Index Of Peroxidation Research Articles

Hemp Seed Cake as a Novel Ingredient for Dog's Diet.

In the last few years, the popularity of industrial hemp and its products is increased. From a nutritional point of view, hemp and its products are rich in protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and useful minerals. Nowadays, the European Commission authorizes the use of hempseed and hempseed oil co-products in animal nutrition. This study is aimed to evaluate the use of hempseed cake in dogs' nutrition, comparing the effect of the supplementation of two lipid sources: swine tallow (T-diet) and hempseed cake (H-diet). A double-blind nutritional trial was performed at a municipal kennel located in Naples. Eight crossbreed neutered dogs recognized in good health were recruited and divided into two homogeneous groups (T- vs. H-group). Both diets were analyzed for chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Blood count and biochemical profile were evaluated at recruitment (T0) and the end of the trial (T30). Oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were the most representative fatty acids in both diets; however, the H-diet contains more than double concentration of linoleic and α-linoleic acids compared to the T-diet (p < 0.01). The H-diet has shown significantly (p < 0.01) higher peroxidation index as the only negative aspect, which could compromise its shelf-life. After 30 days of administration, the H-group has shown a significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) reduction of liver and renal markers [aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and creatinine] and cholesterol, due to the healthier fatty acid profile. Hempseed cake seems a suggestable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for dogs considering these preliminary results.

Membrane lipids and maximum lifespan in clownfish

The longevity-homeoviscous adaptation (LHA) theory of ageing states that lipid composition of cell membranes is linked to metabolic rate and lifespan, which has been widely shown in mammals and birds but not sufficiently in fish. In this study, two species of the genus Amphiprion (Amphiprion percula and Amphiprion clarkii, with estimated maximum lifespan potentials [MLSP] of 30 and 9–16 years, respectively) and the damselfish Chromis viridis (estimated MLSP of 1–2 years) were chosen to test the LHA theory of ageing in a potential model of exceptional longevity. Brain, livers and samples of skeletal muscle were collected for lipid analyses and integral part in the computation of membrane peroxidation indexes (PIn) from phospholipid (PL) fractions and PL fatty acid composition. When only the two Amphiprion species were compared, results pointed to the existence of a negative correlation between membrane PIn value and maximum lifespan, well in line with the predictions from the LHA theory of ageing. Nevertheless, contradictory data were obtained when the two Amphiprion species were compared to the shorter-lived C. viridis. These results along with those obtained in previous studies on fish denote that the magnitude (and sometimes the direction) of the differences observed in membrane lipid composition and peroxidation index with MLSP cannot explain alone the diversity in longevity found among fishes.

Оптимізація діагностики і лікування хворих на ускладнений інфаркт міокарда із цукровим діабетом 2-го типу

Вивчено вплив комплексного лікування з додатковим включенням системної ензимотерапії на клінічні прояви постінфарктного синдрому, параметри кардіогемодинаміки та показники вільнорадикального окислення ліпідів у 42 хворих на інфаркт міокарда з цукровим діабетом 2-го типу та без нього. Встановлено, що додаткове проведення системної ензимотерапії дозволяє досягти позитивного клінічного, гемодинамічного та стійкого антиоксидантного ефекту у хворих із постінфарктним синдромом і цукровим діабетом 2-го типу.

Contribution of amyloid and tau to cerebrospinal fluid fatty acid indices in preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer’s participants

AbstractBackgroundSince Aβ42 derives from membrane‐bound amyloid precursor protein (APP), we propose that membrane lipid composition may influence how APP is processed. Therefore, we aim to determine if fluctuations in fatty acid metabolism accompany amyloid and tau pathology.MethodUsing neuropsychology and ELISA‐based Aβ42/T‐tau measures in CSF, we classify five groups of elderly subjects: c ognitively h ealthy with n ormal Aβ 42/T‐ t au (CH‐NAT, n=36 ), cognitively healthy with pathological Aβ42/T‐tau (CH‐PAT, n=34), and MCI participants with normal or pathological Aβ42/T‐tau (MCI‐NAT, n= 26; MCI‐PAT, n=12), and Alzheimer’s (n=25). We determined the unesterified fatty acid (UFA) levels and the fatty acid composition of CSF nanoparticulate (NP) fraction and supernatant fluid (SF) using GC/MS. We calculated the chain length, unsaturation, and peroxidation indices and the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1, oleic acid) to saturated fatty acid (C18:0, stearic acid) designated the stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) index.ResultUnesterified chain length, unsaturation, peroxidation, and desaturase indices are higher MCI‐NAT/PAT than in AD. In the SF fraction, fatty acid indices are higher in the prodromal MCI‐PAT state than AD. To determine if SCD could account for differences in unsaturation, we quantified the primary SCD substrate (C18:0) and product (C18:1) in CSF fractions. We found that unesterified C18:0 was lower while C18:1 was higher in MCI‐NAT than the other clinical groups. These changes in C18:0 and C18:1 levels resulted in a higher desaturase index in MCI‐NAT (0.35± 0.15) than in CH‐PAT (0.26±0.16, adjusted p‐value (q) = 0.0230) and AD (0.16±0.11, q &lt; 0.0001). In the SF fraction, C18:0 levels are lower in MCI‐PAT than AD concomitant with a higher C18:1 in MCI‐PAT than AD. These fatty acid differences result in a significantly higher desaturase index in the prodromal MCI‐PAT (0.46±0.15) than in AD (0.28±0.11, q = 0.0067).ConclusionThese studies show an increase in the unsaturation and peroxidation indices in early AD that may result from enhanced brain desaturase activity. These data suggest that fatty acid indices are potential biomarkers of preclinical or prodromal AD. The increase in fatty acid indices followed by a decrease in dementia indicate a need for state or stage‐specific combinatorial preventive therapies.

An increase in fatty acid indices in cerebrospinal fluid of mild cognitive impairment precedes a decrease in Alzheimer’s

AbstractBackgroundProcessing of membrane‐bound amyloid precursor protein (APP) may produce toxic amyloidogenic or less toxic non‐amyloidogenic amyloid (Aβ) peptides. We propose that brain membrane lipid composition and metabolism can dictate APP processing.MethodUsing neuropsychology measures, brain MRI, and consensus clinical conferencing, we classify three groups of elderly subjects: cognitively healthy (CH, n=70), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n=40), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n=25). We fractionated CSF and determined the fatty acid composition of the unesterified fatty acid (UFA), the supernatant fluid (SF), and the nanoparticulate (NP) fraction using gas chromatography coupled with negative ion/chemical ionization mass spectrometry. We determined fatty acid indices for each fraction for chain length, unsaturation, peroxidation, and desaturase.ResultChain length, unsaturation, peroxidation, and desaturase indices were significantly different in the CSF fractions (p&lt;0.0001). UFA carbon‐chain length, unsaturation, and peroxidation indices were higher in CH and MCI than in AD. In contrast, these indices did not significantly differ in the other CSF fractions. The UFA desaturase index was significantly higher in MCI (0.32±0.14) than in CH (0.26±0.2, adjusted p‐value (q) = 0.0220)) and AD (0.16±0.11, q &lt;0.0001). In the SF and NP fractions, the desaturase index was lower in AD than MCI and CH. The changes in fatty acid indices were not associated with age, sex, BMI, and ApoE genotype.ConclusionOur studies show the compartmentalization of fatty acid metabolism in CSF fractions and changes in the AD spectrum. A higher carbon chain length, unsaturation, peroxidation, and desaturase index in MCI suggest higher lipid membrane turnover. A lower desaturase, peroxidase, and desaturase index in AD suggests enhanced lipolysis and oxidation of lipids. These data suggest that lipolysis and oxidation are features of AD pathophysiology, and monitoring fatty acid indices can help effectively monitor new therapies.

Fatty acids - friend or enemy in oxidative stress?

Rationale: The study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the type of fat emulsion in intravenous admixture, the formation of oxidative stress in the process of lipid peroxidation, and liver and inflammatory indices in patients with long-term PN and to explain their role in cellular energy metabolism and changes in the digestive system.

Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil

Background:The current interest in natural antioxidants from vegetable sources, mainly in bioactive antioxidants, has been increasing in Brazil. The Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is rich in bioactive compounds, besides having antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of hibiscus extract on the oxidative stability of soybean oil in an accelerated storage test.Methods:The ethanolic extracts of calyces and hibiscus seeds were evaluated for total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using DPPH, FRAP, and β-carotene/linoleic acid. The treatments identified as OS, Tocopherol, Extract, and Mixture, were prepared and submitted to accelerated storage at 60°C. The samples were analyzed on days 0, 6, and 12 for peroxides index, p-anisidine, total oxidation value, oxidative stability, and tocopherols.Results:The extract of calyces of hibiscus presented higher amounts of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Therefore, it was added to soybean oil. The Extract treatment promoted greater efficiency to inhibit the formation of primary and secondary compounds of lipid oxidation. It provided high oxidative stability to the soybean oil, in addition to greater retention of tocopherols, mainly α- and γ-tocopherol isomers.Conclusion:Among the treatments studied, Extract promoted greater efficiency in the inhibition of the formation of primary and secondary compounds of lipid oxidation, besides providing greater oxidative stability and greater retention of tocopherols during storage.

INFLUENCE OF DRYING TEMPERATURE AND PULP LAYER THICKNESS ON THE PHYSICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITY OF PEQUI POWDER1

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to characterize the physical and physicochemical parameters of pequi powders obtained by means of convective drying at different temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 °C) and pulp layer thicknesses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 cm). Initially, the physicochemical characterization of fresh pulp was carried out, followed by convective drying under the conditions mentioned, until the equilibrium moisture content and subsequent disintegration to obtain the powders. Subsequently, the physical and physicochemical properties of the obtained powders were analyzed and the best powder was selected based on reduced moisture content and water activity and lower peroxide index. Pequi pulp showed a high fat content and a yellowish color; with the increase in drying temperature, there were reductions in the moisture content, water activity and protein content of the powders. As for the color parameters, the powder showed a darkening with the increase in drying time; the water adsorption isotherms of the selected pequi powder were classified as Type II, and the GAB model showed the best fits. The pequi powders showed good solubility and low cohesiveness. The powder that showed good flowability was produced at a drying temperature of 60 °C and with pequi pulp layer thickness of 0.5 cm.

Lipid peroxidation index of particulate matter: Novel metric for quantifying intrinsic oxidative potential and predicting toxic responses

Using particulate matter (PM) mass as exposure metric does not reveal the intrinsic PM chemical characteristics or toxic potential, which is crucial for monitoring the sources of emission causing adverse health effects and developing risk mitigating strategies. Oxidative stress and ensuing lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the lung are crucial underlying mechanisms of action by which PM drives cardiorespiratory disease. In the current study, we have postulated and demonstrated that the intrinsic potential of PM to elicit LPO, defined as “LPO index” as a novel approach for characterizing oxidative potential of PM (PMOP) and predicting biological toxicity. First, we exposed unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC), an abundant phospholipid in the cell membrane, pulmonary surfactant, and lipoproteins to PM and analyzed the total burden of LPO byproducts generated as a measure of LPO index using a LPO reporter dye, BODIPY-C11. PM exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in LPO. Second, we developed a novel method to expose the captured serum apoB100 lipoprotein particles to PM or its constituents and assessed the levels of specific oxidized-phospholipid on apoB100 particles by immunoassay using E06 monoclonal antibody (mab) that recognizes only PC containing oxidized-phospholipids (Ox-PCs). The immunoassay was highly sensitive to evaluate the PM LPO index and was modifiable by metal quenchers and exogenous antioxidant and radical quenchers. Third, to prove the pathophysiological relevance of Ox-PCs, we found that PM exposure generates Ox-PCs in mice lungs, pulmonary surfactant and lung cells. Fourth, we observed that treatment of macrophages with BAL fluid from PM exposed mice or PM-exposed pulmonary surfactant stimulated IL-6 production, which was abrogated by neutralization of Ox-PCs by mab E06 suggesting that Ox-PCs in lungs are proinflammatory. Overall, our study suggests that Ox-PCs as a probe of PM LPO index is a biologically relevant pathogenic biomarker and has a high value for evaluating PMOP.

Oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of Refined Echium (Echium plantagineum) Oil

The refined Echium oil could be a new option of vegetable oil to be added in manufacture products, that’s contents not only alpha-linolenic (ALA) ω3 fatty acid but also the stearidonic (SDA) ω3 fatty acid. However, this highly unsaturated fatty acids profile could lead to a limited shelf life due to lipid oxidation. In this context, this research aimed to analyze the oxidative stability (peroxide index and Rancimat method) and fatty acid profile of Refined Echium oil. The value of peroxide index found (0.242 meq/kg) was lower than that established by Brazilian legislation (less than 10 meq/kg) and the accelerated oxidation through Rancimat (8.79 hours) showed high value. The oil presented high value of total PUFAS (65%) containing, approximately, 40% of ω3 (28% of ALA and 12% of SDA). The results indicated that this Refined Echium Oil have a good stability oxidative and a great lipid profile, so a good alternative oil.

Advanced characterization of oxidized derivatives in alternative fatty esters mixture for biodiesel purposes

Biofuels from unconventional sources contribute to the reduction of environmental impacts without competing with the food market. Samples of fatty esters mixture (FEM) for biodiesel purposes were produced from conventional and alternatives feedstocks sources of triacylglycerols (TAG). In this work, we evaluated the oxidative stability through a complex and advanced characterization at the molecular level of the chemical changes that occurred in these samples for a storage period of 2.5 years. Esters contents were determined by both TG and GC-FID analyses, and values with relative errors from 0.36 to 23.28% were obtained. Low molecular mass compounds derived from the oxidative processes and free fatty acids (FFA) contribute to these differences. TG curves also showed the presence of contaminants with high thermal stability, which were characterized by EASI(+)-MS. TAG and diacylglycerol (DAG) were identified, however, dimers and theirs derived from hydroperoxide degradation were detected as major contaminants, confirmed by the presence of biomarkers ions characteristics of dimers. Our work mapping and presenting the chemical profile of oxidative products of FEM, and in addition, we propose the correlation of relative abundance of ion m/z 349 corresponding to the hydroperoxide [C18:2 + 2O + Na]+ with the peroxide index values.

Antioxidant capacity, oxidative stability of mango (Mangifera indica L) seed oil in 2 varieties and two degrees of maturity

The present work search the influence of the Edward and Kent mango varieties, in degrees of maturity partially ripe and ripe respectively, on the antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of mango seed oil (Mangifera indica L.), previously extracted by pressing in cold, clarified by centrifugation, and stored in refrigeration under nitrogen atmosphere. The antioxidant capacity is determine by DPPH method, the oxidative stability by the Rancimat test with temperature parameters 130, 140 and 150 °C, and airflow 15 L/h. The results are evaluate by ANOVA (p˂0, 05) finding in the antioxidant capacity and other analyzes made a significant difference with a level of 95% confidence in the variables of variety and degree of maturity. Regarding the influence, the relationship will be determined that in a mature degree of maturity has a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic), and a lower content of total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability. Being the oil of the variety Edward in degree of maturity ripe the most stable due to low value of the peroxide index (0,898 meq O2 / kg), acidity (1,1856%), and the higher content of total polyphenols (8,5931 mg GAE /100g) and antioxidant capacity (263,858 umoltrolox /100g), with a lifetime of 12,89 years.

Attenuative Role of Idebenone on Deltamethrin Mediated Peroxidative Toxicity of Ram Semen Stored at 4°C

Abstract The current study was conducted to evaluate the different concentrations of deltamethrin (DEL; Exp. 1) and the protective role of idebenone (IDB) supplemented with toxic dose of deltamethrin (Exp. 2) during chilled storage of ram semen. Collected samples were pooled and diluted at 500×106 spermatozoa per mL. In Exp. 1, effect of DEL at 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 μM levels was evaluated on different variables of spermatozoa motion characteristics. In Exp. 2, different amounts of IDB (2, 4, and 8 μM) concurrent with constant doses of DEL (10 μM) were examined on semen quality upon chilled preservation up to 72 h. Indices of spermatozoa kinematics, functionality of plasma membrane and viability were recorded. Biochemical metabolites were measured in spermatozoa and its medium (extender) at different time points. In Exp. 1, different parameters of spermatozoa kinematics were affected by exposure to DEL in a dose dependent manner. In Exp. 2, combination of IDB with DEL resulted in a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in total motility, forward progressive motility and curvilinear path velocity compared to DEL group at 24, 48 and 72 h. Simultaneous administration of IDB with DEL increased the percentage of spermatozoa with functional membrane and viability compared to DEL group at 72 h (P&lt;0.05). The amounts of lipid peroxidation index were lower in medium of combination groups compared to DEL group at 48 h and 72 h (P&lt;0.05). Antioxidant capacity was higher in spermatozoa and medium of IDB treated groups compared to DEL group at 72 h (P&lt;0.05). Amounts of total nitrate-nitrite and superoxide dismutase activity of spermatozoa and medium were not affected by treatment (P&gt;0.05). In conclusion, IDB could ameliorate oxidative and peroxidative damages induced by DEL mild toxicity upon cold preservation of ram semen.

The effects of Curcuma longa L. leaf extracts on the prevention of oxidation in soybean oil.

The use of natural plant antioxidants has been an alternative approach to synthetic antioxidants for food applications. This study investigated the antioxidant properties of the leaves of Curcuma longa L. against the oxidation of soybean oil using leaf extracts obtained from seven different types of organic solvents and compared to the action of efficient synthetic antioxidants which are widely used and low cost but with toxicity risk. The application of natural alternatives from sources still little studied is a proposal and the extraction of compounds with high antioxidant capacity may vary according to the type of solvent, its mixture, its polarity and other factors that burden or harm the health of the consumer. The leaf extracts were sanitized, dried, and obtained for solvent selection. The quantification of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidants was performed by using different combinations and proportions of solvents: water (100%), ethanol (100%), methanol (100%), ethanol/water (70%:30%), methanol/water (70%:30%), methanol/acetic acid (99.5%:0.5%), and acetone/water/acetic acid (70%:28:2%). The solvent selected was the one that extracted the highest content of phenolic and antioxidant compounds (using the free radical DPPH scavenging method and FRAP assay). It used an accelerated storage test and experimental design to assess oxidative stability (using peroxide index (PI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), dienes (DC) and triple conjugates (TC) and statistical analysis). The ethanol/water solvent was efficient in the extraction of TPC (2422 mg GAE 100 g-1). The mixture of solvents extracted an average of 23.65% more TPC when compared to the single solvents. Regarding the antioxidant capacity, the ethanol/water solvent showed 1847 mg TE 100 g-1 using the DPPH and 217 μmol of FeSO4 100 g-1 using the FRAP assays. In addition, the oxidation of soybean oil was delayed by the accelerated storage test showing equivalent results to BHT at 0.02% for the values of PI, TBARS and DC/TC. The E/W extract showed the highest yield in the extraction of phenolic compounds and is a safe solvent for food. The addition of Curcuma longa L. leaf extract to soybean oil caused reductions in PI, TBARS, CD and CT values. The leaf extract of C. longa L. is considered to be a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants against the oxidative degradation of soybean oil.

Биохимические маркеры влияния сока шикши черной (Empetrum nigrum) на течение аллоксанового диабета

Objective : The analysis of the pharmacotherapeutic effectiveness of Empetrum nigrum juice in case of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the experiment. Methods : DM chemical model applying single alloxan injection (100 mg/kg) was used for rats of Vistar line weighing 280–320 grams. Experimental animal groups got Empetrum nigrum juice and standard antidiabetic drug – rutin (quercetin biglycoside). The level of glucosemia and alanine aminotransferase in blood serum was measured. The state of lipids peroxidation (by malonic dialdehyde) and antiradical activity index off-load and applying glucose-tolerance test was estimated. Results : Hypoglycemic, antioxidant and pancreas-protective effect of Empetrum nigrum juice was defined. Conclusions : Received data allows recommending further antidiabetic potential of Empetrum nigrum with the perspective of using it in the therapy of diabetes mellitus of the second type.

Elastic resistance training is more effective than vitamin D3 supplementation in reducing oxidative stress and strengthen antioxidant enzymes in healthy men.

ObjectiveToday, reducing oxidative stress and improving the antioxidant system with antioxidant supplements along with exercise training has received a lot of attention. Vitamin D plays a very important role in general health and reducing oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D3 supplements during elastic-band resistance training (EBT) on oxidative stress and antioxidant indices in healthy men.MethodsForty healthy men (Serum: 20 ≤ 25 (OH) D ≤ 25 ng/mL) voluntarily participated in the current study and randomly were assigned to EBT-vitamin D3 (ED, n = 10), EBT-placebo (EP, n = 10), vitamin D3 (VD, n = 10), and control (Con, n = 10). EBT was performed three times per week on non-consecutive days for eight weeks, in seven exercises. The subjects in the ED, VD, and EP consumed 50,000 IU vitamin D3 or placebo once every 2 weeks. Ten ccs blood samples were collected before and after exercise training and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and creatine kinase (CK) activities were measured in the plasma. Malondialdehyde (MDA), as the lipid peroxidation index, and 25(OH) D were measured in the plasma.ResultsWe found that there was a significant difference between ED with VD (p = 0.011) and Con (p = 0.022) for MDA. A significant difference was also seen for SOD in ED with VD (p = 0.024) and Con (p = 0.038) and TAC in ED with VD (p = 0.020) and Con (p = 0.030), and GPX in ED with VD (p = 0.040) and Con (p = 0.010). While there were no significant differences between ED and EP in all mentioned variables (p > 0.05).ConclusionFinally, it can be said that elastic resistance training improved antioxidant defence. However, vitamin D3 supplementation during resistance elastic training has no synergistic effect on attenuating oxidative stress indices.

Microstructure and storage stability of precooked kiwicha products

The aims of this research were to evaluate the storage stability of precooked kiwicha products (PK = puffed kiwicha and LK = laminated kiwicha) and to compare them with a commercial puffed amaranth product (CPA); to analyze the microstructure of kiwicha grains and the microstructural changes by processing. The moisture and water activity (WA) increased in all samples during 90–120 days of storage (p < .05). The CPA stored at 120 days had the lowest acceptability due to the highest moisture, WA, peroxides index, and luminosity (L*). The PK stored up to 90 days, had the most acceptability (5.43 ± 1.10), due to the highest crispness and purchase/consumption intention (Z-value = 2.63/7.09). The structure of the food matrix of kiwicha grains was modified by processing. This study shows that the precooked products were acceptable and maintained their physicochemical, textural, and sensory characteristics up to 90 days of storage, which can be incorporated as an ingredient in different foods. Novelty impact statement Microstructure is related to textural properties, consumer response, interaction between food structure and water, and storage stability. The precooked kiwicha products from this study, kept in good storage conditions, can be used as ingredients in the development of novel foods, providing consumers with desirable textural properties and sensory characteristics.

Supplementation of pomegranate processing waste and waste soybean cooking oil as an alternative feed resource with vitamin E in broiler nutrition: effects on productive performance, meat quality and meat fatty acid composition

ABSTRACT This research aimed to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of pomegranate peels powder and waste soybean cooking oil on the performance and meat quality of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. Before start of the experiment, the metabolisable energy of pomegranate peels and other nutritive and chemical contents of pomegranate peels were measured. Also, peroxidation indices and fatty acids profiles of experimental oils were analysed. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including i) pomegranate peels (0, 4 and 8%), ii) waste soybean cooking oil (0, 2 and 4%) and iii) vitamin E (0 and 200 mg/kg diet). Supplementation of 8% pomegranate peels significantly decreased growth performance of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). The supplementation of 4% waste cooking oil significantly reduced body weight gain during the grower and whole experimental period (p < 0.05). Pomegranate peels supplementation decreased peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and increased pH of meat (p < 0.05). Supplementation of 4% waste cooking oil increased PV and TBA and reduced crude protein, water holding capacity (WHC), and pH of meat (p < 0.05). Vitamin E supplementation significantly decreased TBA and increased WHC of meat (p < 0.05). Supplementation of pomegranate peels decreased saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of meat (p < 0.05). Broilers fed diets with 4% waste cooking oil showed higher SFA and lower PUFA contents in meat (p < 0.05). So it can be concluded that 4% pomegranate peels could be used as an alternative feed ingredient and a source of antioxidants in broiler diets, and also 2% waste soybean cooking oil can be included as feed ingredient in broiler diets without adversely affecting performance.

Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acids by Enzymatic Hydrolysis from Lemuru Fish By-Products

Production of omega-3 fatty acids from lemuru fish by-products was studied by enzymatic hydrolysis using a lipase enzyme in one liter of the batch reactor. The hydrolysis temperature of fish oil was set at 45 to 55 ℃ for 0 to 24 h, whereas agitation from 50 to 150 rpm. RSM-Box Bhenken was used to study the effect of these parameters on omega-3 (EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) content. The % free fatty acid (FFA), acid index, peroxide index, iodine index, and saponification index of lemuru fish oil was 0.925, 2.52, 42.5, 97.28, and 160.11%, respectively. GC-MS analysis results showed that unsaturated fatty acids content (62.34%), which are consisted of omega-3 (EPA, DHA, and ALA), omega-6 and omega-9, was much higher than saturated acids (12.97%). The experiment data showed that the highest EPA (1.221%) and DHA (0.312%) content were reached at 50 ℃ and 24 h with 150 rpm of agitation. However, through the RSM-Box Bhenken analysis and 3D surface plot, it was suggested that the optimum condition was obtained at 45 ℃ and 24 h with 150 rpm of agitation with the content of EPA, DHA, and ALA were 1.709, 0.49, and 1.237%, respectively.

Hass avocado oil extraction: In the way of malaxation process optimization

Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill. var. Hass) oil is a product of interest due to its functional properties and human health benefits. Physiological (P), consumption (C), and overripe (OR) stages of maturity were analyzed to establish the postharvest time to oil extraction. The OR has 19.2 ± 1.2/100 g oil content, with a hardness of 17.6 ± 0.6 N. A 33−1 fractional experimental design was proposed to analyze the optimal conditions of the malaxation process as a pretreatment for oil extraction. From the response surface analysis, a statistical model was reported to predict the oil extraction efficiency, and the time and temperature variables showed an optimal point. The highest extraction efficiency under the conditions evaluated was 48.9 °C temperature, agitation speed 49.7 rpm, and time 92.6 min, which yielded an extraction efficiency of 77.6 ± 0.08 g/100 g. The physicochemical characterization of the oil indicated an acid value of 0.4 ± 0.7 g/100 g, peroxide index of 18.5 ± 0.7 mEqO2/kg, and iodine index of 76.7 ± 1.0 g I2/100 g with a relative density of 0.915 g/ml which showed that the optimized malaxation process conditions did not affect the final Hass avocado oil quality.