Permanent Immigration Research Articles

Airbnb, sun-and-beach tourism and residential rental prices. The case of the coast of Andalusia (Spain)

ABSTRACTAccording to studies carried out to date, the arrival of the sharing economy in the field of tourist accommodation is giving rise to an increase in residential rental prices, also called long-term rental, in major tourist cities. In this paper, we analyse the effect on the residential rental price of Airbnb accommodation offered for sun-and-beach tourism on the coast of Andalusia (Spain). We use an econometric specification that includes average disposable income, the number of second homes, the offer of accommodation in exclusively tourist hotels and apartments, the temporary hiring of immigrant workers, and permanent immigration. The main result to emerge from the work is that sun-and-beach Airbnb listings explains 13.69% of the price of residential rental prices in the coastal area of Andalusia.

Walking Contemporary Indigenous Songlines as Public Pedagogies of Country

The singing and dancing of Darug peoples once echoed throughout the Hawkesbury Nepean riverlands in ceremony. A long and challenging walk through bushland along the Nepean River, from Emu Green to Yarramundi on the Hawkesbury River, invites the walker to meditate on the presences and absences of these river places. Yarramundi is an important site for Darug people today, as it holds the history and cultural memories of singing the rivers in song and ceremony. Walking contemporary Indigenous songlines asks how we can come to know the river through walking the contemporary songlines of Darug songwriters and artists that sing the country of the riverlands today, and what is produced when this is enacted as public pedagogy. The paper explores a process of walking the Nepean River Trail, from my home at Emu Green to the Shaws Creek and Yellomundee Aboriginal cultural trails. The walk is reproduced as public pedagogy with collaborators Leanne and Jacinta Tobin, who have deep family connections to Yarramundi: connections that were temporarily lost through their early lives, and recreated through art, language and music practices in contemporary creations of ancestral songlines and connections. The public pedagogy performance was enacted at the Circular Quay International Passenger Terminal in a presentation of three songs, 73 artworks, and a short explanatory talk to an audience of 700members of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. This paper asks: What does this public pedagogy produce? What does it mean to enact it at this historic site of colonial invasion and contemporary arrival of both temporary and permanent immigrants to this landscape?

International migration returning from the United States to Mexico in the context of the economic and political crisis

This paper analyzes the immigrants who recently returned to Mexico from the United States during the period from 2001 to 2014. This is a temporal cohort where the proliferation of American anti-immigration state laws has led to an unprecedented increase in the number of deportations in the United States. Similarly, the economic crisis in the United States, which began in 2007 and peaked in 2008, led to an increase in the number of people returning to Mexico. According to the data of the National Survey of Demographic Dynamics(ENADID), during 2004-2009, including the year of the worst economic crisis, the number of returning immigrants was 490,000, which decreased again to 260,000 in 2009-2014; however, during these periods, there were still about 1 million definitive or permanent immigrants to the United States (Ramirez and Aguado, 2013: p. 179). In addition, the recent immigration and humanitarian crisis of unaccompanied minor migrants in 2014 reached a historical figure of more than 61,000. In this case, the purpose of this study is to analyze the international immigrants returning to Mexico from the United States in the context of the economic and political crisis from 2004 to 2014.

Labor Market Institutions and Performance Economic Within Trial Labor Market Models: Flexibility, Rigidity, and Flexicurity

The purpose of this article is to identify economic performance through three labor market models (flexibility, rigidity, and flexicurity) that result from the effect of the labor market regulation. After conducting a comparative analysis of the flexibility, rigidity, and flexicurity models of the labor market using a feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) applied to 18 organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) countries for the period between 2005 and 2013, we reached the following results. First, the effect of the labor market regulation on the unemployment rate appears to be particularly important for demographic groups (women and young people) on the flexible labor market. The union density and bargaining coverage seem to have the best results in the unemployment rate on the flexible market. More coordinated collective bargaining appears to reduce unemployment on the rigid labor market compared with the flexible one. However, our results are opposed to the neoclassical assertions which suggest that women are excluded from the permanent employment when a strict employment protection legislation (EPL) is excised. We also show that the replacement rate, the duration of unemployment benefits, the active labor market policies, permanent immigration inflows, and the tax wedge seem to have the best results on the flexible labor market, while the other variables have mixed effects on the different models of the labor market. These findings can provide policy makers and regulators with a better understanding of the performance of the flexible labor market and its behavior in the face of labor market institutions and adverse economic shocks. In fact, the government should liberalize strict labor laws.

International Student Flows from Developing Countries: Do Donors Have an Impact?

International student flows from emerging and developing countries have grown tremendously over the last decades. In this paper, we address the question of whether donors, who might care about the potential brain drain effects student emigration entails in the countries of origin, can affect the student outflows through their foreign aid activities. Employing standard gravity-type approaches of international migration, we separately analyse the impact of scholarships for students from developing countries, and of development projects in recipient countries aimed at improving the local quality of tertiary education. We find that these two types of post-secondary aid lead to opposite effects on student mobility. Investing in the quality of tertiary education in recipient countries appears to be associated with lower outflows of tertiary educated students to donor countries, which corroborates previous research showing that aid may reduce emigration from developing countries if it improves public services. The provision of in-donor scholarships obviously raises student mobility for the duration of the university education abroad, but our results suggest that the student inflows also translate into permanent immigration of highly educated people.

A qualitative approach on network and decision-making for early settlement of foreign migrant family: In the cases of Korean migrant families in the U.S.

Human decision is highly depending on environmental circumstances around him or her. Also, human decision is not only rational but also socially constructed. Therefore, even though people are in the same situation, their decisions could be different. Korean migrant families’ housing decision in the United States is no exception. Most of them are likely to be in similar situations because their highest priority is to settle in the U.S. city where they plan to live temporarily, but without specific knowledge about the region, people, and American culture. Second, they are sharing the same national culture. However, their decisions are not the same but rather different. By utilizing the data from field observations and interviews based on grounded theory, we find the answer about how Korean families choose their residence in the United States and arrive at different decisions in terms of information gathering and decision-making. Even though Korean students or visiting scholars are not permanent immigrants, their concerns about relocating in the U.S. is similar to newly arrived immigrants’ one in Korea. Therefore, we expect our qualitative study will give useful insights into analysing the behaviours of foreign migrant families in Korea in terms of information acquisition and buying decision. And furthermore, we hope our qualitative study can contribute to establishing the effective policies for the multi-cultural families, especially for their early settlement here.

Visa Wait Times and Future Earnings: Evidence from the National Survey of College Graduates

This study explores the relationship between lawful permanent resident status and earnings. We begin by estimating wage differentials between lawful permanent residents and immigrants on temporary visas. We find a wide variation in earnings differentials according to category of temporary visa, and find a negative differential between lawful permanent residents and immigrants on temporary work visas. We then examine the effect of longer wait times to obtain a permanent resident visa on immigrants’ income. Using data from the National Survey of College Graduates, we find that immigrants who enter the US on temporary work visas earn 2% less for each year between the time of entry into the US and when their permanent resident visa is issued. We find a similar relationship for immigrants who enter on student visas and have wait times of more than 5 years. Further, we find a larger relationship for African and Latin American and Caribbean immigrants.

Przeciwdziałanie skutkom bezrobocia ludności napływowej jako wymiar polityki integracyjnej Polski

Artykuł analizuje regulacje prawne dotyczące świadczeń dla imigrantów z tytułu bezrobocia, ukazując je jako element polityki integracji imigrantów w Polsce. Poszczególne kategorie cudzoziemców mają bardzo zróżnicowany dostęp do instrumentów przeciwdziałania skutkom utraty zatrudnienia. Najszersze uprawnienia (zrównane z prawami obywateli polskich) mają imigranci z zezwoleniem na pobyt stały i rezydenci długoterminowi UE, imigranci przymusowi oraz imigranci z państw UE/ EFTA. Heterogeniczność tych kategorii, różnorodność podstaw uzyskiwania praw pobytowych skłania jednak do wniosku, że polityka integracji leżąca u podłoża przepisów wobec poszczególnych grup charakteryzuje się różnymi założeniami i celami. W przypadku imigrantów permanentnych założeniem polityki integracji jest zapewnienie dostępu do instytucji państwa dobrobytu osobom, które w Polsce mają ośrodek interesów życiowych, są trwale powiązane z polskim rynkiem pracy i systemem zabezpieczeń społecznych. W przypadku imigrantów przymusowych uzasadnieniem polityki umożliwiającej dostęp do świadczeń są względy humanitarne. Przyjęcie takich osób na terytorium RP ma charakter charytatywny i nie może być postrzegane w kategoriach kalkulacji finansowych zysków i strat. Z kolei ukształtowanie polityki integracyjnej w zakresie dostępu do świadczeń społecznych imigrantów z państw UE/ EFTA wynika z konieczności przestrzegania porządku unijnego, w szczególności zapewnienia bezproblemowej realizacji zasady swobodnego przepływu pracowników. Najliczniejszą kategorią imigrantów w Polsce są jednak imigranci krótkoterminowi przybywający w ramach zezwoleń na pracę sezonowa oraz systemu oświadczeń, którzy nie są włączeni do systemu ochrony przed bezrobociem oraz od których oczekuje się wyjazdu po wykonaniu pracy.

Repeat immigration: A previously unobserved source of heterogeneity?

Register data allow for nuanced analyses of heterogeneities between sub-groups which are not observable in other data sources. One heterogeneity for which register data is particularly useful is in identifying unique migration histories of immigrant populations, a group of interest across disciplines. Years since migration is a commonly used measure of integration in studies seeking to understand the outcomes of immigrants. This study constructs detailed migration histories to test whether misclassified migrations may mask important heterogeneities. In doing so, we identify a previously understudied group of migrants called repeat immigrants, and show that they differ systematically from permanent immigrants. In addition, we quantify the degree to which migration information is misreported in the registers. The analysis is carried out in two steps. First, we estimate income trajectories for repeat immigrants and permanent immigrants to understand the degree to which they differ. Second, we test data validity by cross-referencing migration information with changes in income to determine whether there are inconsistencies indicating misreporting. From the first part of the analysis, the results indicate that repeat immigrants systematically differ from permanent immigrants in terms of income trajectories. Furthermore, income trajectories differ based on the way in which years since migration is calculated. The second part of the analysis suggests that misreported migration events, while present, are negligible. Repeat immigrants differ in terms of income trajectories, and may differ in terms of other outcomes as well. Furthermore, this study underlines that Swedish registers provide a reliable data source to analyze groups which are unidentifiable in other data sources.

Immigration and internal mobility in Canada

We analyse the impact of temporary foreign workers (TFWs) and permanent immigrants on interprovincial mobility in Canada. Empirical results are analysed through the lens of a theoretical model that incorporates a job-matching framework in a migration model a la Harris and Todaro. The effect of the inflow of TFWs in interprovincial mobility is negative, substantial and significant. This is not the case for the inflow of permanent immigrants selected through the Canadian point system. The robustness of these empirical results to issues of endogeneity is assessed through a classical instrumentation approach as well as through a diff-in-diff analysis taking advantage of a pilot project facilitating the admission of TFWs in two Western provinces over the 2007–2010 period. Our paper suggests that, in general, the impact of immigration on labour market conditions depends critically on the way immigration policy is set.

International Migration, Workers’ Remittances and Permanent Income Hypothesis

Summary Studies that examine the long-run impact of remittances on economic growth in West Africa and the Caribbean show that remittances are not growth enhancing. Money has been used toward consumption rather than investment. Because migrants from these regions are mostly permanent immigrants who settle in the host countries, we ask if there is a difference for South Asia where migrant workers are flooding for short-term, temporary contracts in the Middle Eastern countries. The permanent income hypothesis states that a permanent increase in income raises current consumption while transitory income increase is saved or smoothed over a life time. We argue that the transitory income remitted by short-term migrants is invested to generate future income when they return. We examine a panel data of five South Asian countries—Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri-Lanka—for a period from 1975 to 2011. Using panel cointegration and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels, we show that there is a long-run significant impact of workers' remittances on income while the impact on consumption is not significant. A one-percent increase in remittance receipt per person raises per-capita income by approximately 0.23%. The results are robust across different tests.

Muslims’ social inclusion and exclusion in France, Québec, and Canada: does national context matter?

ABSTRACTThis article compares the social experiences of Muslim minorities in three contexts – France, Québec, and English Canada – each reflecting a different approach to immigrant integration. France’s republican model emphasises cultural assimilation and the exclusion of religion from the public sphere; Canada’s multicultural model advocates official recognition of minority cultures; Québec shares Canada’s tradition of large-scale permanent immigration but embodies a unique intercultural discourse of integration, in some ways resembling France. We compare the social experiences of Muslim and non-Muslim minorities in these three settings using the French ‘Trajectories and Origins’ survey (2009) and the Canadian ‘Ethnic Diversity Survey’ (2002) data on reports of discrimination, friendship networks, social trust, voluntarism, and national identity. We find the Muslim/non-Muslim gap in social inclusion is significant in all three settings and results from ethnic, cultural, or racial differences, more than religion. In assessing immigrants’ social inclusion, we suggest consideration be given to: (i) the reality of ‘national models’ in the community, (ii) a tendency for minorities to locate in more accepting segments of mainstream society, and (iii) the limited impact of policies based on national models.

Identity and Its Construal: Learning from Luxembourg

This article examines national identity construal processes within the case study context of Luxembourg. Building on research highlighting the modalities of generalization from case studies, I present the country case that is Luxembourg. This social universe has a foreign population percentage of 47% and what is considered majority and minority becomes increasingly fluid. The migration process itself is fluid, ranging from daily migration, to medium-term stays, return visits and permanent immigration including uptake of citizenship. Within such a fluid environment, where national borders are permeable at the physical level of crossing borders and (national) societies are nested within societies, culture contact is a permanent feature in daily life. Nationality becomes a salient feature as culture contact tends to prompt reflection, resulting in questioning and (re-)negotiation of national identity. This affects the native population as well as the diverse immigrant population - with diversity going beyond the level of country of origin. Many individuals are also of mixed nationality and some examples for the construal process of national identity will be provided, illustrating how national identity is negotiated at individual level. Like a periscope, this country let s us adjust mirrors, permitting us to observe modes of identity construal which would otherwise be obstructed from the field of view. The case study that is Luxembourg allows us to look at the micro-setting of the construction, potentially of something new.

Strangers No More: Immigration and the Challenges of Integration in North America and Western Europe. By Richard Alba and Nancy Foner. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015. Pp. 336. $35.00 (cloth); $24.95 (paper).

Strangers No More: Immigration and the Challenges of Integration in North America and Western Europe. By Richard Alba and Nancy Foner. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015. Pp. 336. $35.00 (cloth); $24.95 (paper).

Cultural and Biological Immunization: A Biopolitical Analysis of Immigration Apparatuses

In the following paper, we draw from Roberto Esposito's and Donna Haraway's theories of immunity to examine immigration apparatuses. The immunization perspective provides new ways of examining how immigration apparatuses function. In particular, we explore how they serve the purpose of biologically and culturally immunizing a nation from being contaminated by "dangerous" populations. We begin by briefly outlining Esposito's and Haraway's theories of immunity. Then for the remainder of the paper we provide a genealogical sketch of the demographics of immunization in Canadian immigration policies. In the Canadian case, there are two stages of immunization that roughly correspond to Esposito's historical account of the development of immunization apparatuses. First, we explore what we call the "crude immunization stage" (1867–1967), where various discriminatory criteria and measures were erected to safeguard the nation from being contaminated by populations designated as "dangerous." The second "sophisticated immunization stage" began when Canada adopted a more liberal notion of multiculturalism (1967–present). Despite making substantial changes to immigration policies in the late 1960s, which were supposed to drop all discriminatory criteria on the basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin, we demonstrate how the same categories were reasserted by streaming potential (im)migrants into two pools: valuable, high-skilled immigrant workers and disposable, low-skilled migrant laborers. In this second stage, Canada has increasingly relied upon "guest" workers over permanent immigrants to supply its labor market. This distinction between permanent immigrants and temporary migrants has become a new mechanism for discriminating on the basis of race, ethnicity, and national origin.

The Reconstitution of Aapravasi Ghat, a Nineteenth-Century Immigration Depot in the Capital City of Port Louis, Mauritius, through Archaeology

Aapravasi Ghat is a World Heritage property and represents the mass immigration of Indentured Laborers after slavery. The Indenture Labor System started in 1834 but the site was established as a permanent immigration depot in 1849. For about a century the depot was used for arrival and departure of indentured laborers from Asian and African countries. Archaeological investigations highlighted the space distribution and everyday functioning of the depot. Simultaneously, structural modifications made before, during and after its occupation as a depot, could be identified. This paper relates the findings made through historical archaeological research and reconstruct the site during the different time period while focusing on the indenture period.

Rethinking Australian migration

The Australian model of permanent immigration, based on easy access to citizenship plus multiculturalism, is under challenge. Changes in global and regional migration patterns question some of the ...

Moving Parts: Immigration Policy, Internal Migration and Natural Resource Shocks

The Canadian government made major changes in 2014 to both the Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW) Program and the permanent economic immigration system. Under the previous system and its enforcement, temporary foreign workers were in competition with some Canadian residents, resulting in a major political backlash. In addition, permanent immigrants to Canada were not generally moving to locations with the strongest demand for jobs.The federal changes to the TFW Program limited the kinds of workers companies could bring in, made the applications more rigorous, and set an employer-specific cap on the use of TFWs. These changes will lead to a decrease in the number of TFWs working in Canada.In the permanent immigration system, the government modified the traditional points system and created the Express Entry System. International applicants must meet a threshold of points before the government will invite them to apply for immigration. The system is skewed toward labour-market demand. It rewards workers who have skills that the federal government determines the labour market needs. It also rewards permanent immigrants who have a Canadian job offer.We expect that the changes to the permanent immigration system will have many positive results. Immigrants will have better skills and improved job-market outcomes, and they will meet employer needs more closely than permanent immigrants did in the past. Likewise, recent changes to the TFW Program will improve the labour market for existing residents.However, the changes in the immigration system may have some unintended consequences. First, they make it difficult for international students at Canadian universities to become permanent residents. Further, whereas TFWs were the main source of labour-market competition for Canadian residents until 2014, new permanent immigrants will increasingly compete with Canadian residents. This change will have profound implications for interprovincial migration. Lastly, the permanent immigration policy prioritizes skills currently in demand, and that preference may decrease the immigration of workers whose skills may be more important in the longer term.Although, on the whole, the recent changes are an improvement to Canadian immigration policy, the federal government should consider addressing these potential negative consequences as it moves forward with its reforms. Those refinements would entail:• better incorporating recent international graduates of Canadian universities into the permanent immigration system;• creating more permanent immigration opportunities for immigrants with skills the Canadian economy may need in the future, although they are not in demand in today’s labour market; and• addressing the concern that permanent international immigrants will reduce the incentive for Canadian residents to move among the provinces to seek better opportunities.All things considered, in terms of substituting for existing Canadian workers, we argue that the new immigration system will make TFWs less attractive and permanent immigrants more competitive.

Modifying culture and identity: a deep gaze into tourists’ quotidian culture and identity modification processes

Purpose – This paper aims to situate tourism within the wider context of temporary and permanent people movements and immigration as a form of permanent tourism with a deep gaze into tourists’ own national culture and even deeper gaze into the trappings of immigrants’ quotidian identity to define a modified identity. This paper offers, through auto-ethnography (AE) and confirmatory introspection (CI), a glimpse into the complex decision-making processes tourists, migrant workers and immigrants have to cope with to survive and thrive in a home “away” from their country of birth. The literature on the comparison between temporary mobility (tourism), nomadic migration (semi-permanent mobility) and permanent mobility (drifters, wanderers or denizen globe trotters) is sparse and unsystematic. Design/methodology/approach – The use of AE and CI allows the researcher with several years of cognitive and affective information and easy access to data on the private, lived experiences of the author and closely related family. Having lived and worked in several countries, supplemented by experiences of visiting over 35 countries for varying periods, the researcher has direct access to a wealth of rich data related to tourism (one- to five-week trips to Europe, USA, South America, the Middle East, Africa, Australia and the Pacific Islands), semi-permanent mobility (one-year exchange work placement in North America) and permanent mobility (more than ten years of being immigrants to New Zealand). Findings – The results show that tourists and immigrants are exposed to numerous decisions (varying in complexity and impact) before, during and after their travels that will impact on their acculturation, the genuineness of their experience and their willingness to modify their own identities, as well as the culture of the destinations they consume. Travelers have to overcome contextual and personal hurdles to achieve integration in a reasonable time. The way in which they tackle and overcome these hurdles will impact upon their modification of personal identity and acculturation. Practical implications – This paper offers practical advice to tourists, immigrants and employers on becoming adaptable consumers, highly resilient survivors and highly reliable organizations – able to thrive in today’s global marketplace. This study helps marketers, tourism professionals and employers of migrants to understand the processes consumers go through to modify identity to effectively and timely fit into new environments. Originality/value – AE- and CI-based research explores the tourist gaze and acculturation processes and discusses a two-directional model of modification of culture and identity. In addition, the paper highlights complex decision-making models tourists, nomads, globe trotters and immigrants use when considering alternative destinations and sought-after experiences.

Immigration Policy and Macroeconomic Performance in France

This paper quantitatively assesses the interaction between permanent immigration into France and France's macroeconomic performance as seen through its GDP per capita and its unemployment rate. It takes advantage of a new database where immigration is measured by the flow of newly- issued long-term residence permits, categorized by both the nationality of the immigrant and the reason of permit issuance. Using a VAR model estimation of monthly data over the period 1994-2008, we find that immigration flow significantly responds to France's macroeconomic performance: positively to the country's GDP per capita and negatively to its unemployment rate. At the same time, we find that immigration itself increases France's GDP per capita, particularly in the case of family immigration. This family immigration also reduces the country's unemployment rate, especially when the families come from developing countries.