Permeability Factor Research Articles

Impacts investigation of gas barrier on effective thermal conductivity and service life of vacuum insulation panel

Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) are highly efficient thermal insulation materials with extremely low thermal conductivity based on the vacuum principle. With the sealing properties of the gas barrier envelopes, a long service life of the VIP is obtained. The mechanism and influence factors of gas and water vapor permeability were mathematically analyzed to explore the influence of gas barrier envelopes on the thermal performance of VIPs. Three typical gas barriers were studied, and the selection of the gas barrier and other aspects of optimization were involved. The relationships among temperature, humidity, solubility coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and permeability were concluded, which shows that temperature has a much greater effect on the permeability of the gas barrier relative to humidity. The numerical analysis and influencing factors of VIPs’ service life were also exemplified with three different types of gas barrier envelopes. The experimental results show that depending on the environment, the temperature has a major impact on the effective thermal conductivity and service life of VIP. The research was significant in the selection of gas barriers, the optimization of the performance, and the development of vacuum insulation material.

Superpixels pore network extraction for geological tomography images

In this study, a new method of extraction of pore networks from tomography images of geological porous material has been introduced. Superpixels, a classic method of image segmentation, has been employed as a part of the proposed algorithm to analyze 3D micro-structures and construct a pore network model that is representative of the hydraulic and electrical behavior of the studied porous mediums. In addition, an effective throat radius is introduced to compensate for over-segmentation issues in pore network extraction. Pore network models obtained from superpixels were extensively compared with those from watershed segmentation in terms of network statistics, morphology, permeability, and formation factor. It is found that despite differences in network morphology due to over-segmentation, macroscopic properties of the samples can be still modeled with the same level of accuracy as watershed networks. Superpixels proved to be exponentially faster but linearly more memory intensive than the watershed, which makes the superpixels a significant option to analyze large-size tomography images due to better scalability. The computer code developed to create superpixel pore networks is publicly available at www.GitHub.com/ArashRabbani/Superpixels_PNM.

Effect of inulin supplementation on clinical symptoms, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in women with migraine: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundMigraine is a complex, chronic, and debilitating multifactorial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of headache and related symptoms. It typically begins in early ages and is more prevalent in women than in men. Recently, the gut–brain axis has emerged as a new candidate that may be linked to neurological diseases. We hypothesize that selective modulation of the intestinal microbiota, oxidative stress, and inflammation through inulin supplementation may improve clinical outcomes in these patients. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of high-performance inulin supplementation on clinical symptoms, mental health, quality of life (QOL), intestinal permeability, and inflammatory and oxidative stress factors in women with migraine.MethodsThis is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 80 women with migraine who meet the inclusion criteria (aged between 20 and 50 years with a diagnosis of migraine by a neurologist based on the ICDH-3). Participants will be assigned to receive a daily dose of 10 g of inulin for 12 weeks (intervention group, n = 40) or 10 g of maltodextrin as a placebo for the same duration (control group, n = 40). The primary outcome will measure the variations in the frequency of headache experienced by the patients. Secondary outcomes will encompass serum levels of zonulin, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, nitric oxide, mental status, QOL, duration, and severity of migraine attacks.DiscussionThis clinical trial aims to evaluate the effect of inulin supplementation on inflammatory status, oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, clinical symptoms, mental health, and QOL in women with migraine. The findings of this trial could contribute to the identification of mechanistic action and evidence-based clinical guidelines that address gut microbiota manipulation to maximize health benefits in the management of clinical outcomes in migraine patients.Trial registrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir) (ID: IRCT20121216011763N58). Registration date: 23 April 2023.Trial statusThe protocol is version 3.0, September 17, 2023. Recruitment began August 21, 2023, and is anticipated to be completed by March 22, 2024.

Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Fluid Flow in Rough Rock Fracture: 2D Case

We investigate both laminar and turbulent flow regimes in a rough-walled rock fracture via numerical CFD simulations. While previous studies were limited to either fully viscous Darcy or inertial Forchheimer laminar flow regimes, we chose to cover the widest possible Reynolds number range of 0.1–10^6. We introduce CFD simulation of a turbulent flow for rough-walled fractures, implementing RANS approach to turbulence modeling. We focus on 2D fracture geometries and implement changes in both shear displacement and wall roughness, systematically examining their effect on fracture permeability and friction factor in a manner similar to the fundamental studies of the flow in rough-walled pipes. For a curvilinear fracture, laminar flow becomes non-stationary between Re , {sim } , 10^2–10^3, earlier for larger shear displacement and wall roughness. Laminar–turbulent transition starting at Re_{textrm{cr}} , {sim } , 2300 may lead to a sharp drop in permeability depending on the fracture geometry; this gap vanishes for larger shear displacement and wall roughness. Depending on the fracture geometry, bottlenecks closing with shear become a major negative factor for the overall permeability.

Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of circulating permeability factor in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the onset and the post-transplant recurrence of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are complex and remain yet to be fully elucidated. However, a growing body of evidence emphasizes the pivotal role of the immune system in both initiating and perpetuating the disease. Extensive investigations, encompassing both experimental models and patient studies, have implicated T cells, B cells, and complement as crucial actors in the pathogenesis of primary FSGS, with various molecules being proposed as potential "circulating factors" contributing to the disease and its recurrence post kidney-transplantation. In this review, we critically assessed the existing literature to identify essential pathways for a comprehensive characterization of the pathogenesis of FSGS. Recent discoveries have shed further light on the intricate interplay between these mechanisms. We present an overview of the current understanding of the engagement of distinct molecules and immune cells in FSGS pathogenesis while highlighting critical knowledge gaps that require attention. A thorough characterization of these intricate immune mechanisms holds the potential to identify noninvasive biomarkers that can accurately identify patients at high risk of post-transplant recurrence. Such knowledge can pave the way for the development of targeted and personalized therapeutic approaches in the management of FSGS.

Blocking Hemopexin With Specific Antibodies: A New Strategy for Treating Diabetic Retinopathy.

Hemopexin (HPX) is the best-characterized permeability factor in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. We have previously reported that HPX is overexpressed in the retina of patients with diabetes and induces the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier invitro. Here, we report that intravitreal injection of anti-HPX antibodies significantly reduces vascular leakage, retinal neurodegeneration, and inflammation in diabetic murine models and that the immunoneutralization of HPX exerts a significant antiangiogenic effect invitro and in retinal explants. The blockade of HPX can be considered as a new therapy for advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy.

Preventing water inrush hazards in coal mines by coal gangue backfilling in gobs: influences of the particle size and stress on seepage characteristics.

The backfilling mining method that fills gobs with coal gangue can prevent water inrush hazards, protect groundwater resources, and protect the ecological environment of the mining area. However, initial conditions including the particle size distribution of gangue and the stress environment may affect the seepage characteristics of gangue backfill and inrush prevention ability. Taking the particle size and stress as main controlling factors, the seepage tests were designed for gangue to evaluate influences of the particle size and stress on the void ratio, permeability, and non-Darcian flow factor of gangue. In the meantime, the four stages in dynamic changes of seepage channels were studied and the impervious envelope lines of gangue backfill materials were provided. The results show that the larger the particle sizes, the stronger the crushing resistance of particles; under high stress (> 6.67MPa), seepage channels in small gangue particles (< 5mm) change in a more complex manner, and the non-Darcian flow phenomena become more significant. The particle size and stress exert significant influences on the seepage characteristics. Therefore, when reducing water inrush hazards by gangue backfilling in gobs, the particle size distribution should be optimized by combining the stress and water pressure conditions. Seepage channels in gangue backfill materials vary with changes in the particle size and stress. Their variation can be divided into four stages: shrinkage of seepage channels, reconstruction of seepage channels, dynamic equilibrium between slight expansion and shrinkage, and persistence of the impervious effect. After the first and second stages have been fully developed, the preliminary impervious conditions are met; after full development of the fourth stage, the gangue backfill materials reach an impervious state.

Anti-nephrin antibody as a potential permeability factor in proteinuric kidney disease

Anti-nephrin antibody as a potential permeability factor in proteinuric kidney disease

Click-chemistry synergic MXene-functionalized flexible skeleton membranes for accurate recognition and separation

Membrane-based technology with accurate-recognition and specific-transmission has been regarded as one of the most promising strategies in environmental protection and energy conservation. However, membrane technique still faces challenges of “trade-off effect” between high selectivity and permeation flux within organic-aqueous mixed matrix. Here, well-intergrown click-chemistry synergic MXene-functionalized flexible skeleton membranes has been prepared in this strategy, enabling size-exclusion&structure selectivity by uniform location array imprinting unit and transport performance towards specific medicinal molecules of artemisinin (Ars). The well-assembled ultrathin cascade-type MXene layer guarantees the narrow interlayer nanochannels and the flexible skeleton modified mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles provide active reaction platform for the construction of selective recognition space. The resulting membranes demonstrated outstanding selective separation performance with permeability factor that artesunate (Aru) /Ars and dihydro-artemisinin (d-Ars) / Ars of 3.17 and 2.89 and permeation flux of 1173.25 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1. Besides, combined with antibacterial durability, recycling performance, high separation performance in mobile phase stability of CMFMs, it is anticipated that this work hopefully opens a new avenue for efficient chiral separation to medicinal molecules, exhibiting broad potential for practical application.

Application-Oriented Characterization and Analysis of Core Materials Under Medium-Frequency Condition

In medium-frequency applications, magnetic components generally operate in high-temperature conditions caused by higher power loss and more difficult heat dissipation, which results in changes in their electromagnetic characteristics. In this paper, the application-oriented characterization of the typical core materials, Mn-Zn ferrite and Fe-based nanocrystalline alloy, is comprehensively studied. The magnetic parameters under sinusoidal (5 kHz-50 kHz) and square (10 kHz) excitation from 20°C to 125°C is analyzed detailedly. Combined with the micromagnetic theory, the influence factors of electromagnetic parameters such as permeability and power factor angle are investigated. The loss variation of ferrite with temperature, flux density and frequency is explained by using the energy loss ratio. The proportion of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> and Pdy in total loss with temperature and frequency is compared, and the loss fluctuation of nanocrystalline alloys and ferrite is analyzed. Moreover, the reasonable range of frequency that needs to consider temperature effect in practical applications is suggested. The difference between the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B-H</i> loop bias under asymmetrical square excitation and DC bias conditions is compared and illuminated. The effectiveness and limitation of typical Steinmetz Equations considering the temperature and duty cycle effect are analyzed, and the suggestion of loss calculation is given combined with the material characteristics.

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Prediction of 5-FU Pharmacokinetics in Cancer Patients with Hepatic Impairment After 5-FU and Capecitabine Administration.

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and its prodrug capecitabine are commonly prescribed anti-tumor medications. We aimed to establish physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of capecitabine-metabolites and 5-FU-metabolites to describe their pharmacokinetics in tumor and plasma of cancer patients with liver impairment. Models including the cancer compartment were developed in PK-Sim® and MoBi® and evaluated by R programming language with 25 oral capecitabine and 18 intravenous 5-FU studies for cancer patients with and without liver impairment. The PBPK models were constructed successfully as most simulated Cmax and AUClast were within two-fold error of observed values. The simulated alterations of tumor 5-FU Cmax and AUClast in cancer patients with severe liver injury compared with normal liver function were 1.956 and 3.676 after oral administration of capecitabine, but no significant alteration was observed after intravenous injection of 5-FU. Besides, 5-FU concentration in tumor tissue increases with higher tumor blood flow but not tumor size. Sensitivity analysis revealed that dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) and other metabolic enzymes' activity, capecitabine intestinal permeability and plasma protein scale factor played a vital role in tumor and plasma 5-FU pharmacokinetics. PBPK model prediction suggests no dosage adaption of capecitabine or 5-FU is required for cancer patients with hepatic impairment but it would be reduced when the toxic reaction is observed. Furthermore, tumor blood flow rate rather than tumor size is critical for 5-FU concentration in tumor. In summary, these models could predict pharmacokinetics of 5-FU in tumor in cancer patients with varying characteristics in different scenarios.

Towards Prediction of Blood Flow in Coiled Aneurysms Before Treatment: A Porous Media Approach.

Modeling blood flow in aneurysms treated with coils could be used to understand the complete embolization of the aneurysm, through thrombus formation that fills the entire sac. Modeling of the endovascular coil mass as a porous medium is a technique that allows for study of aneurysm hemodynamics, efficiently for patient-specific treatment outcome predictions. Models in the literature use mean porosity of coils in the aneurysmal volume, proving inadequate for outcome prediction. However, models that consider heterogeneous porosity distribution have shown more accurate hemodynamics. We recently published the porous crown model, considering the heterogeneous coil mass distribution, validated on two patients. This study aims (i) to validate the porous crown model for a larger cohort (eight patients), and (ii) to propose a porous medium model translatable to clinical practice in treatment planning. We analyzed the porosity distribution of the endovascular coils deployed inside the cerebral aneurysm phantoms of eight patients using 3D x-ray synchrotron images. The permeability and inertial factor of the porous crown model are calculated using previously published methodology. We propose a new "bilinear" porous model, that uses the same hypothesis, but the permeability and inertial factor can be defined from just basic information available in the neuro-suite, i.e., the aneurysmal sac volume and the coil volume fraction targeted by the neurosurgeon. These two models are compared to the coil-resolved simulations, considered as the gold standard. The results show that both the porous crown model and the bilinear model produce similarly accurate hemodynamics in the aneurysm. The error in the standard (mean porosity) porous model is 66%, whereas the error of the bilinear model is 26%, compared to the coil-resolved. The bilinear model is promising as a means of treatment outcome prediction at time of intervention.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF CARBON DIOXIDE INJECTION INTO CARBONATE FORMATIONS

This article raises the issue of development of deposits whose formations are composed of carbonate rocks. The low porosity and permeability of carbonate strata result in low oil production from these reservoirs. Therefore, these fields need to use enhanced recovery methods. A number of methods that have been relevant in the past do not achieve the desired result, so it is necessary to study in more detail new methods for increasing oil recovery. This paper discusses one of these methods for optimizing production, namely injection of carbon dioxide into the formation in order to increase the oil production of the formations. As you know, when injecting gas into the formation, in particular carbon dioxide, there are two main modes of oil displacement: the immiscible displacement mode, in which the gas is in a gaseous form and acts as a displacing agent, and the mixed displacement mode, in which the gas dissolves in oil, changes its properties, contributing to improving the conditions of its displacement. In the course of the work, a comparison of mixed and unmixed injection of carbon dioxide into the formation was made. The dissolution of the gas in the oil occurs at a certain pressure, which is called the miscibility pressure. During the work, the main factors affecting the mixing pressure were identified. The analysis of the effectiveness of the method was carried out by using a digital model. It was found that with mixed carbon dioxide injection, the recovery factor is greater. Shows the impact of carbon dioxide on the reservoir and reservoir fluid during injection. It has been established that carbon dioxide is capable of chemical reactions with rock. These chemical reactions have both positive and negative effects, increasing or decreasing porosity and permeability factors of the formations. The most optimal method of carbon dioxide injection has been determined. The dependence was obtained to determine the efficiency factor of oil production during carbon dioxide injection.

The Sequential and Systemic Administration of BMP-2 and SDF-1α Nanocapsules for Promoting Osteoporotic Fracture Healing.

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of the nanocapsule sequential delivery of BMP-2 and SDF-1α through the peripheral circulatory system to promote the healing of osteoporotic fractures. Based on increased vascular permeability in the early hematoma environment around the fracture and the presence of a large number of matrix metalloproteinase MMPs in the inflammatory environment, we designed MMP-sensitive nanocapsules which were formed viain situ free-radical polymerization on the surface of grow factors with 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and the bisacryloylated VPLGVRTK peptide. The antiphagic effect and biological activity of the growth factors for the nanomicrocapsule delivery system were tested by cell experiments. The 36 SD rats with an osteoporotic fracture model were randomly divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E, and F). In this paper, the nanocapsules loaded with BMP-2 and SDF-1 are represented as n (BMP-2) and n (SDF-1α). In the six groups, the following different combinations of growth factors were injected into the bone defect site on days 1 and 3 after bone defect surgery: in group A, n (SDF-1α) combined with n (SDF-1α); in group B, n (BMP-2) combined with n (BMP-2); in group C, n (SDF-1α) + n (BMP-2) combined with n (SDF-1α) + n (BMP-2); in group D, n (SDF-1α) combined with n (BMP-2); in group E, n (BMP-2) combined with n (SDF-1α); in group F, nanocapsules without growth factor were used as the control group. Micro-CT was used to observe the effect of n(BMP-2) and n(SDF-1α) sequential delivery inearly healing in osteoporotic fractures. Finally, in this study, we evaluated the safety of the nanocapsules delivery system by detecting ectopic osteogenesis and inflammatory responses in animals. Nanocapsules have low toxicity and protect the integrity and biological activity of growth factors. The results confirmed that nanocapsules could still be effectively targeted to the fracture site on days 1, 3, and 7 after intravenous administration. Growth factors encapsulated in nanocapsules have better bone repair results than natural growth factors. In particular, groups C and D had the best bone repair results than other groups.In vivo experiments confirmed that nanocapsules did not cause significant ectopic osteogenesis and inflammation. The results confirmed that the special vascular permeability and inflammatory factor microenvironment of the fracture site could be used to deliver two growth factors with a synergistic effect through venous circulation, which could better promote the healing process of osteoporotic fracture.

β2-adrenergic receptor expression in patients receiving bevacizumab therapy for metastatic melanoma.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was initially known as vascular permeability factor and identified as a driver of tumour angiogenesis. Recently, its role in supporting an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment was demonstrated, and anti-VEGF treatment combined with immune checkpoint blockade is currently investigated. Further, beta-adrenergic signalling as a modifier of cancer hallmarks like immune response, angiogenesis and metastasis gained increased attention during past years. Focusing on the aspect of immunosuppression in upregulated beta-adrenergic signalling, we investigated predictive markers in patients with metastatic melanoma who received bevacizumab monotherapy, a specific VEGF-A binding antibody. We explored the expression of beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), interleukin 6-receptor (IL6-R), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and VEGF-A by immunohistochemistry in melanoma to assess the correlation between these proteins in melanoma cells and response to treatment. Strong β2-AR expression in metastases was associated with clinical benefit of bevacizumab. Furthermore, expression of the latter was positively linked to expression of VEGF-A and COX2. β2-AR expression in melanoma metastasis appears to distinguish a subgroup of patients that might benefit from anti-VEGF treatment. Our results strengthen further exploration of anti-VEGF therapy in combination with immune checkpoint blockade in clinical studies and the investigation of β2-AR as predictive marker.

Picoscience: Picotechnology’s Advent in Health and Medicine

Abstract: As the human race evolves, numerous diseases have dominated humans, causing scientists to encounter myriad challenges with formulations. To rectify these issues, Nanoparticle (10-9 m) formulation approach or nanotechnology has been developed. Since nanoparticles have legion benefits, encompassing better bioavailability, target-specific, confined, accurate dose delivery, and increased surface area, are pertinent for effective treatment. Toxicity, inflammation, limited penetrating ability, accumulation, and aggregation are some of the downsides of nanoparticles. Picoscale along with nanoparticle technology in drug delivery, will enhance the permeability and myriad factors. Also, picometer (10-12 m) and futuristic femtometer (10-15 m) particles will allow scientists to deal with atomic and subatomic levels in some cases and improve the properties of nanotechnology in others. Herein, picotechnology, formulation, synthesis, and some unique properties concluding with femtotechnology have been addressed.

Applicability of 2D algorithms for 3D characterization in digital rocks physics: an example of a machine learning-based super resolution image generation

Digital rock physics is based on imaging, segmentation and numerical computations of rock samples. Due to challenges regarding the handling of a large 3-dimensional (3D) sample, 2D algorithms have always been attractive. However, in 2D algorithms, the efficiency of the pore structures in the third direction of the generated 3D sample is always questionable. We used four individually captured µCT-images of a given Berea sandstone with different resolutions (12.922, 9.499, 5.775, and 3.436 µm) to evaluate the super-resolution 3D images generated by multistep Super Resolution Double-U-Net (SRDUN), a 2D algorithm. Results show that unrealistic features form in the third direction due to section-wise reconstruction of 2D images. To overcome this issue, we suggest to generate three 3D samples using SRDUN in different directions and then to use one of two strategies: compute the average sample (reconstruction by averaging) or segment one-directional samples and combine them together (binary combination). We numerically compute rock physical properties (porosity, connected porosity, P- and S-wave velocity, permeability and formation factor) to evaluate these models. Results reveal that compared to one-directional samples, harmonic averaging leads to a sample with more similar properties to the original sample. On the other hand, rock physics trends can be calculated using a binary combination strategy by generating low, medium and high porosity samples. These trends are compatible with the properties obtained from one-directional and averaged samples as long as the scale difference between the input and output images of SRDUN is small enough (less than about 3 in our case). By increasing the scale difference, more dispersed results are obtained.

Experimental Investigation of the Fractal-Permeability Properties of Locally Fractured Coal Bodies around Gas Extraction Boreholes

To investigate the permeability characteristics in the in-situ fractured coal body around the perimeter of gas extraction boreholes, the steady-state permeability of fractured coal bodies with different gradations was tested using the fractured rock permeability test system. By controlling the axial displacement and permeability pressure, the permeability parameters were obtained under different porosities. The interactions between the permeability parameters and the process of permeability destabilisation are discussed. The results show that the permeability characteristics of the broken coal body obey the Forchheimer relationship: As the axial displacement increases, the permeability resistance of the fluid increases and the non-Darcy property of the sample becomes more significant. With the decrease in the porosity of the sample and the increase in the power index n, the permeability k decreases and the non-Darcy factor β increases. The final fractal structure of the sample will be changed by particle fragmentation and migration during the loading process of the sample with different levels, and the internal pore structure of the sample will further affect the penetration of the penetration channel. A critical characteristic value for the seepage instability in broken coal bodies is given, and an expression for determining the seepage instability by permeability and non-Darcy factors is proposed. The results indicate that a negative non-Darcy factor is not a necessary condition for permeability instability, and the critical Reynolds number for the permeability instability in broken coal bodies was determined from the perspective of the Reynolds number. The conclusions of this study can provide theoretical support for the theoretical study of permeability and the permeability of pre-smoking coal seams.

Unique Immune Blood Markers Between Severe Dengue and Sepsis in Children.

Pediatric dengue and sepsis share clinical and pathophysiologic aspects. Multiple inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, decoy receptors and vascular permeability factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both diseases. The differential pattern and dynamic of these soluble factors, and the relationship with clinical severity between pediatric dengue and sepsis could offer new diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. We evaluated the concentration levels of 11 soluble factors with proinflammatory, regulatory and vascular permeability involvement, in plasma from children with dengue or sepsis, both clinically ranging from mild to severe, in the early, late and convalescence phases of the disease. During early acute infection, children with sepsis exhibited specific higher concentration levels of IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its soluble decoy receptor II (sVEGFR2) and lower concentration levels of IL-10 and the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR2), in comparison with children with severe dengue. In addition, the circulating amounts of soluble ST2, and VEGF/sVEGFR2 were widely associated with clinical and laboratory indicators of dengue severity, whereas secondary dengue virus infections were characterized by an enhanced cytokine response, relative to primary infections. In severe forms of dengue, or sepsis, the kinetics and the cytokines response during the late and convalescence phases of the disease also differentiate. Dengue virus infection and septic processes in children are characterized by cytokine responses of a specific magnitude, pattern and kinetics, which are implicated in the pathophysiology and clinical outcome of these diseases.

Impact of Mn-substitution on crystallographic, optical, and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Li-Ni-Zn ferrites fabricated by the sol-gel autocombustion technique

The wet-chemical sol-gel autocombustion, which is a faster and inexpensive synthesis technique has been implemented to synthesize Mn-substituted Li–Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles with nominal compositions of Li0.15Ni0.30-xMnxZn0.40Fe2.15O4 ranging from x = 0.00 to 0.15 in the step of 0.03. Well-shaped specimens have been sintered at temperatures ranging from 1373 to 1523 K. The patterns of the XRD reveal the internal shape which ensured the growth of the spinel layout for all samples. The Debye-Scherrer formula has been carried out to estimate the as-developed powder's crystallite size which is in the range of 46–52 nm. Both the lattice constant and average grain diameter of the samples have been increased with Mn2+ ions. The topmost value of the real portion of initial permeability and relative quality factor have been observed for Li0.15Ni0.18Mn0.12Zn0.40Fe2.15O4 ferrite sintered at the temperature of 1523 K, which are 7% and 16% larger, respectively, compared to the pristine composition.