Permanent Goal Research Articles

Special Issue - Digitalisation and governance, legislative oversight, and service delivery in Africa

African governments remain seized with the permanent goal of achieving development and a better standard of living for their citizens. Government is responsible for formulating public policies that address societal issues and delivering much needed basic services such as water, sanitation, electricity and waste removal, all of which are crucial to the affirmation of human dignity and facilitating an acceptable standard of living. The delivery of basic services is also crucial to creating an enabling environment for local economic development because businesses need such services to function and continue executing economic activities in a given subnational jurisdiction. Moreover, governments can enable economic development through sound development planning, policymaking, resource allocation, implementation, and the monitoring, review and evaluation of the performance of such plans and policies vis-à-vis their goals of economic stimulation. The process of digitalisation as a product of the Third and Fourth Industrial Revolutions presents important opportunities for governments to improve the efficiency of their processes and systems and drive socio-economic change.

A naturalistic evaluation of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) and PCIT with trauma-directed interaction (PCIT with TDI) in Australian children exposed to abuse and neglect

BackgroundTo optimize PCIT treatment with children exposed to abuse and neglect, PCIT with Trauma-Directed Interaction (PCIT with TDI) was created. ObjectiveThe current study was a quasi-experimental cohort study (PCIT and PCIT with TDI treatment groups) with pre/post-treatment comparisons. The study was conducted in a statutory child protection agency and was a naturalistic evaluation of the outcomes achieved by this service. The outcomes under investigation included caregiver and child posttraumatic stress symptoms, child behavior problems, parenting stress, caregiver mental health, child protection notifications, and placement permanency goals. Participants and settingChildren were included in the study if they were aged between 2 and 7 years, had behavioral difficulties or trauma symptoms and/or their caregivers were experiencing parenting stress. MethodsFamilies were allocated to treatment group by clinician availability/preference (i.e., preference allocation). Caregivers were asked to report on child posttraumatic symptoms and behavioral issues; and to self-report on posttraumatic stress, general stress, parenting stress, and depression and anxiety at prescribed points in treatment. FindingsSixty-eight children and their caregivers were treated with either PCIT (n = 22) or PCIT with TDI (n = 46). Statistically significant changes were observed for both treatment conditions for some of the outcomes of interest for both children (i.e., child behavioral problems, posttraumatic stress) and their caregivers (i.e., general stress, posttraumatic stress). There was no significant main effect of treatment on any of the outcomes of interest. ConclusionFuture research should include a randomized controlled trial to adequately determine the efficacy of PCIT versus PCIT with TDI with this population.

Analisis Pengetahuan Masyarakat Tentang Zakat Produktif

So far, productive zakat has not been fully understood correctly by the people of Indonesia, this is because there is not much understanding of productive zakat. This is due to the view of society, especially the Muzakki that zakat fitrah is the most important zakat. In Islam zakat is known as a way of empowering the people with management funds coming from people's funds, productive zakat was born due to the encouragement of the times where technology is moving forward so that the movement of collecting zakat is flexible and covers any space. Productive zakat and consumptive zakat have a big impact on the welfare of the people, but it needs to be emphasized that productive zakat has a greater value for the benefit of mustahik and has the potential to become productive zakat in society. Indonesian government agencies have worked through the efforts of BAZNAS (National Amil Zakat Agency) as amil Zakat and the role of zakat management is not only to support the poor or the needy, but also a non-temporary permanent goal that is the right step. alleviate poverty and can increase Assess the level of poverty by providing productive zakat assistance.

Analisis Pengetahuan Masyarakat Tentang Zakat Produktif

So far, productive zakat has not been fully understood correctly by the people of Indonesia, this is because there is not much understanding of productive zakat. This is due to the view of society, especially the Muzakki that zakat fitrah is the most important zakat. In Islam zakat is known as a way of empowering the people with management funds coming from people's funds, productive zakat was born due to the encouragement of the times where technology is moving forward so that the movement of collecting zakat is flexible and covers any space. Productive zakat and consumptive zakat have a big impact on the welfare of the people, but it needs to be emphasized that productive zakat has a greater value for the benefit of mustahik and has the potential to become productive zakat in society. Indonesian government agencies have worked through the efforts of BAZNAS (National Amil Zakat Agency) as amil Zakat and the role of zakat management is not only to support the poor or the needy, but also a non-temporary permanent goal that is the right step. alleviate poverty and can increase Assess the level of poverty by providing productive zakat assistance.

ЗАКОН ПРО ПРОДОВОЛЬЧУ БЕЗПЕКУ УКРАЇНИ ЯК ЮРИДИЧНА ОСНОВА ПУБЛІЧНОГО АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ У СФЕРІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to justify the need to adopt a specialized law “On Food Security of Ukraine” and define its concept. Methodology. The research methodology consists of: comparative, system-structural, formallogical methods. Their use made it possible to: analyze and determine the current state of regulatory regulation of public administration in the field of ensuring food safety in Ukraine, to investigate the regulation of the specified relations in individual EU member countries (Germany, Austria, Spain), to form a holistic view of the concept of the future law on food safety of Ukraine. Results. The first section of the article defines the current state of regulatory regulation of public relations regarding public administration in the field of food security of Ukraine. It has been established that such normative regulation is not effective, because there is no basic law of Ukraine, which could be the basis for the implementation of the corresponding function of public administration. The second part of the article is devoted to the research of regulatory regulation of public relations in relation to public administration in the field of ensuring food security in certain member states of the European Union, and in particular in: Germany, Austria and Spain. It has been clarified that the central goal of ensuring food safety in these countries and in the European Union as a whole is to ensure the safety of food products for consumers. In addition, it was found that at the level of national legislation in various EU countries there is a basic law or a set of laws that regulate public administration in this area. The third section of the article is devoted to the formation of the concept of the future law on food security of Ukraine. It was emphasized that this law should clearly define the competence and powers of public administration subjects in this area, establish a mechanism for guaranteeing the physical and economic availability of food products for everyone, and lay a legal basis for the interaction of public administration and civil society institutions in the field of ensuring food security of Ukraine. Conclusions. In the conclusions to the article, it is stated that the new law on food security of Ukraine must clearly define the system of permanent goals and objectives of the public administration in the field of ensuring food security of Ukraine, delimit the powers and competence of the subjects of the public administration within this functional direction of their activity, define the mechanism guaranteeing everyone physical and economic availability of food and essential goods, laying the legal basis for the interaction of public administration and civil society institutions in this area.

Interface engineered Ca–Co mixed oxide heterostructures for boosting the aerobic and solvent-free selective oxidation of ethybenzene

Exploration of a high-performance, low-cost and easy-to-prepare solid catalyst is a permanent goal to advance the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons to high-value-added oxygenated products. Herein, we demonstrated for the first time that Ca–Co mixed oxide with abundant strongly interacting heterointerfaces for advanced ethylbenzene oxidation performance under solvent-free conditions and using molecular oxygen as the only oxidant. The interface engineering strategy contributes to the formation of weakened Co–O bonds, enhanced oxygen vacancy concentration and boosted reactivity of lattice oxygen, facilitating the generation of superoxide radical anions for driving the ethylbenzene (EB) oxidation catalysis. In addition, the CaxCoyOz catalyst exhibits good recyclability and high stability. This study provides a paradigm for the rational construction of metal oxides with hybrid interfaces towards a lab as well as a large-scale green oxidation of EB and beyond.

TOURISM RISK AUDIT UNDER THE COVID-19 IMPACT

The aim of the article is to investigate main changing trends of tourism industry development in Ukraine under the impact of COVID crisis, to identify risks that tourism business faced during the crisis and proposed the main vectors of such risk management via the audit procedures implementation to minimize the negative impact on tourism business and country economy in general. The article investigates the main trends and performance of tourism industry development in Ukraine under the impact of COVID crisis. There were analyzed risks tourism business faced during the crisis and proposed the main vectors of such risk management via audit procedures implementation to minimize the impact on tourism business. Business strategy development of tourism under crisis impact requires balanced system of measures to overcome the crisis and become more strange by the help of quality business KPIs analysis and performing stable and permanent business goal updating by the help of audit risk management. There were proposed recommendation how to deal with the crisis business risk implementing audit risk assessment approach for domestic Ukrainian tourism business as well as tourism business in general. During the crisis companies should switch focus on domestic tourism, as foreign visitors stay away due to COVID-19; inbound arrivals decline by 44% to 7.5 million in 2020, while outbound departures decline by 48% to 10 million; recovery will be driven by domestic tourism in the shorter term; inbound arrivals to record a 16% volume CAGR over the forecast period, while outbound departures will record a 19% CAGR. To identify and manage crisis business crisis companies should focus on internal audit as instrument to minimization business losses. It should cover issues of identifying such risks, assessment it in order to estimate business result in case in nearest future company will faced crisis and give recommendation and procedures that should be focused on minimization tourism industry losses as a vital segment of country economy.

Expedient delivery of quinolinone drugs via a traceless N-nitroso enabled oxidative Heck/amidation cascade.

The exploration of green C-H oxidation for the rapid construction of functional molecules, remains a permanent goal in synthetic chemistry. Herein, a traceless N-nitroso enabled oxidative Heck and amidation cascade was realized, leading to quinolinones that feature green oxidation and great functional group tolerance. The expedient construction of quinolinone containing pharmaceuticals including Flucarbril, Clostamide and Aripiprazole was achieved in a concise and environmentally friendly manner.

The Impact of The Management of Zakat, Infaq, and Shadaqah on the Social-Based Program of the Sumedang Sehat based on Social Return on Investment (SROI) (Case Study of BAZNAS Sumedang Regency)

<p><em>Various programs have been presented for the distribution of zakat, donations, and shadaqah </em><em>that have been collected. The purpose of zakat, infaq, and shadaqah</em><em> is not only to help the poor related to</em><em> consumptive things, but it also </em><em>has a permanent goal, that is</em><em> to alleviate poverty. One goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the first of the 17 goals and 169 targets, specifically</em><em> ending poverty in any form and anywhere. In addition, there are still benefits from zakat, donations, and alms for mustahics, including the health sector. The Sumedang Sehat program is a BAZNAS program in the Sumedang Regency in the </em><em>health sector. As one program established and funded by BAZNAS Sumedang District, the Sumedang Sehat program requires evidence of the impact and how much impact it has on the program in order to be transparent about the zakat, infaq, and alms funds that have been distributed. This study aims to calculate the impact of a BAZNAS program, namely the Sumedang Sehat program, using social return on investment (SROI). The results of this study showed an SROI ratio of 51.22:1. Every IDR 1 invested resulted in IDR 51.22, which benefits both economically, socially, and environmentally. This means that the Sume</em><em>dang Sehat program has provided benefits 51.22 times greater than the value of the invested input.</em></p>

Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Reestablish Immune Tolerance and Restore Saliva Secretion in a Sjögren's Syndrome Mouse Model.

As one of the most frequent autoimmune diseases, Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by overactive lymphocytic infiltration in the exocrine glands, with ensuing dry mouth and dry eyes. Unfortunately, so far, there are no appropriate therapies without causing overall immunosuppression. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) were regarded as promising nanoscale materials whose immunomodulatory capabilities have already been verified. Herein, we reveal, for the first time, that tFNAs were utilized to treat SS in female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, the animal model used for SS. We proved a 250 nM tFNA treatment was successful in suppressing inflammation and stimulating saliva secretion in NOD mice. Specialised proteins for the secretory function and structure of acinar cells in submandibular glands (SMGs) were restored. It has been the permanent goal for SS treatment to establish immune tolerance and stop disease development. Surprisingly, tFNA treatment guided T cells toward regulatory T cells (Tregs), while suppressing T helper (Th) cell responses. Th cells include Th1, Th17, and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Tregs are highly significant in immune tolerance. Inducing Tregs is a promising approach to reestablish immune tolerance. Comparable results were also observed in B cell responses. Reductions in the percentage of germinal center (GC) B cells and plasma cells were detected, and a marked increase in the percentage of regulatory B cells (Bregs) was also noticed. The mechanisms of inducing Tregs may associated with cytokine changes. Changes of T cell subsets, especially changes of Tfh, may influence the differentiation of B cells accordingly. Collectively, our results demonstrated the immunomodulatory capacities of tFNAs once again, which may provide a novel, safe, and effective option for the treatment of SS and other autoimmune diseases.

Identifying predictive indicators: The state of Washington foster care home study

A mixed method correlational exploratory pilot was conducted in Washington State to determine items within the home study assessment that could be used as indicators to identify baseline requirements of the assessment and suggest anticipated depth (expansion or reduction) within the required topic(s). The purpose of the home study is to assess the caregiver(s)’ ability to provide a safe home, the quality of care needed by children and an environment that is nurturing, respectful and supportive. The goal of this study is to identify predicative indicators that will assist in the development of a home study that will increase consistency within home studies and decrease timeliness of completion.The use of predictive indicators may have the potential to reduce subjective decision making as well as identify inconsistencies when determining the recommendation of approval or denial of a home study. Additionally, with a carefully designed home study system inclusive of predictive analytics, it is possible to reduce the amount of time an assessor uses to approve or deny a home study, saving agency time and resources. Finally, by using focused technical assistance with those applicants who need more or specific support, the use of predictive indicators may increase the success of timely placement and permanency goals. This mixed method study included a case review of 207 home studies where 19 primary and secondary themes emerged as significant. It lays the ground work for methods used to identify predictive elements within the assessment process. Preliminary results are provided along with further recommendations.

Why Did Marx Declare the Revolution Permanent?

Abstract Why did Marx declare the revolution permanent? A careful examination of the celebrated passages from March 1850 in their immediate rhetorical context shows that he intended to affirm the tactical principles laid down earlier in the Communist Manifesto – as opposed to standard ‘anti-stagist’ interpretations that present the Permanenz locution of 1850 as a break with these principles. Among such principles: keeping eyes firmly fixed on the prize – the permanent final goal of a complete overhaul of society – is essential to maintaining a proper perspective on history’s way-stations, that is, the necessary but subordinate revolutionary tasks and allies; and public declaration of the permanent goal is essential for preserving the independence of the workers’ movement and thus for carrying out the proletariat’s world-historical mission of creating a classless society.

Empatía en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad del Norte, Colombia. Comparación de dos grupos (2012 y 2015)

Introducción. La empatía es un elemento importante en la relación médico-paciente, por lo que la formación en empatía de los estudiantes de medicina debe ser un objetivo permanente de los programas universitarios.Objetivo. Determinar los cambios generados por actividades académicas de formación en empatía en dos grupos de estudiantes de medicina.Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en dos grupos de estudiantes de medicina a los que se les aplicó la versión en español de la escala de empatía médica de Jefferson. El primero se conformó por 426 hombres y 508 mujeres pertenecientes al curso académico de 2015, mientras que el segundo estuvo constituido por 106 hombres y 239 mujeres del curso académico de 2012. Se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y se evaluaron las diferencias entre los años académicos y entre géneros, así como las interacciones entre estos dos factores.Resultados. Aunque en general no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las tres dimensiones evaluadas (p>0.05) para los dos grupos, sí se observaron diferencias en las preguntas 4, 17 y 20, correspondientes a la dimensión Toma de perspectiva, y en la pregunta 6, correspondiente a la dimensión Ponerse en el lugar del otro, ya que los valores fueron mayores (p<0.05) en la cohorte de 2012.Conclusión. Las actividades de formación en empatía establecidas en el plan de estudios del programa de medicina no produjeron cambios significativos, por lo que es necesario evaluar y perfeccionar tanto los contenidos del currículo, como los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje relacionados con la formación en empatía del programa de Medicina de la Universidad del Norte.

La Société de Biologie de Strasbourg : 100 ans au service de la science et de la société

Founded in 1919, the Society of Biology of Strasbourg (SBS) is a learned society whose purpose is the dissemination and promotion of scientific knowledge in biology. Subsidiary of the Society of Biology, the SBS celebrated its Centenary on Wednesday, the 16th of October 2019 on the Strasbourg University campus and at the Strasbourg City Hall. This day allowed retracing the various milestones of the SBS, through its main strengths, its difficulties and its permanent goal to meet scientific and societal challenges. The common thread of this day was the transmission of knowledge related to the past, the present, but also the future. At the start of the 21st century, the SBS must continue to reinvent itself to pursue its objective of transmitting scientific knowledge in biology and beyond. Scientific talks performed by senior scientists and former SBS thesis prizes awardees, a round table, and informal discussions reflected the history and the dynamism of the SBS association. All SBS Centennial participants have set the first milestone for the SBS Bicentennial.

Cost-Efficient Mobile Crowdsensing With Spatial-Temporal Awareness

A cost-efficient deal that can achieve high sensing quality with a low reward is the permanent goal of the requestor in mobile crowdsensing, which heavily depends on the quantity and quality of the workers. However, the spatial diversity and temporal dynamics lead to heterogeneous worker supplies, making it hard for the requestor to utilize a homogeneous pricing strategy to realize a cost-efficient deal from a systematic point of view. Therefore, a cost-efficient deal calls for a cost-efficient pricing strategy, boosting the whole sensing quality with less operation (computation) cost. However, the state-of-the-art studies ignore the dual cost-efficient demands of large-scale sensing tasks. Hence, we propose a combinatorial pinning zero-determinant (ZD) strategy , which empowers the requestor to utilize a single strategy within its feasible range to minimize the total expected utilities of the workers throughout all sensing regions for each time interval, without being affected by the strategies of the workers. Through turning the worker-customized strategy to an interval-customized one, the proposed combinatorial pinning ZD strategy reduces the number of pricing strategies required by the requestor from $O(n^3)$ O ( n 3 ) to $O(n)$ O ( n ) . Besides, it extends the application scenarios of the classical ZD strategy from two-player simultaneous-move games to multiple-heterogeneous-player sequential-move ones, where a leader can determine the linear relationship of the players’ expected utilities. Such an extension enriches the theoretical hierarchy of ZD strategies, broadening their application scope. Extensive simulations based on real-world data verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Державне регулювання у сфері підвищення продуктивності використання ресурсного потенціалу аграрного сектора

Introduction. The agro-industrial sector has a significant impact on the national economy state, so the key task of public policy is to ensure its continued development. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the experience of highly developed countries (such as the USA) in the state regulation field of the productivity of the resource potential use at the agricultural sector to determine the key directions of the domestic agrarian policy development. Results. The possibility of using "green box" levers in domestic agricultural policy has been established aimed at optimizing the use of resource potential. The criteria of belonging of state measures to the "green box" are defined: their influence should not concern the price support of productions, financing is carried out at the expense of government budget programs, and not consumers of agricultural production. Uncertainty of goals and strategy of domestic agrarian reform has been revealed. The main reason for the imperfect development strategy of the domestic agrarian sphere is outlined - the lack of a concept and mechanism for state regulation of the productivity utilization of the resource potential at the agricultural sector enterprises. The low level of attention of the state authorities to the agriculture resource potential is justified. It has been established that the current practice of crop management leads to a deterioration of the soil and climatic conditions. This necessitates the search for new approaches to shaping the resource potential of agricultural enterprises. The unsatisfac-tory condition of fixed assets used in agriculture and their impact on the yield of agricultural products are characterized. The chronology of the state regulation system transformation of productivity of resource potential use in the USA’s agricul-tural sector is considered. The existence of permanent goals of agricultural policy has been established. The main types of US farms are characterized: individual farms, family partnerships and corporations. The American system orientation on strengthening the influence of state regulation in order to provide conditions for efficient use of resource potential is estab-lished. The main shortcomings of the domestic agricultural policy are identified and the directions of its improvement are suggested. Conclusions. Today there is no alternative to active state regulation aimed at the formation, restoration and utiliza-tion of the resource potential of the domestic agrarian sector. In this regard, it is necessary to ensure the optimal structure of market and social leverages on the resource potential. This impact must be comprehensive and continuous in order to achieve the stated goal. Keywords: resource potential, mechanism, agricultural enterprise, productivity, agrarian sector, agrarian policy, strategy, agrarian reform.

The Potential of New Streptomyces Isolates as Biocontrol Agents Against Fusarium Spp

Abstract The excessive use of synthetic pesticides for plant pathogens control could cause possible harmful side-effects to humans and animals, environmental pollution, residual toxicity, affects soil characteristics or induce the development of fungal resistance. Alternative ways for fungal contamination control involve natural products, based on microorganisms, many of them being already available for use. The selection and characterization of new biological agents useful for plant pathogens control are permanent goals for plant protection researches. In the last decade, several studies revealed that Streptomyces species are promising biocontrol agents against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, including Fusarium spp., one of the most important wheat pathogens. In our study, 60 strains of Streptomyces spp. were isolated from soil or compost and evaluated for in vitro antifungal abilities by dual confrontation method. At least 30% of the isolates presented inhibitory activity against F. culmorum and F. graminearum. The bacterial strains were also tested for their ability to produce various bioactive compounds, possible involved in fungal inhibition. The capacity of some of the bacterial isolates to produce cellulases, amylases, lipases and volatile metabolites was proved. In addition, a new screening method for chitinases production was developed, based on the use of a combination of Congo red and Lugol solutions, which allowed the detection of chitinases in several Streptomyces spp. strains. Moreover, the reduction of the level of some Fusarium mycotoxins was detected by HPTLC analysis. As a conclusion, antagonistic interactions between Streptomyces isolates and fusaria could involve antibiosis, competition and parasitism and suggested that at least some of the selected isolates could be used in obtaining biological control products.

Highly sensitive up-conversion optical thermometry based on Yb3+-Er3+ co-doped NaLa(MoO4)2 green phosphors

Pursuing highly sensitive thermometry is a permanent goal in recent scientific research, which can be achieved through Fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique due to its fast response, excellent accuracy, high spatial resolution and tunable size. Herein, highly sensitive micro-thermometers based on FIR of the thermal coupled levels (TCLs) 2H11/2/4S3/2 → 4I15/2 from Er3+ in phosphors NaLa(MoO4)2: Yb3+/Er3+ up-conversion (UC) were developed, which emits dazzling green light with the excitation of 980 nm laser and its UC spectra consisted of intense green bands peaked at 530 and 552 nm and a negligible 658 nm red emission (4F9/2 → 4I15/2), respectively. The maximum absolute sensitivity approached to 0.023 K-1 at 490 K through assessing FIR based on thermo-responsive green emissions. Results suggest the present green-emitting phosphors have great potential to serve as UC thermometers with high and stable sensitivity, which greatly meet the growing demand for sensing applications.

Defining and achieving permanency among older youth in foster care

Permanency is a key child welfare system goal for the children they serve. This study addresses three key research questions: (1) How do older youth in foster care define their personal permanency goals? (2) How much progress have these youth made in achieving their personal permanency goals and other aspects of relational permanency, and how does this vary by gender, race, and age? and (3) What transition-related outcomes are associated with relational permanency achievement? Surveys were conducted with 97 youth between the ages of 14 and 20 currently in care. Over three-fourths of participants had an informal/relational permanency goal; however, only 6.7% had achieved their goal. Of eight additional conceptualizations of relational permanency assessed, the one associated with achievement of the highest number of key transition outcomes was Sense of Family Belonging. The transition outcomes with the most associations with permanency achievement were physical health and mental health. Relational permanency is a highly personal part of the transition process for youth in care, warranting personalized supports to ensure individual youths' goals are being addressed in transition planning. Permanency achievement may also provide a foundation for supporting youth in achieving other key transition outcomes.

Beyond Realism and Moralism: A Defense of Political Minimalism

AbstractWhat is the relationship between morals and politics? What is the relationship between moral philosophy and political philosophy? Defenders of political moralism postulate moral aims or constraints for politics, and hence they see political philosophy as a chapter of moral philosophy. Contrastingly, advocates of political realism describe politics as an independent endeavor aiming at providing order and security, and conceive of political philosophy as an autonomous discipline. This article claims that political moralism and political realism share the mistake of assuming that politics has substantial, permanent goals or constraints. After criticizing political substantialism, the article explains the main ingredients of its alternative, political minimalism: (1) the idea that politics, understood as collective instrumental rationality, aims at providing adequate means for the accomplishment of people's goals, whatever these are; and (2) the conception of the relationship between morality and politics as one of “reciprocal containment.” Finally, it addresses some foreseeable criticisms of political minimalism.