Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Research Articles

Research on ACC Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles Considering Cut-in Behavior

Background: Current adaptive cruise control systems primarily focus on the main target vehicle in the primary lane. However, there may be a delay in updating their targets after a side vehicle merges. This delay can impede the effective utilization of driving data from merging side vehicles, resulting in delayed responses and an increased risk of collision. Objective: Aiming at the problem of untimely control of traditional adaptive cruise control systems in cut-in scenarios, the authors establish a parallel model and collision analysis and design the control strategy of adaptive cruise under parallel behavior to improve the safety, following, and comfort of ACC. Methods: Initially, the vehicle model provided by CarSim is utilized and the power system parameters are adjusted to match the dynamic performance index. The permanent magnet synchronous motor model is then simplified to create an electric vehicle model. Following this, the cruise control system is designed using a PID control method, incorporating a hierarchical control structure. Simultaneously, a cut-in model characterized by sinusoidal acceleration is established, and a collision avoidance strategy based on cut-in behavior is formulated. Building on this foundation, an adaptive cruise control strategy is developed that takes cut-in behavior into account. Results: A test scenario utilizing the CarSim and Simulink co-simulation platforms was developed to simulate and validate the conditions for mode switching and lane cut-in. The ACC system, considering cut-in behavior recognition, demonstrated an ability to control the lead vehicle approximately 1 second earlier than traditional ACC systems. Notably, the distance error improved from - 0.1039 m to 0.040 m, the absolute value of velocity error decreased from 2.65 m/s to 2.02 m/s, the absolute value of main vehicle acceleration reduced by 34%, and the jerk response in acceleration diminished by approximately 14%. Conclusion: The proposed multi-objective cooperative adaptive cruise control system, which considers cut-in behavior, is effective.

Presetting-time complete synchronization of two Lorenz systems with applications into nonlinear PMSMs and Hindmarsh-Rose neuron models

Abstract This paper begins by examining the presetting-time synchronization (PtS) of two nonlinear Lorenz systems and subsequently applies these findings to synchronize the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and Hindmarsh-Rose neuron models. Unlike conventional finite-time synchronization (FtS) or fixed-time synchronization (FxS) methods, the upper bound estimation of convergence time (UBECT) in this study can be predefined as a constant, unaffected by initial conditions or control parameters. Furthermore, the control schemes developed here are free from chattering, as they avoid using traditional discontinuous signum and absolute value functions. Through classical Lyapunov stability analysis, sufficient conditions are derived to ensure PtS between nonlinear Lorenz systems, PMSMs, and Hindmarsh-Rose neuron models. Lastly, numerical simulations are conducted to confirm the accuracy and efficiency of the theoretical findings, with comparisons and perturbation analyses also included.

Cross‐Scale Imperfect Data‐Based Composite H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ Control of Nonlinear Two‐Time‐Scale Systems

ABSTRACTUtilizing the cross‐scale imperfect data, the reinforcement learning (RL) composite control of nonlinear two‐time‐scale (TTS) systems is proposed in the presence of unknown slow dynamics. First, with the feat of singular perturbation theory (SPT), the original control problem is decomposed and rearranged into standard fast and slow subproblems that have no cross terms between state, control and disturbance in the performance indices. Then, since the states of decomposed fast and slow subsystems cannot be measured perfectly, the state reconstruction mechanism is proposed based on the input‐state data of the original system, and cross‐scale information interaction is incorporated to correct the bias induced by the time‐scale decomposition. Cross‐scale composite RL algorithm is proposed with the slow and fast controllers designed in separate time scales. Next, the stability and performance of the TTS systems under the composite controller is analyzed considering the data inaccuracy of state reconstruction. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in the control application to the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system.

Direct torque tolerant control of five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor based on super-twisting sliding mode tuned by ISSA

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a fault-tolerant direct torque control strategy based on an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) and super-twisting sliding mode control to address torque ripple and speed response issues in direct torque control (DTC) of five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). By minimising torque ripple and optimising speed response under load conditions, the traditional dual-hysteresis DTC method is improved, reducing steady-state torque ripple and overshoot in transient speed response. To handle complete rotor position sensor failures, a fault-tolerant control scheme is proposed. A super-twisting sliding mode controller is designed for the flux and torque loops of the DTC, and the improved sparrow search algorithm optimises three controller parameters for the inner and outer loops. The impact of controller complexity on the computational burden is discussed. This ensures that both speed and torque can quickly recover to normal operation after significant disturbances, effectively eliminating chattering. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces steady-state torque ripple, achieves rapid speed response, and provides fault tolerance in the event of rotor position sensor failure.

Fast iterative position estimation method of permanent magnet synchronous linear motor

Abstract In this paper, a Fast Iterative Phase Estimation (FIPE) algorithm is proposed for robotic grinding force control devices using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motors (PMSLM), requiring high positional accuracy and response speed. FIPE obtains optimal phase estimates through iterative searching and exhibit excellent dynamic performance. The proposed method is optimized by iterative optimization algorithms, which significantly reduces the number of iterations and enhance the response speed of position estimation. In addition, the effects of harmonics, amplitude mismatch, noise and DC errors in the raw signal on the FIPE algorithm are discussed, and a shallow neural network is introduced to compensate the periodic errors. The experimental results show that the FIPE algorithm has higher calculation accuracy and dynamic performance than the traditional PLL such as SRF-PLL, ANF-PLL and LKF-PLL, and has faster iteration speed than the traditional position estimator such as FPS-PLL.

Rotor Position Estimation Algorithm for Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Improved Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Observer

In response to the chattering issue inherent in sliding mode observers during rotor position estimation and to enhance the stability and robustness of sensorless control systems for surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSM), this study proposes a rotor position estimation algorithm for SPMSM based on an improved super-twisting sliding mode observer (ISTSMO) and a second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) structure. Firstly, the super-twisting algorithm is introduced to design the observer, which effectively attenuates the sliding mode chattering by using continuous control signals. Secondly, SOGI is introduced in the filtering stage, which not only effectively addresses the time delay issues caused by traditional low-pass filters but also enables the observer to extract rotor position information by monitoring only the back electromotive force (back-EMF) signal of the α-phase, thereby simplifying the observer structure. Finally, the proposed scheme is experimentally compared with the traditional sliding mode observer on the YXMBD-TE1000 platform. The experimental results showed that during motor acceleration and deceleration tests, the average speed estimation error was reduced from 141 r/min to 40 r/min, and the maximum position estimation error was reduced from 0.74 rad to 0.29 rad. In load disturbance experiments, the speed variation decreased from 781 r/min to 451 r/min, and the steady-state speed fluctuation was significantly reduced. These results confirm that the proposed observer exhibits superior stability and robustness.

Research on Sensorless FOC Method of PMSM based on ADRC

This paper addresses the issues of low observer estimation accuracy, high speed overshoot, narrow speed range, and poor anti-disturbance performance in traditional sensorless Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motor (PMSM) Field Oriented Control (FOC) systems. It proposes two control methods combining the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) observer with Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC) and Nonlinear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (NLADRC). The EKF is used to estimate rotor position and speed, while LADRC and NLADRC controllers compensate for load disturbances in the speed loop. EKF outputs are used for feedforward compensation in the current loop, eliminating the coupling between d-axis and q-axis voltages. Simulation results show that both methods offer strong anti-disturbance performance, a wide speed range, strong speed overshoot suppression, and accurate estimation of motor speed and rotor position, thereby enhancing the operational stability of the PMSM system.

Correction to: Experimental comparison of the performance of PI and IP controllers for a field-oriented controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

Correction to: Experimental comparison of the performance of PI and IP controllers for a field-oriented controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

Fuzzy self-tuning fractional order PD permanent magnet synchronous motor speed control based on torque compensation

The permanent magnet synchronous motor control system is characterized by its nonlinear and strongly coupled complexity, presenting significant challenges for control performance optimization. To address these challenges, a Fuzzy adaptive fractional order control strategy based on torque observation compensation is proposed. The parameters of the fractional order controller are optimized real time using fuzzy logic reasoning, in order to enhance the speed of parameters tuning, a graphical design method of the fractional order controller parameters based on frequency domain performance indicators is proposed to obtain the initial values of the fuzzy adaptive fractional order controller parameters graphically and intuitively. Furthermore, a load torque observer is designed to improve the anti interference capability of the system by proportionally converting the observed load torque into compensation current in equal proportion. Simulation and experimental results validate that the proposed strategy demonstrates superior dynamic and static performance, as well as robustness.

Improved Adaptive PI-like Fuzzy Control Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

Improved Adaptive PI-like Fuzzy Control Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

Power Superposition Control Method of Power for Position Sensor Using a Single‐Phase Transformer on the Power Lines of a PMSM

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a method for extracting constant power from transformers on power lines is presented. The secondary side power equation is obtained based on the circuit equation for power superposition using a single‐phase transformer. Using this equation, an area discrimination method of the speed versus torque characteristics of the permanent magnet synchronous motor and a power superposition control method in the area are proposed. To validate the proposed method, the discrimination method was verified via simulation and experiment with boundary conditions. Similarly, the power superposition control method was verified via simulation and experiment, with the command current controlled using a power estimator. The results verify the discrimination and power superposition control methods.

Adaptive super-twisting sliding mode observer based positionless direct torque control strategy for PMSM

ABSTRACT A novel rotor position estimation technique utilising the super-twisting sliding mode observer (STSMO) was introduced to address diminishing reliability in position sensors of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). A cutting-edge direct torque control (DTC) strategy for PMSM functioning without reliance on a position sensor was proposed to address the challenges of increased chattering and limited perturbation resistance resulting from fixed sliding mode parameters in standard STSMOs. This strategy employed an adaptive super-twisting sliding mode observer (ASTSMO). This method enhanced the system’s response speed and estimation accuracy by facilitating online adjustment of sliding mode coefficients. A rigorous stability analysis of the observer was presented. A hyperbolic tangent function of the segmented square root was introduced as a substitute for the conventional sign function to mitigate chattering and eliminate the need for low-pass filters and phase compensation. This approach simplified the system’s complexity while improving angle estimation accuracy, response speed, and observer stability. Additionally, a phase-locked loop (PLL) was used to estimate the rotor angle, which improved the accuracy of the rotor angle estimation. Comprehensive simulations and experimental validations demonstrated that the proposed ASTSMO could suppress system’s chattering under varying operational conditions, exhibiting superior estimation accuracy and stability compared to the traditional STSMO.

Reduction in DC-Link Capacitor Current by Phase Shifting Method for a Dual Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters Dual Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors System

This paper presents a carrier waves phase shifting method to reduce the dc-link capacitor current for a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system. dc-link capacitors absorb the ripple current generated at the input due to the harmonics of the pulse width modulation (PWM). The size, cost, reliability, and lifetime of the dc-link capacitor are negatively affected by this ripple current flowing through it. The proposed method is especially appropriate for common dc-link capacitors for a dual inverter system driving two PMSMs. In this paper, the input current of each inverter is analyzed using Double Fourier Analysis, and the harmonic components of the dc-link capacitor current are determined. The carrier wave phase shifting method is proposed to reduce the magnitude of the harmonics and thus reduce the dc-link capacitor current. Furthermore, the optimum angle between the carrier waves for the maximum reduction in the dc-link capacitor current is analyzed and simulated for different scenarios considering the speed and load torque of the PMSMs. The proposed method is verified through experiments and PMSMs are driven by three-phase voltage source inverters (VSIs) modulated with Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM), which is the most common PWM strategy. The proposed method reduced the dc-link capacitor current by 60%, thereby significantly decreasing the required dc-link capacitance, the volume of the drive system, and its cost.

Analysis of No‐Load Normal Vibration in Single‐Sided Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motors With Different End Structures

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the no‐load normal vibrations of single‐sided permanent magnet synchronous linear motors (S‐PMSLMs) with different end structures, addressing a significant gap in the current literature. By employing the Maxwell stress tensor method, analyzes the harmonic orders and frequencies of the no‐load normal force density are analyzed. Comparative research between the comb‐type auxiliary tooth (CTAT) and conventional auxiliary tooth (C‐AT) structures indicates that while the CTAT marginally increases the amplitude of the no‐load normal force density, it significantly reduces harmonic amplitudes and vibration levels. The theoretical and simulation analyses are validated through no‐load vibration experiments, providing valuable insights for the design optimization of S‐PMSLMs, particularly beneficial for high‐speed transportation systems that require high precision and reliability.

Metamodel-based Optimization of Anisotropic Rotor Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Axial flux motors have some significant advantages over radial flux motors in high torque-density applications. However, the optimization of axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motors is a challenging task; the analysis usually requires 3D finite element analysis or the application of the 2D multi-slice method. In this paper a novel single-surrogate multi-slice method (SS-MSM) is proposed for modeling anisotropic rotor axial flux permanent magnet motors. However, the general methodology can be applied to other axial flux motors as well. A model calibration methodology has been described where the SS-MSM parameters have been determined using a 2D finite element approach as a reference. The SS-MSM was found to be suitable for a fast and reasonably accurate approximation of the motor performance. Based on the described analysis method, an efficient optimization approach is proposed.

NVH Performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Liquid Cooling System

<div>The aim of the article is to evaluate the effect of the cooling system on the NVH behavior of traction permanent magnets synchronous motors (PMSMs). An effective numerical method is proposed for modeling the fluid–structure interaction in the cooling system of PMSMs. A simplified physical prototype of a cooling jacket of a PMSM is realized by welding two concentric tubes with an internal cavity filled by coolant. A finite element model of the structure is realized. The coolant is modeled as an acoustic domain to account for the fluid–structure interaction in the cavity and a coupled acoustic–structural dynamic problem is solved. The model is validated by experimental modal tests conducted on the prototype of the cooling jacket both with and without the presence of coolant. The validated model is employed to quantify the effect of the cooling system on a real PMSM. The structure of a 10-poles, 12-slots electric machine is modeled by means of finite element method. The model includes the validated cooling jacket and the internal stator lamination and windings. Numerical vibroacoustic analyses have been performed at different operating conditions, either with or without modeling the coolant with the aim of quantifying its effect on the sound emission of the machine. Acoustic emission is generally increased when fluid coolant is present. For a PMSM, localized sound emission peaks appeared in the low-frequency range, up to 2000 Hz. A maximum increase of 44 dB was observed.</div>

Fractional Order Adaptive Fixed-Time Sliding Mode Controller for Synchronization of Fractional Order Chaotic Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

This paper presents a fractional-order adaptive fixed-time sliding mode controller for the synchronization of chaotic dynamics in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). PMSMs, commonly used in electric vehicles, robotics, and aerospace, are prone to chaotic behavior under parameter variations and external disturbances, which can degrade performance and stability. Existing control strategies, such as conventional sliding mode control (SMC) and fractional-order controllers, have limitations, including chattering, slow convergence, and sensitivity to uncertainties. The proposed controller integrates fractional calculus into the sliding mode framework to improve control performance by accounting for the memory effects of PMSM dynamics. The controller ensures fixed-time convergence, guaranteeing that the system reaches the desired state within a fixed-time, regardless of initial conditions. Additionally, an adaptive mechanism adjusts the control parameters online, providing robustness against disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed controller compared to existing methods, showing faster convergence, improved stability, and reduced chattering. The proposed controller proves effective in both synchronization and control scenarios, making it a promising solution for chaotic suppression in PMSMs across various operating conditions.

Performance Comparison of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Different Magnet Configuration Used in Electric Vehicle

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, increasing environmental pollution, and global warming, the use of electric vehicles is becoming more widespread. Electric vehicles offer numerous advantages, including high efficiency, quiet and vibration-free operation, and being environmentally friendly. Electric motors provide high power density and a wide torque-speed range. Therefore, many engineering studies, analyses, and comparisons are conducted for electric motors used in electric vehicles. In this study, modeling and analyses of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors with different magnet configurations were carried out, taking as a reference an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor used in a mass-produced and well-selling electric vehicle. At the end of the study, structures with different magnet configurations were compared in terms of performance characteristics such as torque, torque ripple, and efficiency.

Design and Optimization of Support and Drive System for Magnetic Levitation Air Compressor for Fuel Cells

The 5-degree-of-freedom active magnetic bearings (5-DOF AMB) and high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor (HPMSM) were combined and applied to energy-recovery-type air compressors for fuel cells, which gives full play to the advantages of both and meets the design requirements for air compressors in fuel cells. Based on the energy recovery air compressor for fuel cells with a power of 30 kW and a rated speed of 100,000 rpm, this paper combined 5-DOF AMB with HPMSM and used it as its support and drive system. Multi-physics field and multi-objective optimization were carried out by integrating the multi-physics field with the Multi-objective Grey Wolf Algorithm (MOGWO), and the feasibility of the design of the system and its reliability were verified using finite element software.

Enhanced speed sensorless control of IPMSM using integral synergetic observer

Owing to the benefits of uncomplicated design, compact dimensions, and superior power density, interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) have garnered the attention of numerous researchers, both nationally and internationally. Nevertheless, conventional IPMSM models incorporating sensors, encoders, and additional apparatus often incur substantial equipment expenses and heavily depend on sensor accuracy for effective control. Consequently, the pursuit of sensorless control has emerged as a prominent trend in the domain of IPMSM control. In this work, a new sensorless control based on an integral synergetic observer (ISO) for an IPMSM is presented. The suggested observer has been developed to overcome the challenges posed by conventional observers, such as fragility against various disturbances, and establishing a sensorless control scheme capable of easily integrating into a modern application like electric vehicles. A comparison through numerical simulation tests using MATLAB software, between the proposed observer and the classic Luenberger observer (LO) clearly showed its qualities and its great importance. Notably, the ISO achieves improved performance metrics, such as the integral absolute error (IAE), integral square error (ISE), and integral time absolute error (ITAE). In low-speed control tests, the proposed ISO reduced the IAE by 56.90%, the ITAE by 55.83%, and the ISE by 75.82% compared to the LO.