Permeable Concrete Pavement Research Articles

Application of pervious concrete pavement in the "breathe in-breathe out" design for sponge cities in China.

Sponge city construction is an ideal approach to mitigate the degradation of urban water environments. Among road materials, permeable concrete pavement stands out due to its unique structure that allows rainwater runoff to flow through its pores. This paper analyzes the current application status and the prospect of different permeable pavement designs in China's sponge cities, aiming to offer valuable insights for urban planning and construction. Statistical analysis summarizes the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of urban flooding disasters in China and their causes. By comparing the characteristics and advantages of pervious concrete pavement with traditional concrete pavement, the potential of permeable concrete pavement in sponge city construction is summarized through case studies. The findings highlight that by adjusting the pore size, permeable concrete pavement can collect rainwater while filtering impurities, thereby purifying surface runoff. The range of the pervious coefficient should ideally fall within the range of 4~8 mm/s. In addition, the pavement's large contact area with the air and internal water evaporation contributes to its self-regulating capability, reducing the occurrence of extreme temperatures. Related experiments have shown that from 8 am to 12 pm, pervious concrete pavement can reduce the temperature by approximately 1 °C compared to conventional concrete. From 12 pm to 8 pm, this temperature difference increases to approximately 3 °C. To meet the needs of environmental protection and resource utilization, permeable concrete pavement can serve as an ideal tool to achieve green and low-carbon development.

Investigation of sustainable pervious concrete pavement performance using waste travertine aggregate and powder

Travertine cutting generates rubble and waste powder, prompting the need for effective waste utilization. This study aims to develop travertine permeable concrete (TPC) using travertine aggregate and waste powder. An orthogonal test method assessed TPC variations in travertine powder replacement rates, aggregate grading, and void content for porosity, permeability, mechanical strength, and heavy metal adsorption ability. The void content greatly influences the amount of cementitious material and is crucial for TPC performance. To guarantee compliance with the engineering performance for fully pervious pavement, the recommended void content of TPC should not exceed 20 % to have satisfactory compressive strength and permeability. Cement replacement with 5–10 % travertine powder can satisfy engineering requirements, heavy metal adsorption, waste utilization, and CO2 emission reduction. TPC demonstrates much lower removal rates under the rapid method than the immersion method for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+, mainly due to the difference in contact time. After 25 cycles, the optimized TPC shows less mass and strength loss, demonstrating excellent freeze-thaw resistance. Furthermore, a novel lab-scale rainfall simulation system for travertine permeable concrete pavement (TPCP) was built to assess the water infiltration of TPCP. TPCP can effectively reduce runoff, reaching over 96 % within 1 h for various inflow intensities. After half an hour, the removal rates of Cd2+ and Cu2+ by TPCP were only 41.5 and 79.1 %, respectively, but TPCP achieves exceptional Pb2+ adsorption with a removal rate of over 97 % under the ternary competitive mechanism.

Low tortuous permeable concrete pavement material: A new approach to improve physical properties

Permeable pavement is an environmentally beneficial material that can ease urban problems and mitigate the effects of climate change, such as flooding, urban heat islands, and groundwater decrease. However, it is susceptible to clogging, has limited strength, and demands frequent maintenance. To overcome these problems, an untraditional fiber-reinforced permeable pavement with a low tortuosity pore structure that has an excellent infiltration rate and strength while being resistant to clogging has been studied in this research. Straight pore channels of various sizes and quantities were introduced into self-compacting concrete to create this permeable pavement. High-strength pervious pavement (HSP) samples with porosity ranging from 3.60 to 8.30% and 0–0.2% fiber content were tested. In all cases, HSP showed high infiltration rate (>1 cm/s), high compressive strength (>27 MPa) and tensile strength (1.5 MPa), low mass loss in potential resistance to degradation by impact and abrasion (>25%). However, it did not clog despite extensive cyclic exposure to flow containing sand, clay, and combined ‘sand & clay’. PP fiber content of 0.1%. The 3.60% porosity was found to be optimum considering all properties, whereas 8.30% porosity gave a higher infiltration rate with compromised properties. This permeable pavement can maintain sufficient porosity and permeability for stormwater infiltration without frequent maintenance. Adding polypropylene fiber reduces compressive strength marginally but increases split tensile strength, degradation and potential resistance. This novel fiber-reinforced HSP has the potential to expand the material's applicability. The results obtained from this research are expected to lead the way for a broader application of HSP in various contexts and initiatives that were not previously considered appropriate. This will eventually enhance the design and implementation of a new generation of flood-resistant infrastructure and significantly improve the ability to mitigate urban floods.

Research on wet physical properties of permeable concrete pavement with different porosity

ABSTRACT Permeable concrete pavement has been widely used in building ‘sponge cities’. Porosity has a great influence on wet physical properties such as permeability, water retention, and evaporative cooling performance of permeable concrete, and further research is needed. In this paper, permeable concrete specimens with target porosity of 20%, 24%, and 28% were made for indoor experimental research, including water permeability, water retention, and evaporation tests. The research results show that permeable concrete with a porosity of 28% has the best permeability among the three types of porosity. In the range of 20–28% porosity, as the porosity increases, the water retention performance of permeable concrete first strengthens and then weakens. The evaporative water loss of permeable concrete has the worst cooling performance on its surface temperature and the best cooling performance on its internal temperature. The air humidity above permeable concrete continues to decrease over time. The greater the porosity of the specimen, the later the air humidity above it becomes lower than the indoor ambient humidity. The work of this paper provides data support for permeable concrete pavement to improve outdoor thermal environment.

Experimental study on the thermodynamic performance optimization of phase change energy storage permeable concrete

To prepare Phase Change Energy Storage Permeable Concrete (PCESPC) with excellent thermodynamic performance, it is necessary to determine the optimal volume fraction of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material (MPCM), volume fraction of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), and Water-Binder ratio (W/B). In this study, we utilized the response surface methodology Box-Behnken Design (RSM-BBD) in Design-Expert software to optimize the experimental design and establish regression models to investigate the effects of the three aforementioned parameters on PCESPC's compressive strength, permeability coefficient, temperature change range, and snow melting rate. This approach aims to optimize the relationship between key factors and response variables in studying complex systems, helping researchers find the optimal process conditions to achieve the best response variable results. The study revealed that the optimal formulation includes 1.39 % volume content of MPCM, 0.3 % volume content of CNTs, and W/B of 0.33. This formulation yields PCESPC with compressive strength of 20.25 MPa, permeability coefficient of 1.25 mm/s, temperature drop amplitude of 3.97 ℃, temperature rise amplitude of − 4.96 ℃, and snow melting rate of 11.40 g/min. After experimental validation, the error between the predicted results and the experimental values was found to be less than 5 %, indicating the accuracy and reliability of the optimized results. Furthermore, the introduction of two MPCM with distinct phase change temperature ranges enabled dual-temperature regulation and snow melting effects for permeable concrete pavement under both high and low temperature conditions, which can provide valuable insights for the optimization of PCESPC composition and road surface temperature control.

Study on the Basic Mechanical Properties and Discrete Element Method Simulation of Permeable Concrete

Permeable concrete pavement material has many voids and a good water permeability, which can reduce surface runoff and alleviate the problem of urban water logging. It also has the functions of acting as a supplementary source of groundwater, purifying water, bodies reducing the urban heat island effect, reducing road noise, and so on. It is an effective solution for urban infrastructures. However, at the same time, because it has a large number of pores, this also affects the strength of permeable concrete. The main factors affecting permeable concrete are particle size and the shape of the aggregate, the content of the cement paste and aggregate, the compaction degree of the mixture, and so on. In this study, the single-factor test method was used to study the effects of aggregate size, slurry-to-bone ratio and loose paving coefficient on the basic mechanical properties and permeability of permeable concrete. Here, the numerical model for permeable concrete is established by using the particle flow discrete element (Particle Flow Code (PFC)modeling method, and a numerical simulation test is carried out. It can be seen from the test results that the permeability coefficient of 50% 5–10 mm + 50% 10–15 mm mixed aggregate permeable concrete is slightly lower than that of 5–10 mm and 10–15 mm single-size aggregate, but has a higher compressive and splitting tensile strength. With the increase in paste-to-bone ratio, the permeability coefficient of permeable concrete decreases, and the compressive strength increases. The loose paving coefficient has a significant effect on the mechanics and permeability of permeable concrete with the increase in the loose paving coefficient, the water permeability decreases and the compressive strength increases. The numerical simulation results show that under the condition that the loose paving coefficient is 1.10 and the slurry-to-bone ratio is 0.5, compared with the experimental results, the error of the numerical simulation results of the compression test is less than 3%. The reliability of the simulation is verified. The discrete element modeling method in this study can be used to simulate the shape of the aggregate in permeable concrete, and the numerical model can effectively simulate the crack development and failure form of permeable concrete in compression tests.

Stormwater runoff pollution control performance of permeable concrete pavement and constructed wetland combined system: toward on-site reuse.

Urban waterlogging and the deterioration of receiving water quality caused by stormwater runoff have become increasingly significant problems. Based on the concept of combining grey and green infrastructure, a combined permeable concrete pavement (PCP) and constructed wetland (CW) system has been developed to treat stormwater runoff and enable on-site reuse. The results showed that the removal rate of suspended solids (SS) by PCP ranged from 96.61 to 99.20%; however, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the effluent did not meet the standards required for rainwater reuse. For the combined PCP-CW system, the removal rates of COD, TN and TP by the CW were 48.45-75.12%, 47.26-53.05%, and 59.04-75.28%, respectively, under different hydraulic loading (HL) rates; thus, the effluent TN concentrations did not consistently meet the reuse standards. Further optimization of aeration in different parts of the CW revealed that aeration in the middle and front sections of the wetland had the most significant effect on pollutant removal, under which the TN concentrations in the effluent met the standard required for reuse. The effluent from the combined PCP-CW system was able to fully meet the stormwater reuse standards under these optimized conditions, and the reuse of urban stormwater runoff can therefore be realized.

Freeze-thaw durability of air-entrained high-strength clogging resistant permeable pavements

Permeable concrete pavements are designed to absorb rainfall, however they suffer from a number of challenges, which prevent their widespread adoption. Current permeable pavements are prone to clogging by sediments and have both low strength and durability. A clogging resistant permeable pavement (CRP, also known as Kiacrete) has been developed that has improved permeability, clogging resistance, strength and freeze–thaw durability. This paper reports on the performance of CRPs of the same open porosity made with different pore sizes, pore wall thicknesses and target entraining air content when exposed to 56 freeze–thaw cycles. The tests involved exposing samples to temperature varying from -20 °C to +20 °C and measuring changes in mass, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and compressive and flexural strength. The samples made with the Kiacrete tiles, which is the in-situ delivery method, were also vacuum impregnated and imaged using a stereomicroscope to determine the effect of target entrained air content and freeze–thaw cycles on microcracking. The results show that CRP is highly resistant to freeze–thaw degradation and no further addition of air entraining agent is required. The microcracks that occur do not have any notable impact on the overall durability performance. This study presents the first high strength clogging resistant permeable pavement that is highly durable under frost action, without requiring air entrainment inclusion, enabling permeable concrete pavements to be adopted in cold climates.

Desempeño mecánico e hidráulico de pavimentos permeables de concreto: evaluación experimental

Pervious pavements emerge as an alternative for good management of surface runoff, providing the opportunity to quickly and efficiently reduce the potential for flooding and reuse rainwater. However, the mechanical and hydraulic performance of the material have been extensively evaluated at the laboratory level, leaving aside how the material will behave in the field and how its exposure will accelerate the loss of its hydraulic properties (clogging). In this sense, this research evaluated the mechanical and hydraulic performance of permeable concrete pavements in an experimental field that simulates the working conditions of the material, where properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, porosity, and permeability were evaluated, as well as the loss of hydraulic efficiency due to clogging. This is to increase the knowledge of the material to provide construction and quality control guidelines that guarantee the correct functioning of this type of pavement, considering its great contribution to sustainability.

Eksperimentalno istraživanje otpornosti na smrzavanje poroznog betona s emulzijom kopolimera etilen vinil acetata i bazaltnim vlaknima

In recent years, permeable concrete has been widely used in the construction of urban permeable pavement. However, it has been discovered that during practical use, the cracking of permeable concrete pavement in seasonal freezing areas is more severe due to its poor frost resistance, and the phenomenon of threshing is evident. To obtain permeable concrete that meets the freezing resistance requirements of the seasonal freezing areas, the freezing resistance of permeable concrete mixed with basalt fiber and VAE-707 emulsion was studied in this study. The conclusion drawn from the experiments showed that compared to the basic group show that under the premise of satisfying the water permeability, the compounding of 2 kg/m3 of basalt fiber and 2% VAE-707 emulsion can improve the frost resistance of the permeable concrete.

The Application of Rubber Aggregate-Combined Permeable Concrete Mixture in Sponge City Construction

Permeable concrete is a new type of pavement material, which can effectively improve the urban flood discharge system, and is of great significance to the construction of sponge city. In order to optimize the use effect of permeable concrete and improve the application value of permeable concrete in permeable road engineering, the combination of rubber aggregate and permeable concrete is proposed, and the mix ratio of rubber permeable concrete mixture material is designed, which is applied to the engineering of pavement in Hunan Province, and its comprehensive pavement performance is analyzed and evaluated. The results show that the rubber permeable concrete has the best performance when the water cement ratio is 0.3, the designed porosity is 15%, the rubber particle size is 16 mesh, the rubber content is 15% and the coarse aggregate ratio is 4:6. The removal rates of suspended solids and metal pollutants are 0.65 and 0.72, respectively, which are increased by 0.23 and 0.19, respectively, compared with ordinary permeable concrete. This shows that rubber permeable concrete improves the ecological benefits of permeable concrete pavement, gives full play to the economic benefits of waste rubber products, reduces the construction cost of permeable concrete pavement, and provides assistance for promoting the construction of sponge city.

Developing permeable pavements for a more sustainable built environment

Permeable concrete pavements are one of the most promising mitigation strategies used to prevent surface flooding. Alalea Kia of Imperial College London introduces a robust new design which is ten times more permeable than conventional systems and resistant to clogging.

A systematic field effectiveness evaluation of three maintenance measures for three permeable pavements

• The optimal maintenance times for each permeable pavement were 2–3 times. • The optimal maintenance period was related to the stable permeability ratio. • The optimal maintenance measure was evaluated by efficiency, cost, energy. • Characteristic sediment particle enhanced clogging and weakened maintenance. Various maintenance measures have been used to better maintain permeable pavements. However, for a certain permeable pavement, the effects of the maintenance measures, maintenance times, maintenance period, and sediment particle size on the maintenance efficiency are not clear. In this study, in order to explore the above issues, high-pressure water washing (HW), low-pressure suction (LS), and high-pressure air flushing (HA) were applied on pervious concrete pavement (PC), interlocking impermeable concrete brick pavement (IIC) and interlocking permeable concrete brick pavement (IPC), then the maintenance efficiencies under different maintenance conditions were compared. The result showed that the optimal maintenance times of the three maintenance measures were 2–3 times. The optimal maintenance period for periodic maintenance could be determined by the initial permeability and stable permeability ratios at different initial clogging ratios, while the clogging ratio could be used as a maintenance indicator for non-periodic maintenance. The sediment particle size (0.3–1.16 mm) causing the most serious clogging was 1–2 times the permeable pavement characteristic aperture which was related to the distribution of pavement pore area and number over the pore size. The optimal maintenance measures of PC, IIC, IPC were LS, HW, and LW respectively, based on a comprehensive evaluation using three indicators: maintenance efficiency, maintenance cost, and energy consumption. This study provides an important reference for selecting appropriate maintenance measures and the characteristic aperture of permeable pavement according to local conditions.

Influence of meteorological factors on evaporative cooling of steel slag permeable concrete pavement

ABSTRACT Permeable pavement can decrease the pavement temperature through the evaporative cooling effect of water on the surface. It is necessary to understand the evaporative cooling effect of permeable pavement in the actual service environment to alleviate the urban heat island effect. In this study, a large-scale outdoor simulated evaporation test was carried out to restore the service conditions of natural soil pavement (NSP), ordinary concrete pavement (OCP) and steel slag permeable concrete pavement (SPCP) in the outdoor normal environment. Additionally, the effects of different meteorological factors (i.e. temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) on the evaporative cooling effect of pavement were analyzed. The results inidcate that the evaporation rates of the three pavements are basically the same. Among them, the evaporation rate of NSP is the largest, followed by SPCP, and the evaporation rate of OCP is the smallest. Temperature and relative humidity have the most obvious influence on the evaporation of NSP, and wind speed has the greatest influence on the evaporation of SPCP, the three meteorological factors jointly dominate the evaporation of OCP. The scientific value of this study is to provide guidance for the subsequent prediction and evaluation of the actual cooling effect of SPCP.

An Assessment of Groundwater Development Using Pervious Concrete-A Case Study in JSSATE Campus Bangalore

Pervious concrete is a special kind of concrete with a high porosity that is used for concrete flatwork applications to lessen runoff from a site and facilitate groundwater recharging. Water from precipitation and other sources can directly pass through pervious concrete. Other names for it include porous pavement, permeable concrete, no-fines concrete, and porous concrete. Pervious concrete is made with large particles and minimal to no tiny Aggregates. The concrete paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the concrete slab. In order to reduce runoff from a site and enable groundwater recharge, pervious concrete is a specific variety of concrete with a high porosity that is used for concrete flatwork applications. Pervious concrete allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass through directly. Porous concrete, permeable concrete, no-fine concrete, and porous pavement are other names for it. Pervious concrete is made with large aggregates with little or no small aggregates. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regards pervious concrete as a means of providing storm water management, pollution reduction, and appropriate development. The development of trees is also enhanced by pervious concrete. The behaviour of pervious concrete has been experimentally explored in the current work. The ratio of water to cement was 0.45. The ratio of coarse aggregate to cement was maintained at varying ratios of 1:4 and 1:6. Half of cement is made of fly ash. Experimental research has been done on a variety of pervious concrete qualities, such as workability and compressive strength tests after 7 and 14 days

Differences between volumetric and areal porosities within different vertical regions of permeable concrete pavement

ABSTRACT This study quantitatively showed the differences between volumetric and areal porosities versus the number of applied areal porosities within different vertical regions, and a suitable number of applied areal porosities was proposed to accurately represent the volumetric porosity. The volumetric or areal porosities within five equal vertical regions from each specimen were determined using the slice-water displacement method, slice-image analysis, or computed tomography (CT) scanning. The measurements indicated that near the top or bottom surface, the porosity increased sharply as the surface was approached because of wall effects. The boundary of the region influenced by wall effects is located 1.70–2.36 mm from the top or bottom surface. The wall effect-caused increased porosities range from 1.09% to 1.51% for the top region, whereas they range from 0.51% to 0.73% for the bottom region. For the five regions and the complete specimen, the differences between volumetric and areal porosities and their fluctuations were typically larger when the number of applied areal porosities was fewer, and the maximum absolute differences were well fit by decreasing power curves.

Discussion and analysis on the improvement of the widening technology of cement concrete pavement of rural highway

ABSTRACT In order to improve the widening technology of cement concrete pavement of rural highway, this paper further studies the blockage simulation process of permeable concrete pavement. Moreover, this paper separately studies various external conditions such as sediment gradation, horizontal runoff velocity, seepage velocity, porosity, etc., and reveals the mechanism of pore blockage in permeable pavement. After decades of self-gravity consolidation and the effect of traffic load on the subgrade of the rural old road, the consolidation of the old road has been basically completed. At the same time, after the new road is built, due to its own load and vehicle load, it gradually generates its own settlement, resulting in differential settlement of the old and new subgrade. In addition, this paper explores this difference through digital simulation, and puts forward several suggestions in combination with the simulation model. Finally, on this basis, this paper verifies the method proposed in this paper through experimental research. The research results show that the improvement strategy proposed in this paper is suitable for the widening construction of cement concrete pavement of rural highway.

The effect of low impact development facilities on evapotranspiration in an outdoor space of urban buildings

Low impact development (LID) facilities have been regarded to have important regulatory effects on urban evapotranspiration (ET). However, due to the influences of heterogeneity of underlying surfaces or facilities, solar radiation, building shading and rainfall conditions, the ET variations in outdoor space of urban buildings (OSUB) with various LID facilities are complex and have not been reported. In this paper, a three-temperature model (so called 3T model) combining with a portable thermal infrared imaging sensor was used to in-situ measure the ET rates of different LID facilities and traditional underlying surfaces of an OSUB in 2019 in Shenzhen, China. Specifically, the seasonal, daily and diurnal variations of ET in the OSUB and their influencing factors were investigated. The results indicate that (1) the LID facilities have higher ET rates than the traditional surfaces in wet seasons; the ET rates of bioretention (BR-H), vegetated swale (VS-Z) and permeable concrete pavement (PCP) are 38%, 18% and 250% higher than those of traditional garden (TG-H), lawn (TL-Z) and impermeable brick pavement (IBP), respectively, in this study; (2) the diurnal variation of ET is greatly affected by solar radiation intensity, building shadow and moisture inside the LID facilities; and the ET increase by LID is higher in the OSUB with higher solar radiation and no shadow; (3) vegetated LID facilities (e.g., BR-H and VS-Z) can maintain at a relatively high ET rate for a longer period after rain than the non-vegetated LID facilities (e.g., PCP), indicating a stronger ability to increase urban ET; (4) when the proportion of LID in OSUBs increases from 0% to 50% and 100%, the ET rate of OSUBs increases by 28% and 51% respectively, and the annual ET of built-up areas in Shenzhen increases by 6.58 mm and 11.41 mm respectively. The effects of soil media, vegetative cover, LID facility structure, local climate and building shadow on the ET of OSUBs should be considered for extrapolating the site-scale study to urban or catchment scale.

Performance and runoff coefficient of permeable concretes subjected to heavy rainfall simulations

The use of permeable concrete pavements can mitigate flooding in densely populated areas by serving as a functional and sustainable mechanism for surface water absorption and drainage. However, it is found that the performance of the pavement is often limited to low and moderate flows and that the absorption capacity of the concrete matrix decreases as the flow rate increases. Therefore, the present study was developed aiming to evaluate the potential to reduce runoff in permeable concrete pavements subjected to simulations of successive events of heavy rainfall. For this purpose, 2 binary combinations of coarse aggregates were used, varying the cement consumption and the water/cement (w/c) ratio. The samples were submitted to simulations of heavy and sequential rainfall, with evaluation of the volume of water absorbed and the runoff. The mechanical and hydraulical properties of the permeable pavements were evaluated, as well as the characteristics of the area and volume of the internal and superficial pores. Among the results, specific weight stands out as the parameter that showed the highest linear correlation with the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of the specimens. It was also found that the runoff coefficient had a moderate negative linear correlation with the average pore size of the surface of the pavement. Finally, the permeable concrete pavements investigated were found to have the potential to reduce surface runoff in densely populated areas that are prone to frequent flooding, thus playing a critical role in mitigating the problems associated with stormwater runoff.

Permeable Reactive Concrete Using Recycled Waste Materials for Nutrient Contamination Removal in Urban Surface Runoff

In recent years, stormwater control measures (SCMs) such as permeable concrete pavement have been experimentally investigated and used to manage hydrologic and water quality impacts of stormwater runoff. Research revealed the potential of permeable pavement in reducing and delaying peak flow rate, reducing runoff volume, and capturing heavy metals and other particulate-bound pollutants from stormwater runoff. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of permeable pavement on nutrients in stormwater runoff. This research aims to produce permeable reactive concrete (PRC) from waste fly ash, waste gypsum board and waste coco peat and to investigate its effectiveness in removing nutrient contamination present in stormwater or urban surface runoff. The raw materials underwent through granulation process to produce granulated filtering media (GFM). Cylindrical samples of PRC were then made and subjected to various physical and water quality tests. The use of GFM as partial coarse aggregates of PRC for urban surface runoff management and nutrient contamination removal has been tested and evaluated. After performing all the tests, the researchers concluded that GFM as partial coarse aggregates of PRC is effective due to the significant increase in infiltration rate of the entire sample compared to the traditional permeable concrete that has an average infiltration rate of 2-6 mm/s. The results in the water quality test revealed that PRC with GFM as partial coarse aggregates lessen the nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia that are present on urban surface runoff.