Permanganate Concentration Research Articles

Biological Hazard Behind Lao Cuisine: Microbial Quantities and Efficacy of Difference Cleaning Detergents for Fresh Vegetables

This research aims to investigate the prevalence of bacterial hazards in fresh lettuce and peppermint sold in Nonkoh and Thatluang organic markets in Vientiane during dry and rainy seasons. Microbial counts were determined using Escherichia coli and Coliform plate count (3M PetrifilmTM) in two freshly consumed vegetables. To reduce microbial contamination, five different solutions were evaluated, including sodium chloride (NaCl) at 5 g/L (T1), viagra juice (CH3COOH) at 50 ml/L (T2), breaking soda (NaHCO3) at 5 g/L (T3), potassium permanganate (KMnO4) at 0.2 g/L (T4) and tap water is a control (T0). The results showed that the number of E.coli in lettuce was ranged from102 - 2 × 105 CFU/g and from 2 × 105 - 2 × 106 CFU/g in peppermint, exceeding the safety limit by Codex (<106 CFU/g). The coliforms counts were similar in both vegetables ranged from 2 × 105 - 2 × 106 CFU/g in lettuce and from 105 - 2 × 106 CFU/g in peppermint. During the dry season, E. coli was more prevalent in the Thatluang organic market (3.77 Log10 CFU/g) than in the Nonkoh market (2.33 Log10 CFU/g), but during the rainy season, both markets had similar results. The concentration of microbial contaminants in peppermint did not differ between the two seasons. In the cleaning experiment showed that T4 the most effective solution for reducing E. coli and Coliform levels, achieving reductions of 0.7-1.9 Log10 CFU/g (35.2-54.6%), and 2.0-2.2 Log10 CFU/g (33.6–39.1%), respectively. Therefore, a concentration of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) 50–100 mg/L (50-100 ppm) is recommended for vegetable cleaning purposed.

Lemna minor in studying the combined effects of Mn7+ and pyrocatechol

The work investigated the combined effect of pyrocatechol (0.001n and 0.1n) with KMnO4 (0.001n and 0.01n) on the Lemna minor. The range of ratios of equivalent concentrations of metal ion and pyrocatechol was from 1:100 to 10:1. It was shown that individual solutions of pyrocatechol exhibited a pronounced damaging effect towards L. minor starting from a concentration of 0.1n, and KMnO4 – from 0.01n. It was revealed that the toxic effect of a 0.1n solution of pyrocatechol decreased with the addition of 0.01n and, to a greater extent, 0.001n solutions of KMnO4. A significant reduction in the damaging effect of 0.01n KMnO4 solution was established when adding 0.001n pyrocatechol to a 10-fold excess of the equivalent concentration of potassium permanganate (2.0-2.4 times). On the contrary, the yield of electrolytes increased in equinormal 0.001 n mixtures of solutions of pyrocatechol and a metal compared to individual solutions. Based on the toxicological data, analysis of UV-VIS spectra, an attempt was made to explain the mechanisms of interaction between pyrocatechol and KMnO4 during their action on plant. The data can be useful for understanding the processes of self-purification of water bodies, be of interest when using plants to clean water bodies, predicting environmental risks.

Describing the permeability of permanganate co-ions in a CEM with varying supporting electrolyte concentrations

Redox flow batteries (RFBs), a promising technology for large-scale power grid energy storage, utilize a membrane separator to facilitate an ionic current while preventing mixing of the anolyte and catholyte solutions. The anolyte and catholyte of an RFB each contain an electroactive species, and usually an additional supporting electrolyte to charge balance the anode and cathode redox reactions and reduce overall ohmic losses. This study investigates the impact of the supporting electrolyte concentration and composition on Nafion’s transport properties using permanganate as the permeant. The permanganate concentration was kept constant at 0.1m, while sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide were both studied as supporting electrolytes. The sodium chloride concentration was varied from 0.1m to 4.0m, while the sodium hydroxide concentration was varied from 0.1m to 10m. The permanganate permeability, water sorption coefficient, and salt sorption coefficients were measured for Nafion, with a peak permeability being observed at a supporting electrolyte concentration of 1m for both electrolytes. A framework to describe the observed behavior was derived using first principles to determine the transport coefficients under these conditions. It was found that at low concentrations, the permanganate permeability is controlled by Donnan exclusion and salt sorption, while at high concentrations it is controlled by salt diffusion and osmotic deswelling.

Assessment of a new nutrient management strategy to control harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu using a hydrodynamic-ecological model

The external nutrient loading significantly affects large shallow lakes, particularly those with intricate rive networks. In Lake Taihu, pollutant discharge standards have traditionally been quantified based on water environmental capacity, while neglecting the response characteristics of algal growth in different regions to boundary inputs. For that analysis, this study first estimated the river pollutant loadings of 16 most significant inflow and outflow rivers of Lake Taihu from 2008 to 2020 and explored the correlations between inflow water quality parameters and lacustrine chlorophyll-a levels. Results highlighted the significant influence of high river input of permanganate values in spring on the chlorophyll-a levels in the lake. Based on this, this study proposed the hypothesis that reducing the inflow concentration of permanganate in spring would inhibit algal growth, which was further validated using coupled hydrodynamic and ecological models. The simulation results indicated that the reduction of permanganate inflow concentration during spring would significantly decrease chlorophyll-a concentration in spring and summer, especially leading to a notable impact on peak values. However, due to variations in background concentrations among rivers, the extent of reduction in lake chlorophyll-a levels showed significant spatial differences. Additionally, analysis of extracted algal bloom areas revealed that there still remained a relatively high risk of algal blooms occurring in the main regions, particularly during autumn when inflow pollutant concentrations increased rapidly. These findings emphasized the importance of formulating reasonable exogenous reduction schemes, which should consider the concentration and variation trend of inflow pollutants, as well as the response characteristics of algal bloom growth in different lake zones to the boundary.

Optimising POXC effective sensitivity as a soil indicator in Australian soils

The continuum of soil organic carbon is currently not well represented by any single metric. Permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) has been widely utilized as a soil condition indicator due to its correlation with biological indicators and sensitivity to management effects over relatively short time periods. However, the ability of POXC to represent the continuum of soil organic carbon, and how this could improve the characterization of management effects, has not been sufficiently explored. This study investigated the relationship between permanganate concentration and POXC across nine permanganate concentrations ranging from 3 to 300 mM. An initial investigation was performed on ten cropped and uncropped topsoil pairs representing a diverse range of soil types across New South Wales, Australia, and an additional 52 sites were investigated in a farm-scale study. POXC was observed to increase monotonically and non-linearly with increasing permanganate concentration. POXC characteristics were developed by fitting a logistic function to the observed data, which facilitated calculation of the area under the curve (POXCAUC) and the theoretical maximum POXC (POXCmax). The utility of the POXC characteristic was demonstrated with highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.002) observed in POXCAUC between cropped and uncropped sites. POXCAUC also displayed larger probability test statistics compared to any single permanganate concentration. The investigation also revealed that if a single concentration were to be utilized for australian soils, the 50 mM concentration was more effective at discerning land use effects in clayey (p = 0.000) and sandy (p = 0.049) sites compared to the widely adopted 20 mM concentration (p = 0.001; p = 0.312).

Colored Wastewater Treatment by Clathrate Hydrate Technique

Numerous recent studies have shown that discharging colored wastewater into the environment causes contamination, which has adverse impact due to textile, dyeing, and food industries. The current study presents experimental research on the clathrate hydrate technique used for producing pure water from of wastewater contaminated by dyes. Under constant starting conditions, the clathrate formation for binary (water + refrigerant gas) and ternary (water + refrigerant gas + promotor) systems were studied. The R134a gas was used along with Cyclohexane (2.5 vol%), Tween 80 (100 ppm), and silica gel powder as promotors (100 ppm). Moreover, povidone-iodine (500, 2500, and 5000 ppm) and potassium permanganate (10, 50, and 100 ppm) were used as colored compounds in order to prepare synthetic wastewater (model wastewater). The production of hydrates, which rapidly captured the refrigerant gas molecules in the solid phase, was primarily responsible for the pressure drop. Both povidone-iodine and potassium permanganate have a negligible impact on the hydrate formation rates. It was found that the concentration of povidone-iodine and potassium permanganate in the produced water was decreased. As far as we know, the method of using clathrate hydrate to remove the dyes in water has never been investigated. The results showed that the povidone-iodine removal efficiency ranged between 86% and 92%, and the potassium permanganate removal efficiency ranged between 90% and 95%. The removal efficiency was improved by adding promotors, which increased the dissolved gas quantity and the amount of water hydrates. The maximum removal efficiency was accomplished using silica gel powder and cyclohexane, which are more significant than in pure water and Tween 80. This study demonstrated the viability of the clathrate hydrate technique as a green technology for the treatment of colored wastewater effluents from different industries.

The effect of potassium permanganate concentration and storage time after harvesting fruit on physiological ripeness on the quality of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L. cv. Dawan) during storage

Climacteric fruit is a type of fruit that will continue to undergo a respiration process after the fruit is harvested, ethylene gas increases so that the fruit ripens more quickly than non-climacteric fruit. Sapodilla is a climacteric fruit, so a proper postharvest handling technique is needed to prolong ripening and damage to the fruit relatively quickly. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of potassium permanganate and the best degree of fruit ripeness to maintain the quality of the sapodilla cv. Dawan fruit during storage. This research used a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor is the concentration of potassium permanganate with four levels, i.e., control level (P0), concentration of 75 mg/100 ml of water (P1), concentration of 90 mg/100 ml of water (P2), and concentration of 105 mg/100 ml of water (P3). The second factor was the level of maturity with three levels, i.e., physiological immature fruit (Tk), fruit with physiological ripeness level (Tm), and fruit with a degree of maturity after physiological maturity (Ts). The results showed that the concentration of potassium permanganate and the level of maturity and the interaction had a significant effect on the quality of sapodilla during storage. On the first factor, the concentration of potassium permanganate 105 mg/100 ml of water gave the best sapodilla quality with the lowest decrease in fruit weight, the lowest increase in weight loss, and the lowest decrease in fruit water content. On the second factor, the level of physiological immature fruit gives the best quality of sapodilla with the lowest decrease in fruit weight, the lowest increase in weight loss, and the lowest decrease in fruit water content.

Quality by design approach for the synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets using full factorial design with enhanced delivery of Gefitinib nanocrystals

Designing drug delivery carriers is the most focused work for a material scientist. The formulator can screen the material starting from its properties to the performance of the material. The quality by design approach has simplified the path of selection of the right parameter for analyzing the process. The present investigation elaborates the use of a full factorial design model for understanding the interaction of oxidizing agents on the conversion of graphite to graphene oxide (GO). The most frequently assessable laboratory method is chemical oxidation, which is used for understanding optimum oxidation potential and nanosheet formation. The method utilizes 2 level assessments for screening reactant concentration of sulphuric acid and potassium permanganate on preprocessed graphite. In present investigation, one categorical factor is used to understand the effect of precursor size on the final product. The statistical model provides optimum oxidation conditions, using particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and ID/IG ratio with a 95% confidence interval (p-value less than 0.05). The optimized synthesis procedure provides the least particle size of GO nanosheet of about 220.7 nm with PDI 0.289 and ID/IG ratio of 0.98. Furthermore, pulse mode ultrasonication converts Gefitinib (GF) into nanocrystals and is deposited within intricates of GO nanosheets (nGOGF). The GO and nGOGF were preliminarily characterized using optical and vibrational spectroscopy. The hydrodynamic diameter was found to be slightly increased to 237.5 nm with decreasing surface charge (−33.64 mV) after fabrication. The x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) study reveals successful grafting of oxygen-containing functional groups on GO nanosheets with peak positions observed at 284–288 eV. The Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observation supports the wrinkled structure of GO nanosheets synthesis, along with encapsulation of GF nanocrystals. The nGOGF retard the release of GF for a prolonged period of time and the rate of dissolution was increased by fold compared to pure GF.

Modifying Nanocarbon Films with Switchable Dopant Molecules for the Detection of Aqueous Permanganate

Monitoring disinfectants is essential to maintain water free from pathogens. Permanganate (MnO4 -) is one of the commonly used disinfectants and is applied as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants. It is used as a pre-oxidant at the beginning of the treatment process for the control of reduced iron (II) and manganese (II) concentration.1,2 Though dilute KMnO4 solutions are sometimes used as topical antiseptics and astringents, higher concentration (over 200 mg/L) can cause gastrointestinal distress.3 A Do Not Consume concentration of 7 mg/L KMnO4 is recommended based on clinical experience.3 Therefore, to ensure the proper level of permanganate during and after the water treatment process, it is necessary to monitor the concentration of permanganate.Current methods for permanganate detection focus on spectrophotometric measurements (direct and indirect). The direct method involves no additional chemical, however, lacks the suitability for the samples with less than 0.75 mg/L of MnO4 -.4 Indirect methods provide better sensitivity but require the need for reagents like NaI and ABTS (unstable).4 A sensitive single-particle-detection (SPD) method has been reported recently which uses dark-field optical microscopy on graphene nanoplatelets silver (GNP@Ag) core-shell nanoparticles, but, this method is quite complex and requires sample preparation before analysis.1 Moreover, these methods are unsuitable for the implementation in a treatment plant for the online monitoring of disinfectant.To tackle this problem, we introduced a chemiresistive sensing platform capable of quantifying permanganate in aqueous media. Chemiresistive sensors are becoming popular in sensing due to their low cost, easy fabrication technique, and the ability to detect different analyte using appropriate ligand.5 Chemiresisive sensors have been reported before for the continuous measurement of free chlorine using carbon nanotube (CNT) substrate doped with redox-active aniline oligomer named phenyl capped aniline tetramer (PCAT).6 The sensor consists of two parallel electrodes connected by a layer of carbon nanotubes. Oligoanilines are immobilized on the substrate through noncovalent interactions. Oligoanilines are known to dope CNTs differently depending on which one of the three oxidation states they are in (fully reduced, half oxidized, and fully oxidized).7 , 8 Oxidation of this oligoaniline (PCAT) attached to the surface of CNT by permanganate molecule leads to a change in the oxidation state of the oligoaniline; this change in oxidation state in the molecule changes the doping characteristics of CNT leading to a change in resistance of the CNT film. This resistance change can be used to quantify the concentration of permanganate.9 This sensor can be reset with fresh water and reused for further analysis.Here we present a chemiresistive sensing array that can detect permanganate in the aqueous environment. We have functionalized the nanocarbon substrate with five different redox-active molecules. Four of them are pH-responsive and one is not responsive to the pH range used for the analysis. The sensors were tested for the range of 0.17 mg/L to 1.33 mg/L of MnO4 - at a pH range of 6.5 to 9.5. These redox-active molecules create active sites on the substrate, and when in contact with the analyte, dopant molecules attached on the surface react with analytes and give responses. These responses vary in magnitude depending on pH and the redox-active molecule. The sensor responses at different pHs were then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the pH of the permanganate solution. PCA analysis shows a clear separation of different pH solutions. We have therefore demonstrated a nanocarbon based sensing array that is not only capable of continuously measuring the low concentration of permanganate, but also the pH of the aqueous media.

Improvement of potassium permanganate pretreatment by enzymatic saccharification of rice straw for production of biofuels

Commonly, the agricultural waste, i.e. lignocellulosic biomass is disposed through combustion causing air pollution with production of PM2.5 and PM10 particles. However, it has been found that these biomasses can be used as source for the production of biofuels and other valuable biochemicals. Though deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass is challenging due to its complex structure. In this study, rice straw (RS) was pretreated using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to enhance the enzymatic saccharification efficiency. The study was carried out by varying the operational factors in pretreatment, including temperature (30-90°C), time (30-360 min) and concentration of KMnO4 (0.5-3.0, % w/v), respectively, based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). Through multi-regression analysis of the experimental data obtained after pretreatment, the optimum conditions were determined. The optimum conditions for temperature, time and potassium permanganate concentration were 48.09°C, 360 min, and 1.36% w/v, respectively. The saccharifications of pretreatment and untreated rice straw were carried out using Cellic Ctec2. The reducing sugar was determined by using DNS method and the yields of the untreated and pretreated RS were 32.38 and 49.011 mg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the sugar for pretreated RS were 1.51 fold times higher compared to untreated RS. Therefore, this work illustrates the pretreatment efficiency for KMnO4 to enhance the reducing sugar yield during saccharification, which can be used for biofuel and value-added product productions.

Comparative Performance Analysis Between Potassium Permanganate (KMnO<sub>4</sub>) Spray and Alternative PP (KMnO<sub>4</sub>) Spray on Various Properties of Denim Fabric

The growth of denim items in global market is rising steadily. The aesthetic appearance and design of denim are one of the causes for this increase in demand. This study was attempted to compare the performance relating to potassium permanganate spray and alternative potassium permanganate spray on denim fabric. In this research; after the application of de-sizing, stone enzyme, bleaching, neutralization processes; stretch denim fabric was all over sprayed with potassium permanganate along with alternative potassium permanganate in varying concentration. After neutralization and drying, the different features of denim fabric was explored accordingly. For comparison, industrially performed potassium permanganate concentration solution of 2%, 3%, and 5% were applied as well as alternative potassium permanganate concentration solution of 60%, 80%, and 100% were also utilized. After applying those chemicals, samples were neutralized and dried in a steam dryer. Finally, the mechanical properties like fabric tensile strength, tear strength were determined respectively. All of the tests were carried out according to ISO standards. The physical properties like color fastness to rubbing, color fastness to wash, GSM, pH values were also checked. Specially EIM (environmental impact) was also investigated; in that case, samples treated with potassium permanganate spray exhibited poor performance than the alternative potassium permanganate sprayed sample. In the case of alternative potassium permanganate spray after increasing the concentration of chemical, tensile and tear strength decreasing percentage was observed almost similar, while in the case of potassium permanganate spray, a decrease relating to tensile and tear strength properties were observed after increasing the chemical concentration respectively. On the other hand, the grading related to color-fastness to rubbing was better. But there was no significant change was observed for the grading related to color fastness to washing for samples treated with potassium permanganate and alternative potassium permanganate spray. In terms of EIM investigation, samples treated with alternative potassium permanganate spray showed satisfactory values in accordance with worker and eco-friendly aspects.

Gold leaching from oxide ores in alkaline glycine solutions in the presence of permanganate

In this study, the effect of using strong oxidants with alkaline glycine solutions on the leach rate and recovery of gold was studied in the absence of cyanide. Prior research indicated that when using only alkaline glycine and air at ambient temperature in the absence of catalysts, leaching times would be too long for conventional agitated tank leaching of ores. The ores used in this study were from oxidised geological domains, which would not be expected to excessively consume oxidant. Ores with reactive sulfides or other reducing minerals would be expected to rapidly consume an oxidant, making the process ineffective. The influence of the oxidants such as potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorate, potassium iodide, and potassium ferricyanide were initially evaluated in a screening test. The highest gold extractions were observed with potassium permanganate, where a recovery of 85.1% was achieved at 1.5 kg/t glycine and 3 kg/t permanganate at 30% solids, pH 10.5 and ambient temperature using a bottle roll process. This compared to a 87.4% recovery against a conventional cyanidation benchmark with 30% solids, pH 10.5 and ambient temperature using the bottle roll. Other oxidants only achieved a recovery of 11% at best, so permanganate was the focus of the optimisation work. The solution pH had very little effect on gold recovery between 9.5 and 11.5. The ratio of glycine to permanganate concentration is significant, if potassium permanganate is in a molar excess, the recovery is greatly reduced due to oxidation of the glycine. The main products of this reaction, when lime was used as pH modifier, were determined to be calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, trace amounts of ammonia and manganese dioxide. Gold is recoverable from leach solutions by conventional adsorption onto activated carbon.

Cathodic deposition of birnessite from alkaline permanganate solutions: Tools to control the current efficiency, morphology and adhesion

Abstract Birnessite deposition on Pt, Ni, and carbon supports resulting from electrochemical permanganate reduction in alkaline medium is optimized. The goal is to obtain the material for alkaline electrochemical devices under the same alkaline conditions. Optimization of electrodeposition mode assumes the choice of deposition potentials and permanganate concentration providing high enough current efficiency and the deposit mechanical stability. Deposition on carbon supports is accented. Voltammetric and rotating disc experiments discover the principle phenomenon responsible for deposition kinetics: solid oxide formed either in the course of Mn(V) disproportionation, or by means of cathodic reduction which inhibits the formation of soluble Mn-containing reduced species. Manifestations of inhibition for various electrode materials are discussed. Oxidative treatment of glassy carbon is found to favor the formation of homogeneous deposits with close to 100 % current efficiency. The specific features of birnessite coatings fabricated at different potentials are examined by XRD and SEM techniques and discussed in the context of collected kinetic information.

Employing sequential injection analysis technique and chemometric optimization approach for developing diltiazem assay method

Sequential injection analysis (SIA) technique and chemometric optimization were employed, for the first time, to develop a new method for the assay of diltiazem in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the spectrophotometric detection of permanganate reduction by diltiazem in acidic media at 526 nm. The 23 full factorial design and response surface plot were adopted to optimize permanganate concentration, acid concentration and flow rate. The method was validated as per the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) guidelines. Relatively, wide Beer's law limit (10-180 mg/L) with satisfactory linearity (correlation coefficient = 0.9996) and recovery (95.4-98.1%) were obtained. The method also recorded good repeatability (RSD = 1.19-1.64%, n = 10) and intermediate-precision (2.84%, n = 5, once per a day). The method is sensitive enough for determining diltiazem in pharmaceutical formulations with limits of detection (1.30 mg/L) and quantification (3.94 mg/L). The method is rapid with sample frequency of 32 sample/h. The method was applied to real pharmaceutical samples and the results obtained were realized by parallel analysis by another validated method. The method enjoys the potentials of SIA and chemometric optimization with respect to good accuracy, precision, sensitivity and rapidity. The method is also inexpensive in terms of instrumentation as well as the consumption of reagents and samples. Besides good safety for handling solutions, the SIA technique offers significant waste minimization and manpower reduction to the proposed method. Therefore, the SIA method is suitable in pharmaceutical laboratory for quality control purpose.

Physicochemical parameter influences and their optimization on the biosynthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles using Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract

The manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) were synthesized using Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract which was used as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents due to the presence of bioactive phytochemical compounds. Twenty five runs were designed to investigate the effect of V. amygdalina leaf extract ratio (A), initial potassium permanganate (KMnO4) concentration (B), pH (C), and reaction time (D) on the biosynthesized MnO2 NPs using 4-factor, 4-level D-Optimal Response Surface Quadratic Design Model approach. The relationship between physicochemical variables and absorption responses were established using transform second degree polynomial quadratic model. The effects of each absorption responses were analyzed by ANOVA principle using quadratic equations. A very low p-values (<0.0001), non-significant Lack of Fit F-values, and reasonable regression coefficient values (coefficient R2 = 0.9790, adjusted R2 = 0.9496, and predicted R2 = 0.8452) suggested that there is an effective correlation between experimental results and predicted values. Numerical and graphical optimized results demonstrated that the optimized conditions for the predicted absorbance at 320 nm (1.095) were suggested at 43.72%, 1.81 mM, 6.02, and 103.42 min for V. amygdalina leaf extract ratio, initial KMnO4 concentration, pH, and reaction time, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the average absorbance from four experimental run was recorded to be 0.9678. This result was very closest to the predicted values. The average size elucidated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was found in the range between 20 nm and 22 nm. The stretching/or and vibrational, surface topography, thermal, and surface roughness as well as its porosity distributions were investigated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and Gwyddion software analysis.

Synthesis, characterization of V2O5 nanoparticles and determination of catalase mimetic activity by new colorimetric method

This paper deals with an advanced colorimetric method used to determine the catalase mimetic activity of V2O5 nanoparticles by measuring the decrease in potassium permanganate concentration in a mixture containing V2O5 and hydrogen peroxide. The experiments were carried out in batch reactor at room temperature for 3 min at wavelength number of 525 nm. Vanadium pentoxide was synthesized by hydrothermal method (reflux) from ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) as a precursor and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant. The annealing of the product was carried out for 2 h, at temperatures of 250, 500 and 750 °C. In order to determine the structure and the chemical nature of the nanoparticles prepared, the characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic techniques. Atomic force microscopic and thermal gravimetric investigations have shown the decomposition steps of V2O5 at different temperatures. UV–visible spectroscopic technique and Fourier transform spectrometry were used to further characterize the nanoparticles. Advanced colorimetric method was used to study the catalase mimetic activity of the newly synthesized vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as substrate. V2O5 nanoparticles resulted in an increase in the catalase mimetic activity with increasing the annealing temperature of the V2O5 nanoparticles. The maximum activity was found at 500 °C, which subsequently decreased with further increase in the annealing temperature.

Investigation of mandatory properties of NaOH – KMnO4 Treated Banana/Fiberglass Hybrid Composite

Comparatively demand of materials is high and their supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fiber hybrid with artificial fiber based hybrid composite preparation. The banana fiber is used to prepare the composite. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium hydroxide and Potassium Permanganate in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibers. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibers’ orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability and also characterized by tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities.

Sonication enhances the stability of MnO2 nanoparticles on silk film template for enzyme mimic application.

We have developed an in-situ method using sonication (3mm probe sonicator, 30W, 20kHz) and auto-reduction (control) to study the mechanism of the formation of manganese dioxide (MnO2) on a solid template (silk film), and its resulting enzymatic activity on tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate. The fabrication of the silk film was first optimized for stability (no degradation) and optical transparency. A factorial approach was used to assess the effect of sonication time and the initial concentration of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The result indicated a significant correlation with a fraction of KMnO4 consumed and MnO2 formation. Further, we found that the optimal process conditions to obtain a stable silk film with highly catalytic MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was 30min of sonication in the presence of 0.5mM of KMnO4 at a temperature of 20-24°C. Under the optimal condition, we monitored in-situ the formation of MnO2 on the silk film, and after thorough rinsing, the in-situ catalysis of 0.8mM of TMB substrate. For control, we used the auto-reduction of KMnO4 onto the silk film after about 16h. The result from single-wavelength analysis confirmed the different kinetics rates for the formation of MnO2 via sonication and auto-reduction. The result from the multivariate component analysis indicated a three components route for sonication and auto-reduction to form MnO2-Silk. Overall, we found that the smaller size, more mono-dispersed, and deeper buried MnO2 NPs in silk film prepared by sonication, conferred a higher catalytic activity and stability to the hybrid material.

VALIDATED KINETIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PITAVASTATIN CALCIUM USING ACIDIC PERMANGANATE OXIDATION

Objective: Development and validation of a sensitive, indirect spectrophotometric kinetic method, based on oxidation-reduction reaction, using potassium permanganate, for the quantitative assay of pitavastatin calcium, a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.&#x0D; Methods: The developed spectrophotometric kinetic method is based on the ability of potassium permanganate to oxidize Pitavastatin, where, the drug solution is treated with a fixed concentration of permanganate in acidic medium, and after a specified time, the unreacted permanganate is measured at 525 nm. All variables affecting the color development have been investigated and the conditions were optimized. Different kinetic methods, including initial rate, rate constant, fixed time and fixed concentration, were applied for the determination Pitavastatin.&#x0D; Results: During the course of the reaction, the absorbance values, at 525 nm, related to KMnO4, decreased linearly with increasing the concentration of the drug. The reaction rate obeyed was found to be pseudo-first-order and the kinetic method used was the fixed-time method. The assay of PITA in the concentration range of 16-80 μg/ml, using the fixed time method was successfully determined with a correlation coefficient value of 0.9999. The applicability of the developed method was also demonstrated by the determination of pitavastatin in its pure form and in its pharmaceutical formulation, where, the effect of excipients has also been studied and found to have no effect.&#x0D; Conclusion: The developed indirect spectrophotometric kinetic method, using the fixed time method, was used for the determination of Pitavastatin in pharmaceutical tablets. This method was simple, accurate and easy to apply for routine assay and in quality control laboratories.

Modulation Effects of Permanganate and Manganese(II) Ions on the Oscillatory Dynamics in a Bromate-Sulfite Reaction System.

It is important to study nonlinear dynamical systems showing pH and temperature oscillations simultaneously. Here, we systematically investigated the bromate-sulfite reaction in its coupled system. Large-amplitude temperature oscillations could be measured accompanied by the pH oscillations with or without permanganate and manganese(II) ions. The modulation effects on the oscillatory dynamics of the bromate-sulfite reaction system produced by permanganate and manganese(II) ions were investigated in detail. On the one hand, with permanganate, an additional negative pH feedback process between permanganate and bisulfite occurs, leading to weakening the pH positive feedback. The above opposite effects make the period length change unmonotonically when adjusting the permanganate concentration and flow rate. On the other hand, with Mn2+ as the feedback agent, the nonmonotonic change of period was not obvious because it only contained one feedback loop, which can only reinforce negative feedback without affecting positive feedback.