Permission Requirements Research Articles

Evaluation of Flight Permissions of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Turkey

The fields of application and types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have expanded more and more. As a result of this expansion, countries' applicable legislation, as well as generally accepted rules, are changing. Otherwise, uncontrolled UAV use is very prone to damage to other aircraft, structures, or people. Therefore, this research comprises a qualitative review as well as a comparative analysis of professionals who have worked with UAV piloting and operations for years, as well as the industry and other institutions involved. In addition, the Turkish UAV industry and applications were probed. In Turkey, the number of UAV pilots and registered UAVs is increasing at a rate of 55 percent each year. The clear and evolving nature of the regulations, as well as the training institutes' use of a large and qualified workforce, encourage individuals to pursue UAV training. UAVs, on the other hand, are likely to be developed to meet insurance and flight permission requirements.

Hygienic and environmental problems of oil and gas production on the offshore shelf

The article discusses the results of research carried out within the framework of the industry program of Rospotrebnadzor “Hygienic scientific justification for minimizing risks to the health of the population of Russia” for 2016–2020 (p. 2. 16). During the development of oil and gas fields of the shelf in the waters of the Northern, etc. In addition to climatic conditions, dangerous and harmful factors of the production environment have a significant impact on working conditions: intense industrial noise, general and local vibration, insufficient lighting, contamination of the working area with dangerous chemicals and gases. Often, oil and gas in wells are under high pressure, which creates a threat of explosive emissions and fires. Among the unfavorable factors, the leading place is also occupied by noise, which affects workers during the entire shift from 7 to 30 or more days continuously. The noise sources are power plants and working mechanisms. Sound pressure levels in workplaces reach 72–107 dBA, in cabins 52–67 dBA. The equivalent daily sound levels are 71–102 dBA, and the total doses of acoustic energy affecting personnel exceed the permissible requirements by tens of times. In order to ensure the implementation of industrial and environmental control during the development of oil and gas fields on the offshore shelf, the main parameters, sources and mechanisms of marine water pollution have been determined. The sanitary and hygienic characteristics of the quality of sea water, ways and mechanisms of monitoring the state of sea waters are given. The analysis and updating of a number of existing regulatory and methodological documents in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and the safety of environmental objects, including the draft SanPiN 2.2.3... “Sanitary rules and regulations for drilling rigs and structures used in the development of offshore hydrocarbon deposits” has been prepared.

아동･청소년성보호법상 신분위장수사등에 관한 고찰

The Act on the Protection of Children and Juveniles against Sexual Offenses(which was promulgated on March 23, 2021) established a new provision to punish Cybergrooming(Article 15-2), and ‘Identity Concealment Investigation’ and ‘Undercover Investigation’ systems to eradicate Digital Sex Crimes against children and juveniles (Article 25-2 to 25-9). These provisions took effect on Sept. 24, 2021.<BR> The provisions on the Identity Concealment Investigation and Undercover Investigation can be evaluated positively in that the requirements and procedures for legality and effectiveness of the investigation are clearly stipulated in the act. However, these provisions couldn’t be used in abuse of investigative authority and infringe on the rights of citizens.<BR> Even if the investigation is initiated with the permission of the court, the risk of disguising identity can be transformed into an ‘illegal entrapment investigation’ depending on the nature of the crime and the circumstances of the investigation.<BR> In this regard, it is thought that it is necessary to make an effort to make a lawful investigation by specifying the enforcement ordinances and guidelines to prepare specific standards and permissible requirements, and by analyzing the investigation process and results.<BR> In addition, it is thought that further consideration will be given to the legality of the evidence collected through identity disguise investigations, etc.

Sharing runtime permission issues for developers based on similar-app review mining

The Android operating system introduces an ask-on-first-use permission policy after 6.0 version to regulate access to user data, which raises Permission-Related Issues (PRIS for short). Relevant research has been conducted to identify the PRIS through investigating users’ opinions towards runtime permissions. These efforts mainly focus on helping users understand and be aware of permissions, but neglect to assist developers in discovering permission requirements. In this paper, we propose a novel framework named PRISharer, which mines potential permission issues from the reviews of similar apps to assist developers in discovering possible permission requirements at runtime. PRISharer first builds a deep fine-grained classifier to identify similar apps, and then employs sentiment analysis based keywords extraction to mine permission-related reviews from similar apps’ reviews. Finally, the <category, permission, issues> mappings based on a multi-label learning method are generated to provide a PRIS profile for developers. The results of comparative experiments on more than 12 million reviews of 17,741 Android apps demonstrate that PRISharer achieves (i) superior performance in terms of F1-score for PRIS analysis, with an average improvement of 24.4%, (ii) the best recall (89.3%) in extracting permission-related reviews and (iii) 82.4% positive responses by expert developers, through which the effectiveness of PRISharer is well verified.

Contractual concept relationships in specialist prosthodontic health services

Relationships between doctors and patients in the field of medicine, also known as therapeutic transactions, in which both parties have rights and obligations that must be carried out fairly and in a balanced manner. A contractual notion or agreement, which is a written or oral agreement made by two or more parties, is required for the connection to be balanced. In health care, there are two sorts of legal ties between patients and doctors: therapeutic contracts and relationships governed by laws and regulations. When a first relationship is formed, it begins with a (unwritten) agreement that assumes both parties' wishes would be met once an agreement is reached. Regulatory interactions typically occur because doctors' obligations are imposed by their profession without the requirement for patient permission. In interdependent health services, the contractual idea relationship between doctors and patients can be balanced if each party understands their rights and obligations. Either a lawsuit based on default or an alleged legal infraction is the issue. The plaintiff (patient) must be able to show that the defendant's (doctor's) fault or carelessness caused the patient's injury. Both parties must be aware of their rights and obligations in order for the contractual relationship between a doctor and a patient to be balanced. The most crucial thing to understand about the contractual notion in prosthodontic specialized health services is ethics. Dental ethics is defined as the application of moral concepts and virtues to the profession of dentistry.

\u201cWhen you have a high life, and you like sex, you will be afraid\u201d: a qualitative evaluation of adolescents\u2019 decision to test for HIV in Zambia and Kenya using the health belief model

BackgroundHIV testing among adolescents is significantly lower than among adults and many adolescents living with HIV do not know their status. Adolescent perceptions of HIV testing are poorly understood and may negatively affect testing uptake. Using a qualitative design, this study sought to explore perceptions about HIV testing and treatment among adolescents living with HIV and adolescents of unknown HIV status in Lusaka, Zambia and Kenya.MethodsStudy participants were adolescents aged 15–19 years old. The adolescents living with HIV were recruited from HIV support groups at health facilities. Adolescents of unknown HIV status were recruited from existing adolescent groups within the community. In both Zambia and Kenya, four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with adolescents living with HIV and four FGDs were conducted with adolescents whose HIV status was unknown, for a total of 16 FDGs. FGDs consisted of 6–12 participants, a moderator, and a note-taker. FGDs were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into transcripts. Transcripts were coded in the qualitative analysis software program MAXQDA v. 12. Data reduction and summary tables were generated to help identify themes across the two study population groups. Data were interpreted within the health belief model.ResultsAdolescents discussed the challenges of facing a positive HIV test result, including fear of a positive result and need to change their lifestyle, fear of social isolation, and perception of the lost opportunity to achieve future dreams. Most adolescents of unknown status were not as aware of the benefits of learning their HIV status, nor were they aware of the ability to live a long and healthy life on ART. HIV-positive adolescents reported that the messages targeted towards adolescents focus on the need to remain HIV-negative, as opposed to the benefits of knowing one’s status. Adolescents described age and requirements for parental permission as a significant limitation in their ability to access HIV testing.ConclusionsAdolescents require more information about the benefits of testing early and the ability to live a long and healthy life on ART. Educating adolescents that HIV testing is a normative behavior among their peers could strengthen HIV testing among adolescents.

Competence to Consent to Oral and Injectable PrEP Trials Among Adolescent Males Who Have Sex with Males.

Adherence to oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is challenging for adolescent males who have sex with males (AMSM). Once adult trials comparing oral to longer lasting injectable PrEP are completed, there will be a need for adolescent studies. However, lack of data on adolescent consent capacity may sustain guardian permission requirements identified as a barrier to AMSM participation in prior PrEP trials. This online study assessed AMSM's (14-17years) consent capacity for these trials, comparing performance to MSM (18-19years) for whom guardian permission is not required. Applying the MacCAT-CR, participants (N = 214) viewed a video and mock consent form followed by open-ended and yes/no items. Cognitive diagnostic models and means testing analyses supported AMSM capacity to consent to these trials: 16-17 and most 14-15year-olds, demonstrated consent understanding, appreciation and reasoning at 18-19year-old levels. Data also identified vulnerabilities requiring attention during informed consent.

African ancient DNA research requires robust ethics and permission protocols.

In Africa, there is a disparity in ethics and permission requirements for molecular research on samples from living people versus ancient DNA. At the precipice of the archaeogenomics revolution, heritage agencies require updated policies and procedures for genetic and genomic research on African ancient DNA.

Adolescent Barriers to HIV Prevention Research: Are Parental Consent Requirements the Biggest Obstacle?

PurposeOne third of people newly living with HIV/AIDS are adolescents. Research on adolescent HIV prevention is critical owing to differences between adolescents and adults. Parental permission requirements are often considered a barrier to adolescent enrollment in research, but whether adolescents view this barrier as the most important one is unclear. MethodsAdolescents were approached in schools in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and at a sexually transmitted infection clinic at the Children’s Hospital of Aurora, Colorado. Surveys with a hypothetical vignette about participation in a pre-exposure prophylaxis trial were conducted on smartphones or tablets with 75 adolescents at each site. We calculated descriptive statistics for all variables, using 2-sample tests for equality of proportions with continuity correction. Statistical significance was calculated at p < 0.05. Multivariate analyses were also conducted. ResultsMost adolescents thought side effects (77%) and parental consent requirements (69%) were very important barriers to research participation. When asked to rank barriers, adolescents did not agree on a single barrier as most important, but the largest group of adolescents ranked parental consent requirements as most important (29.5%). Parental consent was seen as more of a barrier for adolescents in South Africa than in the United States. Concerns about being experimented on or researchers’ mandatory reporting to authorities were ranked much lower. Finally, most (71%, n = 106) adolescents said they would want to extra support from another adult if parental permission was not required. ConclusionAdolescents consider both parental permission requirements and side effects important barriers to their enrollment in HIV prevention research. Legal reform and better communication strategies may help address these barriers.

Reduced carbon footprints of buildings: new Finnish standards and assessments

The Nordic countries are working towards regional carbon neutrality ahead of the European Union’s goals. Finland is aiming at carbon neutrality by 2035, and developing a set of policies, including legislation for low-carbon construction. The new approach includes normative carbon limits for different building types before 2025. Finland’s Ministry of the Environment has developed an assessment method and will develop a generic emission database. The database will cover all main types of products and materials, sources of energy, modes of transportation as well as other main processes such as site operations and waste management. Furthermore, the criteria for green public procurement have been developed from the viewpoint of reducing the climate impacts of buildings: incorporating global warming potential and climate benefits. However, there are several open questions regarding both the assessment method and the database. These questions are outlined and discussed. The consideration of the foreseen decarbonisation of energy, the relation of the generic data to specific data and the requirements for generating valid generic data are key issues of discussion. The Finnish assessment method is also compared with the methodological development in other Nordic countries and to the proposed Level(s) framework of the European Commission. Policy relevance The carbon limits for buildings will introduce the construction sector to life-cycle approach and assessment. The scope of optimisation will widen from operational emissions to buildings’ full life-cycle. This brings changes to building design, as the carbon footprint limit becomes an additional performance requirement for a building permission. For product manufacturers, this may lead to increased market demand of environmental product declarations and their availability in digital format. From the client side, the introduction of limits opens a possibility for setting quantitative targets that go beyond the legal minimum. Furthermore, the proposed concept of carbon handprint (for positive carbon impacts) may become an award criterion in public procurement. The ongoing normative development in the Nordic countries has timely relevance for the development of the Level(s) framework, a common assessment scheme for the European Union. Fora for discussion and co-development are therefore also required at the European level.

Surveillance studies involving HIV testing are needed: Will at-risk youth participate?

Adolescent males who have sex with males (AMSMs) account for high numbers of new HIV diagnoses. To date, surveillance data have been limited to diagnosed cases of HIV, resulting in an underestimation of risk and burden among AMSMs unwilling or unable to access HIV testing. This study identified facilitators and barriers to AMSMs' participation in future surveillance studies involving HIV testing. AMSMs (n = 198) aged 14 to 17 years participated. The majority identified as non-Hispanic White or Latinx, had a least 1 male sex partner, and self-reported HIV negative. Participants read an online survey beginning with a vignette describing a hypothetical HIV surveillance study requiring HIV testing. They then completed questions assessing likelihood to participate, perceived research benefits and risks, attitudes toward HIV risk, prior HIV health services, and parental awareness of sexual orientation. Approximately 40% indicated strong willingness to participate. Willingness was positively related to perceived HIV risk, free access to HIV testing, counseling and referral if testing positive, confidentiality protections, and lack of access to a trusted physician. Having to tell others if one tested positive for HIV and requirements for guardian permission were significant participation barriers. Inclusion of HIV testing in surveillance studies is essential for accurate estimation of HIV incidence and prevalence among AMSMs. Successful recruitment of sexual minority youth into sexual health surveillance research will require procedures tailored to youth's health care needs and concerns, including adequate HIV counseling, referral to treatment if seropositive, and attention to concerns regarding guardian permission. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

On Transparency and Accountability of Smart Assistants in Smart Cities

Smart Assistants have rapidly emerged in smartphones, vehicles, and many smart home devices. Establishing comfortable personal spaces in smart cities requires that these smart assistants are transparent in design and implementation—a fundamental trait required for their validation and accountability. In this article, we take the case of Google Assistant (GA), a state-of-the-art smart assistant, and perform its diagnostic analysis from the transparency and accountability perspectives. We compare our discoveries from the analysis of GA with those of four leading smart assistants. We use two online user studies (N = 100 and N = 210) conducted with students from four universities in three countries (China, Italy, and Pakistan) to learn whether risk communication in GA is transparent to its potential users and how it affects them. Our research discovered that GA has unusual permission requirements and sensitive Application Programming Interface (API) usage, and its privacy requirements are not transparent to smartphone users. The findings suggest that this lack of transparency makes the risk assessment and accountability of GA difficult posing risks to establishing private and secure personal spaces in a smart city. Following the separation of concerns principle, we suggest that autonomous bodies should develop standards for the design and development of smart city products and services.

Influence of handling effects on the permeability of preforms

AbstractHandling manipulations during the process chain of dry fibre preforms starting with the production of semi‐finished products, throughout the transport and storage until the build‐up, lead to mechanical stress on the textile structure. The knowledge of the relation between the stress in preforms caused by handling processes and their effect on the quality of the subsequent composite product could be of great importance for the development of automated solutions. The reduction of permissible requirements in the handling of textiles would lead to significantly simpler and thus more cost‐effective automation solutions. Using effects of defects methodology, impacts on preforms due to handling processes and the resulting permeability will be investigated. The analysis of the preforming process chain shows various visible effects as a result of handling and storage loads on textiles. One representative effect is a spherical shaped buckling within handled textile layers. Therefore the buckling will be used as a representative imperfection in this analysis. To create measurable imperfections textile samples will be impacted with a defined and reproducible load. Followed by the measurement of permeability during vacuum infusion of imperfect textile samples the relation between handling effects and the quality of preforms will be shown. In der Prozesskette zur Herstellung von Vorformen werden textile Halbzeuge durch zahlreiche Handhabungsprozesse belastet. Von zentraler Bedeutung ist hierbei die mechanische Beanspruchung der textilen Halbzeuge bei deren Handhabung und Lagerung während des Prozesses zur Herstellung der Vorform.

Determination of the influence of deflections in the thickness of a composite material on its physical and mechanical properties with a local damage to its wholeness

In the period of technological preparation and initial stages of development in the mass production of composite products, there is a fairly large number and variety of technological defects. The rate of these defects often exceeds the permissible requirements of design documentation and therefore results in faulty products. The most characteristic technological defect for composite structures reinforced with continuous fibres or fabric materials is the deviation of the thickness of the moulded composite from its projective value. Another type of common defects is local violations of integrity in discrete volumes of polymer composite materials in the forms of pores and voids that appear when making their packages in technological forming equipment. The analysis and substantiation of the tolerance fields for these types of technological defects have been carried out. The tolerances on deflection of the thickness of the product being formed from the design value are established. It is shown that the input control determines the deviation of the thickness from the nominal value for a single-layered semifinished product. The deviation in the thickness of the package from the nominal includes the components that arise during its formation. These components are related to the integral deviations of the technological mode of formation (pressure, temperature, and time change) from those that are regulated by the relevant documentation. The analytical dependences are obtained for the reasonably defined assignment of tolerance fields for the physicomechanical properties of a polymeric composite material having a deviation in the thickness in the presence of local violations of continuity in the form of voids. In contrast to the existing models, the obtained dependencies have helped estimate the quality of technological processes of the formation of semifinished products and products made of polymer composite materials by the rate of defects of the considered class. An analysis of the influence of defects of this class on the physical and mechanical properties of the polymeric composite material has been carried out. It is shown that when using some reinforcing material with a passport field of tolerance, the value of the volumetric fibre content is always in its range. At the same time, the rejection of the bulk content of the binder may go beyond its passport field of tolerance.

Do the Haves Come Out Ahead in Tax Litigation? An Empirical Study of the Dynamics of Tax Appeals in the UK.

This paper considers which parties appeal in tax cases and which parties win such appeals. It adapts party capability theory to derive hypotheses concerning the relative advantages of (certain types of) taxpayers and HMRC, and how this may be affected by institutional factors, such as requirements for permission to appeal, and factors associated with the resources of the parties, such as legal representation. These hypotheses are then tested, using statistical methods, on a dataset assembled by the author of all appeals (including further appeals) from Special Commissioners' decisions since 1981. In doing such this paper both questions what the functions of an appeal system are, and whether the appeal system satisfies these, as well as addressing the question of whether certain large corporates enjoy favoured treatment by HMRC, which has been a recent issue of public concern in the UK.

Project GOLD: A pilot randomized controlled trial of a novel psychoeducational HIV/STI prevention intervention for heterosexually-active black youth.

Black youth account for the largest number of new HIV infections among heterosexual youth. Mental illness and difficulties in emotion regulation contribute to increased reports of HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk-related sexual behaviors in this group. Yet limited interventions exist to address this affective component of the sexual decision-making process. The purpose of this paper was to describe the trial design, research challenges, and baseline characteristics from a study designed to fill this gap. Project GOLD was a pilot randomized controlled trial of a psychoeducational HIV/STI prevention intervention designed to address the role of mental illness and emotion regulation in HIV/STI risk among heterosexually-active Black youth aged 14 to 17 (N = 108). Challenges encountered in the research process warrant further attention in future research (e.g., disagreement among the regulatory bodies on parental permission requirements). The most common mental health diagnoses were Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (15.7%) and current substance abuse (7.4%). Participants reported higher levels of emotional suppression, and adaptive methods of emotion management, than culturally inappropriate expressions of anger or sadness. They also reported a mean age of 13.6 at first vaginal sex, used condoms 66% of the time for vaginal sex, and had an average of three sexual partners in the past 6 months. More than one-quarter (26.9%) had sex with more than one person in the same day. These findings indicate intervention is crucial for this population. The forthcoming trial evaluation will indicate the promise of such interventions in reducing HIV/STI infections in this key population.

The PGC Data Access Portal And Genomic Privacy: Data Sharing Procedures To Satisfy All Communities

BackgroundThe Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) is an exceptional model of international collaborative research, with a long track record of success. Data sharing is the cornerstone of the PGC and is critical for the discovery of genes and pathways influencing the many psychiatric and neurodevelopmental traits under investigation in the PGC. However, community concerns about genomic privacy must also be balanced with data sharing in the interest of discovery. A key element of the success of the PGC has been the promise of responsible conduct in the context of data sharing. In collaboration with PGC workgroups, individual data owners, and institutional data repositories, the PGC Data Access Committee (DAC) developed data sharing protocols and a web-based portal to manage the increasing burden of data sharing requests among a growing number of investigators. This educational session will provide a practical demonstration using these tools within the framework of ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) pertinent to data sharing. MethodsThis session will inform attendees of community attitudes regarding genomic privacy and data sharing in the context of a hands-on demonstration of data access tools. Early studies from the from the Center for Genetic Privacy and Identity in Community Settings (GetPreCiSe), a Center for Excellence in ELSI Research (CEER) at Vanderbilt University, indicate that there is widespread confusion about the meaning of “genomic privacy” and substantial community concerns about ethical behavior on the part of researchers. An awareness and appreciation of these issues is paramount for any investigator in understanding the function and work of the PGC-DAC. These studies provide rationale and motivation for the responsible use safeguards in place and further underscore the need for transparent, efficient, and responsible data sharing policies that can be easily operationalized. Our web-based portal significantly reduces the administrative burden involved in meeting ethical requirements while the organization of data helps to ensure regulatory compliance. ResultsFirst, I will share early findings on community attitudes towards genomic privacy and data sharing from the GetPreCiSe center at Vanderbilt University. This will provide a framework for understanding the role of the DAC and the data access procedures. Then, I will walk through the permission requirements and certifications needed prior to submitting a data access request. PGC data is organized into “packages” on the LISA server which correspond to sharing permissions established through agreements with research participants. Users with appropriately documented permission can access data within two weeks of submitting a request. I will highlight some common pitfalls that can delay this process. Finally, I will demonstrate use of the data access portal and provide a behind-the-scenes look at what happens to a data access request after it is submitted. ConclusionsA transparent and efficient data access procedure, like that developed by the PGC-DAC, increases the value of data and increases trust between participants and researchers. The aim of this session is to familiarize attendees with the tools available to them to responsibly share and access data through the PGC.

METHOD SUBSTANTIATION OF MINIMALLY POSSIBLE VALUE OF PROBABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ESTIMATION RESULT OF PARAMETERS

Indicators of quality of measuring equipment significantly affect the average time of diagnosis and restoration of special communication means. Therefore, the substantiation of the minimum permissible requirements for measuring instruments in providing the necessary time for the restoration of special communication means is a rather urgent task, since it reduces the cost of technological equipment repair bodies.It has been established that the functional dependence of the deviation of the diagnosis with the error of the repairman on the metrological characteristics of the measuring equipment has a maximum.Metrological reliability is characterized by the intensity of failures, the probability of failure-free operation and failure to work. In the course of operation, the metrological characteristics and parameters of the measuring equipment are subject to change. These changes are random monotonic and lead to failures, that is, the impossibility of measuring instruments to perform their functions. This task in known works is solved by the elimination of the complex factor of parameters, which takes into account the number of elements of special communication means that influence its formation, the importance of the parameter for the organization of communication, time and cost of measurement. This is true for stationary conditions, but in field conditions it is necessary to take into account the metrological reliability of measuring equipment, which depends on temperature, humidity, vibration loads and other factors.The positive effect is achieved due to the fact that the area of functional dependence of the diagnostic defect is initially checked with increasing probability, which is not known in the works. And then, if the decision is absent, at its reduction starting from the unit, as in the known works, but taking into account the metrological reliability of the measuring equipment.The method is advisable to use during the development or improvement of metrological maintenance of repair of special communication means at fixed points of maintenance and repair or hardware technical support

Parental Support for Age-based Indoor Tanning Restrictions

Regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, are considering policies to ban indoor tanning for youth aged <18 years. Using data from a nationally representative sample, this study assessed parental support for age-based bans as well as less restrictive parental permission requirements. Data came from an online survey completed by 1,244 parents of adolescents aged 11-17 years. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models assessed correlates of supporting an indoor tanning ban for youth aged <18 years. Data collection and analysis occurred in 2016. Almost two thirds (65%) of parents agreed with indoor tanning bans for youth, with smaller proportions having no opinion (23%) or disagreeing (12%). Support for bans increased with greater perceived harm of indoor tanning for adolescents (OR=2.66, 95% CI=1.97, 3.59) and decreased with greater perceived benefits (OR=0.49, 95% CI=0.36, 0.67). Compared with support for bans, support for parental permission requirements was somewhat higher, with 79% of parents agreeing with the policy. Most parents (60%) agreed with both policies; only 4% disagreed with both. Age-based indoor tanning restrictions, including bans, engender broad-based support among parents. Communicating the harm of indoor tanning may facilitate the implementation of these policies.

Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents' Views On HIV Research Participation and Parental Permission: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Sexual and gender minority adolescents are underrepresented in HIV research, partly because institutional review boards (IRBs) are reluctant to waive parental permission requirements for these studies. Understanding teenagers' perspectives on parental permission and the risks and benefits of participating in HIV research is critical to informing evidence-based IRB decisions. Data from 74 sexual and gender minority adolescents aged 14-17 who participated in an online focus group in 2015 were used to examine perspectives on the risks and benefits of participation in a hypothetical HIV surveillance study and the need for parental permission and adequate protections. Data were analyzed thematically; mixed methods analyses examined whether concerns about parental permission differed by whether teenagers were out to their parents. Most adolescents, especially those who were not out to their parents, would be unwilling to participate in an HIV study if parental permission were required. Perceived benefits of participation included overcoming barriers to HIV testing and contributing to the health of sexual and gender minority youth. Few risks of participation were identified. Adolescents suggested steps that researchers could take to facilitate informed decision making about research participation and ensure minors' safety in the absence of parental permission; these included incorporating multimedia presentations into the consent process and explaining researchers' motivations for conducting the study. Respondents believed that the benefits of HIV surveillance research outweighed the risks. Requiring parental permission may exclude many sexual and gender minority teenagers from taking part in HIV research, especially if they are not out.