities; and examine the effect of domestic violence on women farming activities in the study area. Multi-stage sampling and random sampling techniques were used to select 180 respondents for the study. The primary data obtained using a well-structured questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics and a three-point Likert scale. The result showed that reveals that the majority (56.7%) of the respondents were between the age range of 26 – 45 years, 86.7% were married and all the respondents had some form of formal education. Further investigation revealed that physical violence, sexual violence, emotional violence, economic violence, and psychological violence were prevalent in the study area. The farming activities participated by women included planting, harvesting, land clearing, bush burning, processing, irrigation, decision making, farm labor, marketing, farm groups, extension activities, family discussions, and farm programs. This violence significantly impacts women's ability to engage effectively in farming activities, leading to reduced income, loss of assets, and diminished productivity. The major effects of violence on farming activities of the respondents in the study area were reduced income, lack of strength to continue with farming activities, lack of concentration on farming activities, reduced time devoted to farming activities, and loss of ownership of farm or asset. Based on the findings, to reduce the ugly incidence of domestic violence against women in the study area, there is a need to mandate law enforcement agencies by the government to arrest and prosecute perpetrators of domestic violence against women in the study area, highlighting the need for comprehensive interventions to address domestic violence against women in agricultural households, promoting gender equality, women's empowerment, and agricultural development for food security and economic prosperity.

Association between Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence: Moderating Effects of Gender, Age, and Household Income Level

Purpose: This study examines the association between child maltreatment and the perpetration and victimization of intimate partner violence (IPV) in adulthood, exploring the moderating effects of gender, age, and household income level.Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data from the 2016 Domestic Violence Survey in South Korea, including 1,765 married individuals aged 65 or younger who responded to key variables. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze associations among the variables.Results: The paths from child maltreatment to IPV perpetration (β=.22, p&lt;.001) and victimization (β=.22, p&lt;.001) were statistically significant. Gender, age, and household income level significantly moderated this relationship. Women under 40 were more likely to be IPV victims than perpetrators. Low-income level increased the likelihood of being both perpetrators and victims. Women under 40 who had experienced child maltreatment and had a low-income level showed different probabilities of being victims or perpetrators of IPV.Conclusion: Our findings highlight the need to mitigate the negative impact of child maltreatment in adulthood by designing specific interventions for vulnerable groups, such as women, younger individuals, and those with low-income levels. Ensuring lifelong prevention of child maltreatment and establishing tailored programs for IPV is crucial.

학교 명상의 필요성과 도입 방법에 관한 사례 연구

In this study, we conducted in-depth interviews with 5 teachers from City A to investigate the perceived necessity of mindfulness education among Korean teachers and its potential application in the school setting. Through the interviews, we focused on analyzing the necessity of mindfulness education in schools, implementation methods, appropriate education time, difficulties in implementation, and ways to overcome them. The interview results are as follows: First, teachers reported that mindfulness education would be helpful in addressing students’ depression, impulsivity, stress management, identity exploration, attention, and prevention of school violence. Secondly, regarding the application of mindfulness education, suggestions were made for theoretical education linked to the curriculum, breathing meditation before evaluation, integrated classes, autonomous activities, and education for perpetrators of school violence. Thirdly, effective mindfulness education time was mentioned as homeroom, immediately after lunch, morning or after-school programs, and mandatory education hours. Fourthly, anticipated difficulties include a test-oriented learning environment, lack of awareness and perceived necessity of mindfulness, teacher burden, and student resistance. Fifthly, suggested solutions include appointing mindfulness experts, applying mindfulness to existing programs, reaching consensus within the educational community, and making mindfulness education mandatory. In summary, teachers recognize the necessity of mindfulness education, but for its successful implementation in the school setting, it is necessary to raise awareness among the entire educational community, including teachers, students, and parents, as well as provide institutional support.

상담위탁 가정폭력 행위자들의 폭력 경험에 관한 질적 분석 사례연구 - K시의 상담위탁 가정폭력 행위자를 중심으로 -

This study is a qualitative analysis case study on the experiences of violence by domestic violence offenders entrusted with counseling. The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors and identify the experiences of violence of domestic violence offenders based on Bowen's family therapy theory. The subjects of this study were a total of 5 male and female participants who were perpetrators of domestic violence who were sentenced by the D court in K City to entrust counseling for the disposition of domestic protection case No. 8. The study period was from November 2022 to April 2023, with in-depth interviews of 90 minutes per session, and original data such as recording, field notes, and experience reports were analyzed. After confirming the basic information of the research participants and analyzing the original data by categorizing husband violence, wife violence, parental violence, and child violence into 4 categories based on criminal history and domestic violence incident factors, 3 categories and 73 meaning contents were derived. This study attempted to identify the factors of anxiety, self-differentiation, triangular relationships, and family projection processes through qualitative content analysis studies on experiences of violence. The research results are as follows:. First, as the anxiety of domestic violence offenders decreased and violence decreased without emotional reflex behavior, the previously undifferentiated level of self-differentiation improved. Second, there was a positive effect of detriangulating the family triangle of domestic violence perpetrators and forming an autonomous relationship.Third, the effect of stopping violence was found as the multigenerational transfer process was interrupted due to the family projection of domestic violence offenders. Based on these results, positive results emerged where emotional stability and cyclical interaction were observed while confirming immature behaviors in the family of domestic violence perpetrators. These studies suggest that there is the possibility of enhancing the positve effects in future counseling related to domestic violence offenders

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP HAK-HAK ISTRI KORBAN KDRT PASCA PERCERAIAN BERBASIS NILAI KEADILAN DALAM HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM NASIONAL

This article examines the issue of forms of legal protection for the rights of wives of domestic violence victims based on the values of justice. This is because victims of domestic violence are increasing from year to year, even though there is a Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence, this phenomenon still continues. Therefore, this issue is important to study in order to get a clear picture of the forms of legal protection that can be obtained by victims of domestic violence. The research approach is a qualitative approach with a normative juridical scientific approach, the data is in the form of secondary data sourced from statutory regulations and studies of Islamic jurisprudence literature. In the discussion it was revealed that: Firstly, the forms of legal protection in legislation are classified into: 1). Preventive action, namely a form of legal protection by clearly regulating the rights and obligations of husband and wife, this has been regulated in the Marriage Law and KHI. 1). Repressive action, namely a form of legal protection when domestic violence has occurred, then this falls into the category of criminal law where the perpetrator is threatened with a crime, this has been regulated in the 2004 Domestic Violence Law. Secondly, in Islam legal protection is more comprehensive, by regulating the laws between husband and wife, both laws relating to civil matters during and after divorce. Likewise, Islam clearly provides legal protection for victims of domestic violence, by enforcing hudud penalties for perpetrators of domestic violence.

Knightian uncertain violence and the challenge of FDI-assisted development: policy recommendations where civilian lives are at risk

In this interdisciplinary paper, reviewing scholarship on both politically motivated and social violence, we use the Knightian distinction between (measurable) risk and (unknowable) uncertainty to examine how international business is affected when violence is directed at civilians, civilians are killed, and violence levels are constantly changing. Using data on 48 African countries (1997–2021), we show the uncertainty of these actions deters inward foreign direct investment (IFDI). As a high-commitment mode of internationalization, IFDI involves deepening knowledge of and exposure to foreign locations. Because uncertainty challenges the feasibility of deepening knowledge and is so hard to mitigate, investors behave differently than under risky conditions—they avoid contexts with Knightian uncertain violence. Our post hoc analysis shows that as IFDI decreases, exporting by local firms increases, suggesting another way to remain globally economically connected. Although our work raises many questions that demand further research, we can already identify useful policy insights. When violence makes a context uncertain to the point of virtual unknowability, IFDI will only assist development if policymakers and MNEs alike work to reduce violence. Multi-sectoral partnerships, increasing educational opportunities, and especially good governance are critical to ensuring IFDI is not appropriated by perpetrators of violence, but instead serves development.

Improving the criminal and legal action against domestic violence in Ukraine in the conditions of martial law

The paper examines the experience of criminal legal response to domestic violence in Ukraine under martial law. For this purpose, the norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, and the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention and Combating Domestic Violence" were analyzed, which relate to combating domestic violence. The current state and statistical data related to the perpetration of domestic violence in Ukraine since the beginning of martial law are analyzed. The impact of the war on the nature and level of crime related to domestic violence is analyzed. It was established that the level of crime related to domestic violence is increasing under martial law. It was researched that the perpetrators are most often men. Such a trend is observed in the world in general and was observed in Ukraine before the beginning of martial law. It has been established that psychological trauma caused by war, in particular post-traumatic syndrome, in both perpetrators and victims has a significant impact on the increase in the level of crime related to domestic violence. In view of this, it was investigated that an important aspect in combating domestic violence is also psychological work with offenders and victims. The main areas of improvement of the criminal-legal response to domestic violence in Ukraine under the conditions of martial law have been determined. According to the results of the conducted research, it is proposed to: supplement Article 1261 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with a qualified composition of the crime, and the qualifying features to determine the commission of a crime with particular cruelty or with the use of weapons; to supplement part 1 of Article 911 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with such a restrictive measure as temporary withdrawal of documents certifying the right to own and carry weapons with temporary withdrawal of weapons, to establish a similar norm in part 6 of Article 194 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in part 2 of Article 25 , Part 2 of Article 26 of the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention and Combating Domestic Violence".

Positive and Negative Gender Role Beliefs and Intimate Partner Violence.

An ethnically diverse sample of 384 male and female undergraduates was assessed for their gender role beliefs based on positive (family responsibility) vs. negative (male dominance and female submissiveness) aspects derived from Hispanic cultural traditions. Negative male and female gender role beliefs were significantly positively correlated with reported victimization by and perpetration of severe intimate partner violence (IPV) for both men and women. Positive male gender role beliefs were negatively correlated with reported victimization by and perpetration of IPV for both men and women, with women also providing some evidence that positive female gender role beliefs were associated with less IPV.

Cyber Interpersonal Violence: Adolescent Perspectives and Digital Practices.

The pervasive use of technology, especially among adolescents, has enabled cyber communication and brought many advantages but also led to potential violence. The issue of cyber interpersonal violence (CIV) impacting young individuals is increasingly recognized as a matter of public health; however, little is known about adolescents' perspectives of the phenomenon. This study explores adolescents' perspectives on CIV. It seeks to understand their interpretations of abuse, victim impact and reactions, violence escalation, gender issues, victimization and perpetration patterns, and bystander roles. This qualitative study used fifteen focus groups to gather elementary school participants' perspectives on cyber interpersonal violence. From four Portuguese schools, 108 participants (M = 12.87 and SD = 0.31) participated in the study. A thematic analysis uncovered three themes. The results evidenced adolescents' perspectives about CIV. Due to the amount of time spent online, adolescents regularly encounter cyber harassment and recognize the importance of help-seeking. Mental health problems and their influence on the social and educational lives of adolescents is arising as a CIV problem. Parents play a crucial role in mitigating CIV as well as bystanders. Future programs should promote healthy relationships, raise CIV awareness, involve stakeholders, guide parents, integrate perpetrators into programs, and foster effective networking.

One Size Doesn’t Fit All: An Exploratory Typological Approach to Understanding Criminal Career Heterogeneity in Intimate Partner Homicide

Approximately one in seven homicides globally is committed by a partner within an intimate relationship. While criminology research on intimate partner homicide (IPH) perpetrators is extensive, their interactions with law enforcement remain underexplored. This study examines the criminal trajectories of IPH perpetrators to ascertain whether they exhibit common or diverse patterns. Utilizing data from Quebec’s official criminal events database, the study analyzes variables concerning the criminal histories of 1,780 individuals involved in attempted or completed IPH through latent profile analysis. Findings indicate five distinct profiles among IPH perpetrators: one-time, low-volume intimate partner violence (IPV), moderate-volume IPV, high-volume violence, and high-volume polymorphous perpetrators. The external validity of these profiles is assessed using additional criminal career, contextual, and situational variables. Implications for the justice system’s practices and challenges are also discussed.

Executive dysfunction and cortical variations among intimate partner violence perpetrators and the association with sexism.

Malfunctioning in executive functioning has been proposed as a risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV). This is not only due to its effects on behavioral regulation but also because of its association with other variables such as sexism. Executive dysfunctions have been associated with frontal and prefrontal cortical thickness. Therefore, our first aim was to assess differences in cortical thickness in frontal and prefrontal regions, as well as levels of sexism, between two groups of IPV perpetrators (with and without executive dysfunctions) and a control group of non-violent men. Second, we analyzed whether the cortical thickness in the frontal and prefrontal regions would explain sexism scores. Our results indicate that IPV perpetrators classified as dysexecutive exhibited a lower cortical thickness in the right rostral anterior cingulate superior frontal bilaterally, caudal middle frontal bilaterally, right medial orbitofrontal, right paracentral, and precentral bilaterally when compared with controls. Furthermore, they exhibited higher levels of sexism than the rest of the groups. Most importantly, in the brain structures that distinguished between groups, lower thickness was associated with higher sexism scores. This research emphasizes the need to incorporate neuroimaging techniques to develop accurate IPV profiles or subtypes based on neuropsychological functioning.

A Paradox of School Social Organization: Positive School Climate, Friendship Network Density, and Adolescent Violence

Schools are often encouraged to foster a positive climate to reduce adolescent violence, but evidence on the effectiveness of this approach varies significantly. This study investigates the roots of this variation by testing alternative hypotheses about how positive school-level climate and school-level student friendship network density interact to shape adolescent violence perpetration. Research on informal social control and network closure suggests that the violence-reducing association of positive school climate will be enhanced among schools where students are more densely tied through their friendships. Research on youth conflict and subversion of control suggests the opposite. These hypotheses are tested with data from Waves I-II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 11,771; 49% Female; Age mean = 15.04, SD = 1.60). Consistent with the conflict/subversion hypothesis, analyses indicate that the inverse association between positive school climate and adolescent violence is only evident among schools with a very low density of friendship ties. Strikingly, however, there is evidence that a more positive school climate is associated with increases in violence among youth attending schools with a high density of friendship ties. These findings suggest that efforts to reduce violence by fostering cohesion among youth in their schools and other social contexts can be undermined by youth network processes.