Violence Perpetration Research Articles

Conspiracies Gone Wild: A Psychiatric Perspective on Conspiracy Theory Belief, Mental Illness, and the Potential for Lone Actor Ideological Violence

ABSTRACT Conspiracy theory belief (CTB) has been increasingly recognized as a driving force of extremist violence. This paper provides a psychiatric perspective on the phenomenon of CTB-driven violence in an effort to bridge the gap between psychiatry and terrorism studies. First, it makes a case for the growing relevance of CTB to ideologically-motivated violence and lone actor violence in particular. Next, acknowledging common themes of shadowy forces, clandestine plots, and malevolent motives, it argues that CTB can be reliably disentangled from delusional belief and examines the association between mental illness and terrorism with a critical and skeptical eye. Finally, after reviewing the association between CTB and terrorist radicalization within existing models from psychiatry and terrorism studies, it outlines five stages of ideological commitment to characterize the link between CTB and the perpetration of ideological violence. Rather than alternately “explaining” terrorism on the basis of mental illness or “blaming” it on ideological extremism depending on biased attributions, modeling ideological commitment through a normalizing cognitive and socio-epistemic framework can facilitate a less stigmatizing understanding of the link between CTB and ideologically-motivated violence.

Is Being an Emergency Service Professional a Risk Factor for Violence in Healthcare

Aim: Violent incidents have become an increasing problem in our hospitals. Many violent incidents cause devastating damage to healthcare personnel. In this study, we aimed to examine the etiological differences between physical and verbal violence in violent incidents seen in hospitals, and especially whether being an emergency service professional has an effect on physical and verbal violence. Materials and Method: Four-year white code case records between 2018 and 2022 in a tertiary hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The type and setting of violence, the gender, and the occupation of the perpetrator were recorded. The cases were divided into two groups: physical violence and verbal violence. The collected data were compared between the groups. Results: During the indicated period, 231 cases of code white were reported. While 51.9% of those affected by violence were men, the mean age was 33 (28-40). Physicians were the most common professional group affected by violence, with 102 individuals (44.2%). The most common site of violence was the emergency service, at 54.5%. The rate of physical violence in the emergency department was found to be higher than verbal violence (63.9%-51.2%), although it was not statistically significant. In cases of physical violence, the proportion of the individual exposed to violence being male was statistically significantly higher than in cases of verbal violence (43/61(70.5%), 77/170(%47) <0,001). The proportion of female perpetrators of verbal violence was statistically significantly higher than that of physical violence (35/170(20.6%), 3/61(4.9%), <0,001). Conclusion: In our study, it was found that those exposed to physical violence were mostly men. It has been determined that women use verbal violence more than physical violence. Physicians were more exposed to verbal violence. In addition, although the propotion of emergency room location in physical violence incidents was higher than in verbal violence incidents, the difference was not found to be statistically significant. Keywords: Physical violence, verbal violence, code white, emergency service

Gender-Based Violence and Sexism among Young Couples

This study aims to characterise the prevalence of violence in intimate relationships among young university students and the internalisation of ambivalent sexism. The method used was a quantitative, descriptive study of Primary Education and Early Childhood Education groups in Andalusia, Spain. The final sample consisted of 848 participants. As a data collection tool, we used the VIREPA questionnaire and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. The results show that the most frequent forms of violence in young couples’ relationships are emotional, followed by physical and sexual violence, and emotional violence, followed by physical and psychological violence, with sexual aggression being slightly lower. Concerning the variable sex, although the averages are very close, women have higher averages in terms of emotional, physical, and psychological abuse; personal devaluation; and sexual abuse, while men have higher averages in terms of social and economic control. In addition, low levels of sexism were found to be ambivalent in the sample, with the results being highly differentiated by gender, with men having higher arithmetic means than women. This led us to design educational strategies that avoid inequalities between men and women and that contribute to the eradication of sexism and, consequently, the perpetration of violence.

CRIMINAL LAW ANALYSIS THE CRIME OF INCEST AND THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THE VICTIM.

<p>Incest refers to sexual or marital relationships between family members that are prohibited by law. Incest cases are often considered taboo and illegal and can have serious psychological and legal repercussions. the most common perpetrators of sexual violence, including incest, are fathers and uncles. Such as the case that occurred in Banyumas, Purwokerto in March 2023 last year. This is sad because many of the perpetrators of violence in the personal sphere are considered and expected to be protectors such as fathers, uncles, and husbands. Criminal responsibility for the perpetrators of incest can be charged with Article 287 of the Criminal Code or Article 419 of Law No.1 of 2023. Meanwhile, the formulation of incest against children can be charged using Article 294 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code or Article 418 paragraph (1) of Law No.1 of 2023. In addition, the social-psychological impressions obtained by victims who experience incest will experience prolonged trauma. Social impressions are typical, namely that the child will be ostracized by his family, and discriminated against by the community. This article is written using normative and qualitative research methods that begin with an approach that focuses on analyzing applicable legal norms or regulations. The aim is to understand, explain, and interpret the written law. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of criminal law liability and child protection law in the decision and analyze the social sanctions obtained by the victim.</p><p>Keywords: Incest; criminal code; child protection law; social sanction; psychological impact.</p>

Sleep Quality and Emotion Dysregulation as Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among College Students

College populations have an elevated risk of impaired sleep, with 60% of college students showing disturbed sleep patterns. Sleep disruption is associated with difficulty utilizing emotion regulation processes. When examined in experimental, laboratory-based paradigms and cross-sectional survey studies, sleep impairment and emotion dysregulation were associated with violence perpetration, including intimate partner violence (IPV). However, no studies have comprehensively measured IPV within a college population to examine how shared variance between sleep disruption and emotion dysregulation relates to IPV perpetration while controlling for known correlates such as alcohol use. The current study tested the hypothesis that impaired sleep is associated with emotion dysregulation and IPV. The data obtained from college students (N= 1,018) at two universities were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that the shared variance between sleep disruption and emotion dysregulation positively related to physical and psychological IPV that did not vary by gender. The site of data collection affected the strength but not the direction of relationships between sleep disruption, emotion dysregulation, and physical and psychological violence. These novel results support the interpretation that sleep disruption and emotion regulation are potential points of prevention and intervention for IPV perpetration.

ЗАПОБІГАННЯ І ПРОТИДІЯ ДОМАШНЬОМУ НАСИЛЬСТВУ: МІЖНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВІ ПІДХОДИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЗАХОДІВ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article examines international legal approaches to preventing and countering domestic violence, including in the context of the existence of the institution of restrictive measures. It was established that today in the field of human rights protection, states bear not only negative obligations – not to prevent the exercise of certain human rights, but also positive obligations – in particular, to take measures to prevent and counter domestic violence, to investigate all manifestations of domestic violence as situations that require close attention and pose a serious danger. The author draws attention to the fact that international institutions proceed from the postulate that the criminal-legal response to manifestations of domestic violence should not be limited in nature: it should concern not only the perpetrators of domestic violence, but also the victims, to whom security measures should be applied. In particular, the result of the work of the Council of Europe in the fight against domestic violence was the adoption on May 11, 2011 of the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, which was ratified by Ukraine only this year. The so-called Istanbul Convention obliges states to take measures to ensure that adequate restraining or protective orders are available to victims of all forms of violence. The author came to the conclusion that the international community is several steps ahead of Ukrainian society and legislators in terms of awareness of the acuteness and importance of the problems of domestic violence and legal response to it. Key words: domestic violence, security measures, international legal approaches to preventing and combating domestic violence, restrictive measures, positive obligations of states to prevent and combat domestic violence, the Istanbul Convention.

Implementation of Law No. 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence Domestic Violence (PKDRT) in the Province of North Sumatra

Implementation of Law no. 23 of 2004 concerning the elimination of domestic violence aims to prevent and overcome the occurrence of domestic violence. The article states that acts of domestic violence are a form of criminal act. Criminal threats for perpetrators of domestic violence have been regulated in Law no. 23 of 2004. The National Commission for Women's Protection is a national institution that highlights acts of domestic violence. Komnas Perempuan makes various efforts to prevent cases of domestic violence. Komnas Perempuan collaborates with various state institutions and community institutions to prevent cases of domestic violence. Apart from that, Komnas Perempuan also regularly issues CATAHU (annual records) and provides training and campaigns to prevent and suppress cases of domestic violence.

Empirical Analysis of Legal Regulations on Family Violence During Wartime in Ukraine: A Comprehensive Examination

This article focuses on examining family violence within the context of wartime conditions in Ukraine and proposes a criminological model for preventing such criminal offenses. The study reveals a significant surge in registered criminal offenses featuring domestic violence amidst the full-scale unprovoked invasion of Russia into Ukraine. Over a ten-month period in 2023, cases have risen by nearly 50% compared to the same period in 2022, with an average monthly increase of 27 recorded criminal offenses in 2023 compared to 2021. The heightened levels of stress, displacement of families, and the return of traumatized combatants contribute to an increase in domestic violence during and after war. This exacerbates incidents of physical, psychological, and sexual violence within households. The article addresses a critical scientific issue by advancing knowledge on family violence through a praxeological approach, aiming to identify solutions for fundamental and applied issues related to family protection in Ukraine. The study establishes that the Russian-Ukrainian war has elevated the frequency and severity of criminal offenses and instances of violence within the family sphere, necessitating a paradigm shift in the state's criminal-legal response to domestic violence perpetuated by offenders. The article systematically organizes achievements in countering and preventing family violence, synthesizes law enforcement and public practices in Ukraine and globally, and justifies directions for differentiating and individualizing punishment for perpetrators of family violence.

From childhood maltreatment to intimate partner violence perpetration: A prospective longitudinal examination of the roles of executive functioning and self-esteem

BackgroundPrevious research has found that childhood maltreatment predicts increased risk for violence and partner violence and there is some evidence for poorer executive functioning and low self-esteem. To date, there have been no longitudinal studies that have examined the extent to which executive functioning and self-esteem play a role in the relationship between child maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. MethodsThis study aims to fill this gap by utilizing data from a prospective longitudinal study of children with documented court cases of abuse and neglect (ages 0–11 years) from a metropolitan county area in the Midwest (during the years 1967–1971) and demographically matched controls. Both maltreated individuals and matched controls were followed up and assessed over several waves of the study in young and middle adulthood. At mean age 39 years, inhibition and cognitive control were evaluated, while cognitive flexibility and nonverbal reasoning were assessed at mean age 41. Self-esteem was also assessed at mean age 41. Physical IPV perpetration was evaluated at age 47 using two different scoring strategies in separate models: the number of acts and variety of acts, ensuring avoidance of potential score skewness. ResultsChildhood maltreatment predicted lower executive functioning and self-esteem, and both independently predicted intimate partner violence perpetration. Lower executive functioning and self-esteem mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and physical IPV perpetration in midlife, irrespective of the scoring method. ConclusionFindings suggest that executive functioning and self-esteem play a role in the cycle of violence. Implications and suggestions for future directions are discussed.

Evaluating the Role of Goal Setting in Reducing Dropout for Men With and Without Substance Use Problems Attending a Court-Mandated Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrator Program

ABSTRACT High dropout rates, particularly among intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators with alcohol and other drug use problems (ADUPs), challenge IPV perpetrator programs’ effectiveness. This study sought to examine factors associated with goal setting, a motivational strategy to promote engagement, in a sample of IPV perpetrators (n = 285), including participants with ADUPs (n = 127) and investigated whether goal setting predicted lower dropout by adjusting for relevant variables. Results revealed goal setting could be an effective strategy to reduce dropout in IPV perpetrators and those with ADUPs and support the need to tailor interventions to participants’ needs to enhance effectiveness.

Child Abuse Exposure, Internalizing and Externalizing Trauma Sequelae, and Partner Violence Perpetration Among Young Adult Men

ABSTRACT Partner violence is a major public health concern. Theory and research connect exposure to abuse in childhood to partner violence in adulthood. The present study examined internalizing and externalizing trauma sequelae as mediators in the association between child abuse exposure and adult partner violence perpetration. Young U.S. adult men (N = 423) completed background measures assessing exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual child abuse, internalizing (symptoms of anxiety and depression) and externalizing (problems with anger and alcohol use) sequelae, psychological and physical partner violence perpetration, and follow‐up assessments regarding sexual violence perpetration over the course of 3 months. Negative binomial regression showed that problems with anger mediated the associations between child psychological abuse exposure and adult psychological violence perpetration and between child physical abuse exposure and adult psychological violence perpetration. Problems from alcohol use mediated the associations between child psychological abuse exposure and adult psychological, physical, and sexual violence perpetration. Although child abuse exposure was associated with internalizing sequelae, none of the indirect effects from child abuse exposure to adult violence perpetration via internalizing sequelae were statistically significant. These findings add to the extant literature supporting an intergenerational transmission of violence and underscore that men who experience trauma early in life may attempt to cope with such experiences via maladaptive acting out behaviors. Partner violence interventions may benefit from incorporating strategies that address trauma and provide healthy alternatives for coping with distress.

Associations Between Pornography Use Frequency and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Young Adult Couples: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study.

Pornography use is a common sexual activity for many individuals including those in a romantic relationship. Some studies have shown that violent content depicted in pornography is a risk factor for perpetration of violence in real life. Even if most of these studies examined perpetration of violent behaviors in general, not specifically toward the intimate partner, some studies have shown that pornography use frequency is related to a greater perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV), while other studies have found that it is not significantly related. However, most previous studies were cross-sectional, sampled individuals rather than couples, and did not include separately forms of IPV (e.g., physical, psychological, and sexual). The present study examined the associations between pornography use frequency and the perpetration of physical and psychological IPV, and sexual coercion among young adult couples. A convenience sample of 113 couples aged between 16 and 29 years old completed self-reported online questionnaires two times over a 2-year period. The results of autoregressive cross-lagged models showed that a person's pornography use frequency at Time 1 was related to their own higher sexual coercion perpetration 2 years later and that a person's sexual coercion perpetration was related to their partner's lower pornography use frequency 2 years later. However, no significant association between pornography use frequency and physical and psychological IPV emerged. In line with previous studies, our results suggest that pornography use represents an important risk factor for the perpetration of sexual coercion. Findings support the need to include education around pornography use in sexual violence prevention programs to avoid that young adults reproduce pornographic scripts in their sexuality.

The Mentors in Violence Prevention programme: impact on students’ knowledge and attitudes related to violence, prejudice, and abuse, and willingness to intervene as a bystander in secondary schools in England

BackgroundViolence is a leading cause of death and disability for young people and has serious impacts on prospects across the lifecourse. The education sector is a crucial setting for preventing youth violence through incorporating programmes that address attitudes and behaviours. The Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) programme aims to change harmful attitudes and norms, and increase non-violent bystander intervention, through a peer mentoring approach. To date there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of the intervention in UK school settings. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of the programme on students’ attitudes and knowledge related to violence prevention.MethodsThe study employed a mixed methods design. Pre and post surveys measured changes in students’ (aged 11–18) attitudes and knowledge related to violence prevention and bystander behaviour, gender stereotyping, acceptability of violence, and perceptions of others’ willingness to intervene. Interviews/focus groups with programme delivers and students, and anonymised programme data were used to explore and supplement survey findings.ResultsOverall, perceptions of the programme content and delivery were positive. Several beneficial impacts of the programme were found for mentors (students delivering the programme), including significant positive changes on measures of knowledge and attitudes towards violence prevention and the bystander approach, acceptability of violence perpetration, and perceptions of other students’ willingness to intervene (effect sizes were small-medium). However, the study found no significant change on any of the outcomes amongst mentees (younger students receiving the programme from mentors). Despite this, qualitative evidence suggested mentees enjoyed the content of the programme and the peer-led delivery, and this built relationships with older students. Qualitative evidence also identified additional benefits of the programme for mentors, including leadership and communication skills, and increased confidence and supportive relationships.ConclusionsEvidence from this study suggests MVP is effective as a targeted programme for mentors, but no significant evidence was found to demonstrate its effectiveness as a universal bystander and violence prevention programme for mentees. Whilst further research with more robust study design is needed, developing mentors as leaders in violence prevention is a valuable impact of the programme in its own right.

Managing the risk of repeated violence against the intimate partner in probation service: Review of the practice in Lithuania and foreign countries

According to official statistical data, each year a large number of the perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) is under the supervision of Lithuanian probation service (LPS). This article analyses evidence-based measures applied for the management of the risk of repeated IPV, as well as Lithuanian and foreign practice of organising correctional work with the perpetrators of IPV. Analysis of recent practice shows that, compared to foreign countries, correctional work with this group of offenders in Lithuania often does not correspond to the principles of the Risk-Need-Responsivity model and does not address the heterogeneity of this specific group. Taking into account the good practice of foreign countries and the Lithuanian context, several suggestions are made to improve correctional work with this specific group: revising individual assessment procedures, preparing differentiated protocols for service provision, and adapting the means available at LPS for correctional work with IPV perpetrators.

The logic of sexual violence by state security forces in civil wars

Wartime sexual violence exhibits significant variation both across and within civil conflicts. When explaining this variation, existing scholarly work primarily focuses on rebel groups and overlooks state actors engaged in sexualized civilian victimization. This paper extends the literature by concentrating on states as perpetrators of wartime sexual violence, linking the variation in state-perpetrated sexual violence to battlefield outcomes. It argues that when states suffer from battlefield losses, sexual violence by state security forces is likely to become more prevalent due to changes in motivations at both the command level and the rank-and-file level. Moreover, it suggests that the effect of battle losses on state-perpetrated sexual violence is greater if the states are particularly strong in terms of their military capabilities. Time-series cross-sectional analyses of all armed conflicts between the years 1989 and 2020 provide support for these theoretical expectations, indicating that the effect of battle losses on sexual violence is conditional on states’ military strength. The findings have important implications for the prevention of sexual violence in conflict zones.

Gender Differences in Sexual Violence Perpetration Behaviors and Validity of Perpetration Reports: A Mixed-Method Study

ABSTRACT The current mixed-method study examined gender differences in sexual violence (SV) perpetration behaviors and the validity of perpetration reports made on the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Perpetration (SES-SFP). Fifty-four university students (31 women and 23 men) were asked to think out loud while privately completing an online version of the SES-SFP and to describe (typed response) behaviors that they reported having engaged in on the SES. Those who reported no such behavior were asked to describe any similar behaviors they may have engaged in. Integration of the quantitative responses on the SES and the qualitative descriptions of the events reported showed that men’s SV perpetration was more frequent and severe than women’s. The qualitative event descriptions further suggested that men’s verbal coercion was often harsher in tone and that men more often than women used physical force (including in events only reported as verbal coercion on the SES). Unlike men, women often reported that their response to a refusal was not intended to pressure their partner or obtain the sexual activity. Two women also mistakenly reported experiences of their own victimization or compliance (giving in to unwanted sex) on SES perpetration items, which inflated women’s SV perpetration rate. Findings suggest that quantitative measurement can miss important qualitative differences in women and men’s behaviors and may underestimate men’s and overestimate women’s SV perpetration. Participants also sometimes misinterpreted or described confusion around the SES items, suggesting a need for updated language on this and other quantitative measures.

Reexamining Domestic Violence: A Study on Male Victims in the Context of Pakistani Legislation

This article endeavors to highlight and publicize the misunderstanding and misconception in Pakistani society that the men are always perpetrators of Spousal Violence (SV). It intends to establish that SV is not only wrong against women but also against men but it is not recognized in Pakistani society at its real degree. This study delves deeper into examining the causes and forms of SV by women perpetrator against men as well as the analysis of SV legislation in Pakistan. Analytical Legal research technique is used to collect data regarding SV against men and legislation on SV in Pakistan. Different enactments at National and provincial level and bills introduced for legislation on the topic of SV are looked into and compared with each other. SV against men is now being recognized to some extent but still a lot of work is needed to establish that the men may also be victim of SV and women may be perpetrator. As compared to women, SV against men is less perceived, especially in Pakistani society and some time it is not recognized. All legislative bodies of Pakistan, except one, do not recognize the SV against Men. There is rarity of legislation on SV against men in Pakistan, because there is only one enactment in Pakistan on the topic of Domestic Violence (DV), which defines the “man” as aggrieved person and recognize him as victim of DV or SV, and that is for Balochistan Province. Through provision of adequate resources and educating the masses male victims of SV may be supported and number of male victims of SV may also be reduced. For securing the rights of men, existing laws concerning DV requires amendments in accordance with the needs of time.

HAS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE REALLY INCREASED DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC? AN EXAMPLE FROM TURKEY

This study aims to evaluate the frequency of domestic violence based on court orders for treatment issued against perpetrators of domestic violence under Law No. 6284 on the Protection of Family and the Prevention of Violence against Women. We retrospectively analyzed violence cases reported by the court to the provincial health directorate under Law No. 6284 and information recorded by health workers about women who stated they were subjected to violence in 2019, 2020, and the first 6 months of 2021. The data were presented using descriptive statistics. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, the number of court orders for medical evaluation and treatment under Law No. 6284 increased by 333.4% in the first year of the pandemic. In the first 6 months of 2021, this number exceeded the total for 2020. More than half of the perpetrators had at least one addiction. Although health workers continue to provide service under the extreme circumstances brought about by the pandemic, they have a social responsibility to act with an awareness of violence in all areas of service provision (even contact tracing) and remain vigilant for signs of violence, especially in women.

An Analysis of Hate Speech in Lucas's Instagram Post: Pragmatics Study

Hate speech is a behavior, word, writing, or act that is prohibited because it can trigger acts of prejudice and violence on a victim, perpetrator of violence, or the statement. This research aims to investigate the types of hate speech and find out the meaning of these types of hate speech. This research takes data from Instagram and comments on @lucas_xx444. As a former member of NCT and WayV, the data was analyzed using qualitative methods. A multifaceted approach to comprehensively understanding and addressing hate speech, recognizing its social deviance, and advocating for collective efforts to create environments that prioritize respect, equality, and unity. The results of the research found six types of hate speech in the comments column: provoking, inciting, insulting, blasphemy, defamation, and spreading hoaxes.

Impact of electoral violence on democratic governance and electoral credibility in Kogi state, Nigeria

This study examines the impact of electoral violence on democratic governance and electoral credibility in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study specific objectives are to examine the impact of electoral violence on democratic governance and electoral credibility in Nigeria. The study adopts survey research design. The population of the study is 4,473,600.This study employs scientific sampling technique determination of Krejcie and Morgan (1970) to arrive at a sample size of 384. Purposive sampling method was adopted as the sampling technique for this study. The study utilized primary data source. The primary data for this study was questionnaire. The questionnaire is designed in five Likert scale. Simple Ordinary Least Square regression was used to check the impact of electoral violence on democratic governance and electoral credibility in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study found that electoral violence has a negative impact on democratic governance and electoral credibility in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study concludes that electoral violence has remained a sour taste in Nigeria’s bid for democratic governance in Nigeria. The study also concludes that electoral violence discourages election of credible leaders and people’s participation in the electoral process thereby militating against electoral credibility in Nigeria. The study recommends for the need to reconstruct security architecture of the country, sanction political leaders, political parties and individuals that violate electoral laws, tackle the problem of arms proliferation and embark on political education and enlightenment that will encourage citizens to adhere strictly to democratic tenets. The study recommends for a reduction in the financial attractiveness of political offices, handing down of stiffer penalties to perpetrators of electoral violence by the government so as to deter others from demonstrating such acts in the future.