Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Research Articles

Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicle Using Quadratic Gain Bidirectional Converter

The manuscript proposes a quadratic gain bidirectional converter (QGBC). The proposed converter is operated in two different stages—step-up (motoring) and step-down (regenerative braking)—which can be employed in electric vehicle (EV) applications. The converter is operated in the continuous inductor current mode (CICM). For regenerative braking (RB) of permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor, the self-inductance of the motor is exploiting to step up the back electromagnetic force (EMF) of the motor to extract the energy even at low rotor speed. The design parameters of the converter are selected as battery voltage V s = 48 V , output voltage V o = 200 V , output power P o = 1 kW , and switching frequency f s = 20 kHz . The design system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. Finally, a 1 kW prototype is developed for validation and performance analysis of the converter. The converter operates at maximum efficiency of 95% during step-up operation of the converter. A DSP microcontroller TMS320F28335 is used to control the switches of the converter in the experimental setup.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Fractional-Order PIλ Controller for Solar PV Fed Sensorless Brushless DC Motor using Whale Optimization Algorithm

This article presents a novel Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) approach for optimal tuning of Fractional-Order Proportional Integral and integral-order Controller (FOPIλ) is used to solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) fed sensorless speed control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor under the various operating condition such as (i) speed change by set speed command signal, (ii) solar PV output voltage variations, (iii) varying load conditions, (iv) integrated conditions, and (v) controller parameters uncertainty. The PMBLDC motor is remarkably robust speed control against the uncertainties, Solar PV output power fluctuation, external load disturbances, the nonlinearity characteristics, and poor controllability. To overcome this above limitation, optimization algorithms are proposed namely Bat Algorithm (BA), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), and WOA optimized FOPIλ controllers. To develop a MATLAB 2019a/Simulink model of FOPIλ controller for Solar PV-fed sensorless speed control of PMBLDC motor using BA, GWO, and WOA and corresponding numerical simulation results are carried out under various working conditions. It shows the effectiveness of the proposed controllers is completely verified by comparing the above three intelligent optimization techniques. It is evident that out of these three intelligent controllers, the WOA-optimized FOPIλ controller for solar PV-fed sensorless speed control of PMBLDC motor gives enhanced performance by minimizing the time domain parameters, performance indices error, convergence time, control efforts, cost function, mean, and standard deviation.

Bidirectional Quadratic Converter-Based PMBLDC Motor Drive for LEV Application

In this study, a bidirectional DC-to-DC quadratic converter (BDQC) is designed and developed for the motoring and regenerative braking (RB) of a permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor for a light electric vehicle (LEV) application. A PMBLDC motor is deemed more suitable for an electric vehicle (EV) due to its high efficiency and torque density. In the present work, a BDQC of 1 kW is designed to drive a 1.1 HP PMBLDC motor through a conventional voltage source inverter (VSI). An EV’s load cycle is emulated using a highly inertial load driven by a PMBLDC motor during the converter’s boost mode operation. RB is a crucial factor in extending the driving range of EVs by efficiently utilizing battery power. The converter operates in buck mode during RB, and simultaneously, the back electromotive force (EMF) of the PMBLDC machine is boosted by the self-inductance of the PMBLDC motor and the VSI. The braking technique used in this work eliminates the traditional drawback of RB in buck mode, as the power is extracted even when the motor’s back EMF is lower than the battery’s voltage. The control strategy has been implemented using the TMS320F28335 DSP controller for a developed converter prototype of the converter and driving the PMBLDC motor. The experimental results are compared to the simulation results, and a good alignment has been found.

Asymmetrical Magnets in Rotor Structure of a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Cogging Torque Minimization

Asymmetrical Magnets in Rotor Structure of a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Cogging Torque Minimization

The Effects of Permanent Magnet Segmentations on Electromagnetic Performance in Ironless Brushless DC Motors

This paper investigates the electromagnetic torque by considering back electromagnetic force (back-EMF) trapezoidal degrees of ironless brushless DC (BLDC) motors through the two-dimensional finite element method (2-D FEM). First, the change percentages of the electromagnetic torque with back-EMF trapezoidal degrees, relative to those of PMs without segments, are investigated on the premise of the same back-EMF amplitude. It is found that both PM symmetrically and asymmetrically segmented types influence back-EMF trapezoidal degrees. Second, the corresponding electromagnetic torque, relative to that of PMs without segments, is studied in detail. The results show that the electromagnetic torque can be improved or deteriorated depending on whether the back-EMF trapezoidal degree is lower or higher than that of PMs without segments. Additionally, the electromagnetic torque can easily be improved by increasing the number of PMs’ symmetrical segments. In addition, the electromagnetic torque in PMs with asymmetrical segments is always higher than that of PMs without segments. Finally, two ironless PM BLDC motors with PMs symmetrically segmented into three segments and without segments are manufactured and tested. The experimental results show good agreement with those of the 2-D FEM method. This approach provides significant guidelines to electromagnetic torque improvement without much increase in manufacturing costs and process complexity.

Modification of Pole Pitch and Pole Arc in Rotor Magnets for Cogging Torque Reduction in BLDC Motor

Cogging torque is an unfavorable hindrance in Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor. In medium-low power PMBLDC motors, the surplus oscillations and intolerable noise happen because of the harmonic magnetic forces created by cogging torque. This paper introduces a new approach for the diminution of cogging torque. This method is based on placement irregularities in rotor magnets, and for this a new combination of pole arc and pole pitch was considered. The reference model has a pole pitch of 90° and pole arc of 63°. The new pole pitch is attained by the application of shifting technique on the permanent magnet and for the new pole arc it was resized. An analytical expression using the Virtual Work Method (VWM) Method was derived for locating the pole pitch and pole arc with nominal cogging torque in the PMBLDC motor. The technique is explored using 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The comparison of the simulation and analytical results of cogging torque is accomplished. It is figured out that the cogging torque minimization in the analytical results exhibited acceptable agreement with FEA analysis.

CO-SIMULATION STUDY OF PERMANENT MAGNET BLDCM DOUBLE CLOSED-LOOP SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM, 189-196.

In the study of permanent magnet brushless DC motors (BLDCMs),the vibration and speed accuracy caused by motors and drives havealways been the core issues, and the problems involved are morecomplicated.

Interleaved Boost Integrated Flyback Converter for Power Factor Correction in Brushless DC Motor Drive

The scope of this research is to manage the speed of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drive (PMBLDCMD) for various less capacity applications. In the circuit, a 1ϕ AC power is given to Diode Rectifier and the converted DC supply is given to condenser, which leads to abnormal pulsating current. Because of this pulsating current, the power quality disturbances arise at the supply point. Hence, the PMBLDCMD requires Power Factor Correction (PFC) converter for many household and profitable applications. The rotors of PMBLDCMD are driven by 3ϕ voltage source inverter (VSI), which performs electronic commutation. The range of PFC converter for feeding PMBLDCMD has high emphasis on the power quality (PQ) norms, cost and performance of controllers. The proposed converter requires very less components, which imposes less stress, low ripple and less power loss with positive voltage polarity. The chopper is used to correct the power factor. Various chopper layouts like buck boost Converters and boost converters with single switch are used. The mostly used regulated structures for PFC converters govern the current with continuous conduction technique and to govern the potential differential tracker using discontinuous conduction method (DCM). The processes like examining, modelling and governing of PFC converters are applied for upgrading the quality of power in AC supply.

Shaping the topology of a single phase BLDC motor for reduced cogging torque and improved performance

In the paper is presented a step-by-step development of the topology for a novel single phase permanent magnet (PM) brushless DC (BLDC) motor, aiming to improve its operation with more efficient utilisation of the active materials. The studied motor is based on a generic design, where asymmetrical stator poles and respective shaping of the permanent magnets is applied. Accurate 2D finite element simulations were employed for numerical prototyping of the motor design, until the expected results were obtained. Based on FEA, cogging and static torque waveforms, along with other relevant performance characteristics were determined and examined. The results show that the motor topology, and in particular, the detailed shape of the stator poles has the most important impact on the smooth operation of the single phase BLDC permanent magnet motor.

Performance Improvement of Electric Vehicle using Reset Switch and Bias

A general electric vehicle (EV) consists of many subsystems such as battery, bidirectional boost/buck converter, inverter, motor, and vehicle body. The bidirectional converter is used for flexibility in the choice of battery voltage and input voltage of inverter. Due to the different speed profiles i.e., idling, acceleration, deceleration, and steady state within a drive cycle, the transition from one to another may cause high switching spikes in battery current, dc-link voltage, and motor torque using conventional single loop speed controller. These spikes have detrimental effect on the performance of EV such as battery life, component failure, switching loss, and vibration. To reduce the spikes in the power stage and to enhance the dynamic response while tracking the drive cycle, a reset switch (RS) and bias have been proposed in this paper. As this technique is implemented in control circuit therefore it is cost-effective and simple. Small-signal transfer function analysis has been done to select the gains of the proportional-integral controllers as well as to check the stability of the overall system. To validate the proposed technique, a switched nonlinear dynamic model with non-idealities of the permanent magnet brushless dc (PMBLDC) motor driven two wheeler (2W) vehicle is designed and tested using Indian Drive Cycle (IDC). Improvement of different performance indices of EV including the increment in the range on single charge has been observed for the proposed technique.

Influence of Variable Air Gap on the Electromagnetic Performances of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor

Simulation models of permanent magnet brushless DC motor with cam rotors and two kinds of uniform air gap motor determined by two limit arcs of the cam rotor were established on the basis of JMAG software. These simulation models were used to determine the influence of regularly varying air gap, which is formed during the rotation of the two cam rotors of the hydraulic motor pumps integrated with a cam rotor vane pump and a permanent magnet brushless DC motor, on the electromagnetic performance of the motor. The electromagnetic performance of the three kinds of motors were simulated and compared under rated and variable loads, respectively. Finally, the cam rotor motor prototype was developed for experimental research. Results show that the starting time of cam rotor motor under rated load is 20% shorter, and its output torque ripple is 23% smaller than those of the uniform air gap motor determined by the minimum limit arc of the cam rotor. However, the air gap flux density curve of the cam rotor motor weakens obviously amongst the three motors. Under different loads, the efficiency of the cam rotor motor is the highest amongst the three motors, and its mechanical property is hard. The research results can lay a theoretical foundation for the development of cam rotor motor pumps.

An Enhanced Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller for High Performance PMBLDCM Drive Considering Iron Loss

The use of position sensors for the variable frequency drive (VFD) has been verified for years. However, more reliable VFDs with smart autonomous systems require side-by-side implementation of sensor and/or sensorless operation. Recently developed active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) provides robustness to VFD uncertainty and its fast response to reject disturbances. Considering the iron loss effect as the disturbance to the permanent magnet brushless dc motor (PMBLDCM) performances, a novel ADRC is proposed in this article. The ADRC current controller considering the iron loss effect is proposed along with an estimation of the back electromagnetic force disturbance used for the position/speed estimation. The proposed controller incorporates a structured inner and outer closed-loop ADRC that considers process delays and extended state observer dynamics. These dual ADRC-based control algorithms are verified for PMBLDCM drive both by simulation study and experimental findings. The improved performance of the proposed method is validated with a laboratory prototype of 2.5 kW PMBLDCM drive system.

An optimized design modelling of PV integrated SEPIC-based four-switch inverter for sensorless PMBLDC motor control

The design of PV-based high gain SEPIC converter integrated with four-switch strategy, which has been used to achieve sensorless speed control of Permanent magnet Brushless DC motor (PMBLDC) is analysed in this work. Hence SEPIC converter coupled with Fuzzy Logic, MPPT Algorithm is employed to retain voltage. SEPIC converter is chosen as it has a continuous current operation with high gain; Fuzzy MPPT algorithm is used as it provides accurate results faster while the classical MPPT techniques provide the results with fluctuations in attaining the maximum power. Regarding the sensorless control of PMBLDC motor, the conventional six-switch strategy is replaced by four-switch strategy and the sensors are replaced by back EMF method. Four-switch strategy has the capability of reducing the losses, size, cost and complexity of control. For achieving the nominal speed, a closed-loop control is implemented with PI controller, which is tuned by GWO technique. The proposed methodology is more efficient as the motor speed remains unchanged even under the full load condition. The end result of traditional PI algorithm and PI algorithm, which have been tuned by GWO algorithm, is compared and simulated through MATLAB. This is also implemented and validated in hardware by FPGA Spartan 6E controller.

Optimization of Power Density of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Electric Two-Wheeler

The main objective of this work is to optimize the power density of axial flux permanent magnet brushless dc (PMBLDC) motor based on genetic algorithm (GA) technique for performance improvement of electric 2-wheeler. Power density is one of the important performance parameter of motor as it significantly influences overall performance of electric 2-wheeler. Firstly, the rating of electric motor is determined according to the application requirements and vehicular dynamics. Axial flux PMBLDC motor of 250 W, 150 rpm is designed to fit in to the rim of electric 2-wheeler based on assumption of various design variables. The salient contribution of this work is to suggest the best combination of design variables with the application of GA optimization technique for power density optimization. Comparative performance analysis is carried out between initially designed motor and optimized motor. Finally, 3 dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to verify the results obtained from design optimization. Results obtained from FEA fairly validates the initial design and optimized design. It is analyzed that the power density of motor is enhanced by 42.85 % with the proposed optimization technique. The proposed technique is implementable and complexity free. It may further be applied to the performance improvement of a non-linear design comprising different design variables.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Axial flux permanent magnet motors are the most compatible in electric vehicle applications
 Power density is one of the important performance parameters of axial flux permanent magnet motors
 Optimization of power density improves drive range and overall performance of electric vehicle
 Influential design variables are identified based on parametric analysis and its optimization is carried out with an GA based optimization technique with an objective of power density optimization
 Proposed optimization technique is validated with finite element analysis
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Efficiency Improvement of Permanent Magnet BLDC Motors for Electric Vehicles

A permanent magnet Brushless DC (BLDC) motor has been designed with different rotor configurations based on the arrangement of the permanent magnets. Rotor configurations strongly affect the torque and efficiency performance of permanent magnet electric motors. In this paper, different rotor configurations of the permanent magnet BLDC motor with parallel the Halbach array permanent magnet were compared and evaluated. Many applications of electric drives or air-crafts have recently preferred the surface-mounted permanent magnet design due to its ease of construction and maintenance. The finite element technique has been used for the analysis and comparison of different geometry parameters and rotor magnet configurations to improve efficiency and torque performance. A comprehensive design of a three-phase permanent magnet BLDC 35kW motor is presented and simulations were conducted to evaluate its design. The skewing rotor and Halbach magnet array are applied to the permanent surface-mounted magnet on the BLDC motor for eliminating torque ripples. In order to observe the skewing rotor effect, the rotor lamination layers were skewed with different angles and Halbach sinusoidal arrays. The determined skewing angle, the eliminated theoretically cogging torque, and the back electromotive force harmonics were also analyzed.

Design analysis and control of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor in micro electric vehicle

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the performance of permanent-magnet brushless DC motors, simulates the influence of motor parameters on the ripple torque and average torque, compares the performance with that of permanent-magnet synchronous motors, and obtains a design for permanent-magnet BLDC motors. The BLDC motor has the advantages of high torque density and small inverter capacity and is better than PMSM in driving performance.

Proposed Commutation Method for Performance Improvement of Brushless DC Motor

This study focused on the efficiency improvement and acoustic noise reduction of brushless DC (BLDC) motors by reducing current harmonics using a novel BLDC commutation method. To achieve these goals, we designed an improved 150° commutation method for a three-phase permanent magnet BLDC motor that can improve the current waveform. Although the 120° commutation method is generally employed for BLDC motors, an improved 150° commutation method is introduced to operate the BLDC with increased efficiency and acoustic noise similar to a brushless AC motor. This study investigated the attributes of various commutation methods, both theoretically and experimentally, to determine the optimal commutation method. The results of this study indicate that the improved 150° commutation method is optimal in terms of harmonic attributes and reduced torque ripple, allowing it to improve motor efficiency and reduce acoustic noise.

Loss and Efficiency Analysis of BLDC Motor and Universal Motor by Mathematical Modelling in the Mixer Grinder

The typical mixer grinders are universal motor, which operates on alternating current supply because of the higher starting torque characteristics and easy speed control. The absence of brushes in the Brushless DC (BLDC) motor and noise reduction improves its life and makes it perfectly suited for mixer grinder. The mathematical modelling and experimental demonstration of a conventional universal motor and proposed simulated model of BLDC motor was analysed using the MATLAB/Simulink. The loss and efficiency analysis of the permanent magnet BLDC and universal motor in the application of a mixer grinder are presented in this paper.

Application in Virtual System Modelling (VSM) of Sensored Pm BLDC Motor Drive Using Two Technologies of Processors PIC16F877Aand Arduino Uno R3

This paper presents the simulation of a 3-phase Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PM BLDC) motor drive. For the studied drive system in this paper, pulse width modulation (PWM) control has been implemented for a 60-degree six-step trapezoidal PM BLDC motor drive. The used processor is Arduino and PIC16F877A, which is a common, flash-able, and low-cost microcontroller unit (MCU) with functions to perform commutation sequence, rotating direction control, speed control and reading Hall sensor signals, and calculating RPM and duty cycle of the PWM outputs signals depending on variable speed. The controlling technique uses sensored type in order to make this design suitable for low-speed and high-speed applications plus control simplicity. In this paper, The application of Proteus Virtual System Modelling (VSM) software as a real-time simulation tool is introduced to model the performance of a 3-phase Permanent Magnet Brushless DC motor drive before hardware implementation. Expected results can be monitored and analyzed throughout the virtual simulation of all components. The usage of Proteus VSM enables shorter product development time, thus reducing development costs for industrial applications.

Simulation modeling and experimental validation of solar photovoltaic PMBLDC motor water pumping system

Solar energy is abundantly available on the earth and can be utilized in various applications by converting it in a suitable form. Water supply in remote places and rural areas is still critical due to the unavailability of the grid power. In a developing country like India, the grid construction cost is 6670 $/km because of which some remote areas are still waiting for electricity. There is a large scope to meet this need with the help of a standalone solar water pumping system. In this context, this work presents detailed simulation in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental validation of photovoltaic (PV) permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor water pumping system without energy storing. Simulation is a tool to get system behavior at the various input parameters immedi ately reflects a change in the output parameter. The simulation results are validated with the help of field trials on the experimental setup. A 0.5 hp photovoltaic permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor water pumping system was used for extensive field trials experimentation. After extensive field trials, the optimum irradiation observed for full water discharge 19.9 L/min was 330 W/m2 where voltage and current were 35.1 V and 3.1 A respectively. The Water flow – Irradiation characteristic curve and percentage variation in simulation and experimental results showed a good agreement with each other. The efficiency of the photovoltaic panel and the entire solar water pumping system observed was 12.76 ± 0.64 % and 9.07±0.45 % respectively. The 0.5 hp PMBLDC motor water pumping system is sufficient to lift 10000 L water every day. PMBLDC motor, shown added advantage of lesser running maintenance due to the absence of carbon brushes which need frequent replacement in case of brushed DC motor.