Permanent Disappearance Research Articles

Diurnal versus nocturnal pollination in a subalpine wetland: From network structure to plant reproduction

Diurnal and nocturnal pollinators are fundamental for the functioning of natural ecosystems and food security. However, differences between diurnal and nocturnal pollination networks and the contribution of these pollinators to plant fecundity have not been assessed comprehensively within a community context. In the Dajiuhu subalpine wetland of central China, we supplemented data from an intensive field survey with the analysis of pollen loads carried by diurnal and nocturnal pollinators to compare the structures of diurnal and nocturnal pollination networks using network parameters. Simultaneously, we compared the contribution of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators to plant reproduction of the nine dominant species based on stigma pollen placement. We found that although diurnal and nocturnal pollination networks exhibited a similar structural organisation, the diurnal network displayed greater stability and broader interaction with pollinators and plants compared to the nocturnal network. However, nocturnal pollinator species tended to establish less generalised interactions with the available floral resources. Both diurnal and nocturnal pollinators played a significant role in plant reproduction, and nocturnal pollination can result in greater pollen germination. In terms of stability, the lower redundancy of links within nocturnal networks suggests they may be more vulnerable to the temporary or permanent disappearance of plant resources in the study area. Our findings highlight the differences in the contributions of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators to plant reproduction at the community level, demonstrating that nocturnal pollinators are not redundant in maintaining species diversity in communities. This knowledge should play a pivotal role in preventing future pollination declines and improving pollinator conservation efforts.

Protection of Digital Archives in the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina

One of the basic tasks of every archives, in addition to collecting and making archival records available, is to protect them from damage and loss. Records, regardless of whether they are „traditional“ or digital, are subject to deterioration. Daily careless handling and improper storage conditions contribute to increasing the risk of their permanent disappearance. The author will discuss current experiences of the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina in manipulating digital records, especially in the aspect of preservation and protection, taking into account sharp contrast between historical importance of the fonds that are stored and the outdated and technically insufficient IT equipment which is currently in use.

A Review: Keystone Environmental Problems are the Labyrinth Root causes that Resonate together with Socioeconomic Factors on Igniting Global Conflicts and Warfare


 When mitigating a man-made environmental problem, if it results in the permanent disappearance of one or more other environmental problems, then that mitigated problem can be considered a keystone environmental problem. Based on the aforesaid definition, eight environmental problems have been identified, such as population explosion, air pollution, deforestation, water pollution, scarcity and salination, overexploitation of natural resources, urbanisation (including industrialization, urban sprawl and settlements), intensive farming, and the global energy crisis. It has also been found that there is a significant relationship between these keystone environmental problems and global conflicts. For instance, according to the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), over the last six decades, globally, more than 40% of the internal conflicts have been caused by overexploitation of natural resources, which is a known keystone environmental issue. Thus, the importance of identifying the role of keystone environmental problems in igniting global environmental conflicts and warfare has been widely realised. This study was conducted using qualitative content analysis methodology reveals that labyrinth established by root keystone environmental problems resonates together with socio-economic factors conflagrate global environmental conflicts and warfare, such as Cauvery River conflict between Tamil Nadu and Kerala States in South India, conflict from trespassing fishermen poaching in waters of neighbouring country from both India and Sri Lanka, Environmental Conflict in Northeast India and Bangladesh due to flooding (natural disaster) caused by climate change led to migration, West bank water crisis between Israel and Palestine, Russia’s invasion into Ukraine in 2022, Alto Cenepa war, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) crisis between Ethiopia and Egypt, environmental conflicts in Philippines, conflict for land resources in Ethiopia, environmental conflict in Mexico, environmental conflict in Peru, Northeast India, Pakistan, Israel (Gaza), conflict of Mauritania and Senegal, Israel-Palestine (West bank), Somalia- Ethiopia, El Salvador-Honduras, Conflict between Kenyan tribes, dispute between North and South Sudan, and transboundary air pollution (causing acid rain) issue between the USA and Canada.
 Keywords: environment, environmental problems, environmental conflicts, keystone environmental problems, primary environmental problems, wars

A Case Report of Spontaneous Regression of grade 3 Clear Cell Endometrial Cancer

Spontaneous remission of cancer (SR) is a rare, defined as a complete or partial, temporary, or permanent disappearance of all or at least some relevant parameters of a soundly diagnosed malignant disease without any medical treatment or with treatment that is considered inadequate to produce the resulting regression. We present the case of a 43-year-old woman who initially received a diagnosis of high- grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) on a Pap smear, further examination and MVA (Manual Vacuum Aspiration) curettage biopsy revealing poorly differentiated clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, stage 1a3 and subclinical hypothyroidism. The patient was prescribed thyroid tablet replacement but chose not to pursue any cancer treatment. Following two consecutive MVA curettage procedures, she returned for a hysteroscopic examination and the third MVA curettage biopsy, the histological report indicated the absence of any malignancy. Throughout the course of her illness, the patient underwent a total of ten sessions of MVA endometrial curettage and received thyroid replacement therapy for her subclinical hypothyroidism. Despite our initial reservations, we continue to provide care and support to her throughout whole course of this illness. We demonstrated that a patient's autonomy in refusing medical treatment is a fundamental ethical and legal principle in healthcare. Conclusion: We report the 8 cases of spontaneous remission (SR) in endometrial cancer. Given the infrequent occurrence of such cases, it is imperative to involve in a comprehensive and in-depth discussion.

Investigation into the Interconnected Nature of Environmental Problems and Identifying Keystone Environmental Problems

The study depicts the links between man-made environmental issues based on cause-and-effectrelationships from real-world examples. For instance, man-made climate change is caused primarily bydeforestation, draining of wetlands, intensive farming, and air pollution (greenhouse gas emission).Besides, every anthropogenic environmental problem may cause various other environmental problems,such as air pollution causes ocean acidification, ozone depletion, acid rain, disease, and visual pollution(smog). Similarly, deforestation causes biodiversity loss, land degradation, and human-animal conflict.About 255 links were examined among 40 identified environmental issues. In this web, certain causativeenvironmental problems establish keystone links. Keystone environmental problems were identified fromthe concept map based on the criteria given by the following approach. When mitigating a man-madeenvironmental problem, if it results in the permanent disappearance of one or more man-madeenvironmental problems, then that mitigated problem can be considered a keystone environmentalproblem. To be specific, a complete dependency of the resulting environmental problem/s on the parentenvironmental problem has enabled the parent environmental problem to be considered a keystoneenvironmental problem. This is because if the causative parent issue gets solved, then the resultingoffspring/s cannot exist. Eight man-made environmental problems were found as keystones, such as airpollution, deforestation, population explosion, overexploitation of natural resources, global energy crisis,intensive farming, water pollution-water scarcity, and urbanization (industrialization)-urban sprawlsettlements.
 Keywords: environment, environmental problems, manmade environmental problems, keystoneenvironmental problems, interconnected environmental problems

Consensus of Local Knowledge on landslide Hazard in Depopulated Mountain Communities in Japan – A Case Study on Matsunoyama Village

Rural depopulation in mountain communities is now well acknowledged as one of the salient challenges faced by Japan which made them more susceptible to landslide disasters with intense weather conditions. The degradation of the traditional culture due to the rapid depopulation in mountainous areas leads to the permanent disappearance of the best local knowledge for landslide disasters. This study attempts to investigate the community’s landslide hazard knowledge. The research applied structural questionnaires and informal interviews for data collection. Firstly, the analysis has been conducted for identifying the main components in local knowledge on landslide disasters. Based on the component’s results, the questionnaire was developed to measure awareness on those components within the community. Finally, the cultural consensus modelling was utilized in discovering the cultural truths not in individual responses but the degree of sharing of these responses. The research outcomes suggest how the local knowledge-based practices and the consensus of local knowledge had improved the level of disaster adaptation among the community members. Moreover, the findings revealed the impact of depopulation and aging on the sustainability of the mountain community in a landslide disaster environment.

Freedom of Spirit and Fatality of Embodiment: Intellectual Controversies of Valerian Pidmohyl’ny’s Prose

The article focuses on the analysis of philosophic and existentialist collisions of Valerian Pidmohylny’s prose. He appeared to be the most consistent urbanist in the Ukrainian prose of the 1920s, as in Tretia Revolutsia (The Third Revolution) and Misto (The City) he showed two scenarios of the relationship between representatives of rustic and urban culture. The main theme of the novel is the brutal city occupation, its submission, and desecration. This path of fair revenge is anyway desperate for both winners and losers. The novel encompasses the process of a village-born person’s understanding and adoption of the elitist city culture and the way how a “black-earth” adds to the artistic values creation. In Misto, the factors that provided meaning to the existence were culture, creative work, and writing. However, the characters of Nevelychka Drama (A Little Touch of Drama) appear to be in the situation when the modernist belief in the art’s ability to change the world is lost, when no universal values define people’s behavior, and a moral choice does not agree with any authorities. Another Pidmohylny’s work, Povist bez Nazvy (The Untitled Novel), is one of the few direct fixations of traumatic experience of the early 1930s. Povist bez Nazvy focuses on the final questions of the human existence, when everything built over the foundations of being and cornerstones has lost its meaning and value. The hero of the novel feels like a homeless person, rootless, exhausted, and devastated by unbearable challenges. The last work of Pidmohylny is associated with reflections on the possibilities to escape the epoch and existence, which – recalling a sarcastic complaint of its hero – had better not coincide with the great convulsions of the beginning of the 20th century. Hashish was a temporary escape that ended up in even more catastrophic returning to the cage. Pashchenko, a rational person, took care of a rescue ampoule with poison beforehand – it guaranteed the permanent disappearance. Horodovsky almost tried the variant of a traceless disappearance in the throng, a ceaseless and homeless movement through new paths.

EP08.03-007 Spontaneous Regression in Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report

Spontaneous regression is defined as temporary or permanent disappearance of a tumor without anticancer treatment, which develops after surgery or biopsy for primary and metastatic tumors. We report the case of a 40-year-old woman with a spontaneous regression of metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer who was admitted to our hospital on December 2021.

The Karst Landscapes of Beni Mellal Atlas (Central Morocco): Identification for Promoting Geoconservation and Tourism

AbstractThe Atlas of Beni Mellal is located in the Moroccan central High Atlas, characterized by an important geo-diversity that attracts tourists every year. However, the number of visitors remains limited due to the lack of the promotion means, enhancement and mediation of this heritage. The obtained data indicate that the studied area preserves a great number of karst geosites, such as ruiniform landscapes, caves, poljes, sinkholes, Karren, shaft cave and many remarkable reliefs such as canyons and cliffs. This work concerns the inventory, the quantitative evaluation and the enhancement of the remarkable geomorphosites. The results reveal the presence of 21 sites, including six karst forms; five ruiniform landscapes and one karren form, one enviable panoramic viewpoint and five karst springs, four caves, two travertines, two waterfalls, and one structural relief geosite; canyon, and one tepee structures. However, these sites are not protected against all types of degradation, because the general public does not recognize them. These karst forms are very vulnerable, they cannot reproduce quickly, and their deterioration leads to their permanent disappearance. That is why this heritage must be the object of a particular attention of the whole community. The valorisation of these geomorphologic assets is the proposal of a number of circuits and geo-tourist routes from the perspective of local and integrated development.

Understanding Metabolized Violence: Intimate and Socio-affective Ties of Terror in Basque Writer Edurne Portela’s El eco de los disparos (2016) and Mejor la ausencia (2017)

This essay studies the writing of Basque author Edurne Portela (1974) and its special sensitivity toward the micropolitics of violence. Rejecting Basque society’s immunity to the tragedy of ETA violence, ignoring the call to “turn the page” after ETA’s permanent disarmament (2011) and disappearance (2018), Portela’s fiction betrays Basque and Spanish society’s ignorance and insensitivity toward the ways trauma infiltrates the fabric of societal, familial, and interpersonal relationships. Instead of promoting a lazy and cowardly amnesiac turn for post ETA society, Portela prefers to look straight into the eyes of a community known for turning its back on what philosopher Reyes Mate terms a society’s “deber de memoria” or responsibility to remember. Portela’s fiction, essay, and autobiographical writing do just that. On the one hand, they confront readers with the uncomfortable weight of the traumatic experiences unjustly suffered by members of Basque society, injuries that undermine its democratic fabric; on the other, and even more importantly, Portela looks inward, and her fictional universe begs readers to question how this indifference also mutilates the affective life of characters who either look the other way or find it easy to participate and justify the logic of terror and violence.

Bulk and grain-scale minor sulfur isotope data reveal complexities in the dynamics of Earth’s oxygenation

SignificanceThe permanent disappearance of mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionation (S-MIF) from the sedimentary record has become a widely accepted proxy for atmospheric oxygenation. This framework, however, neglects inheritance from oxidative weathering of pre-existing S-MIF-bearing sedimentary sulfide minerals (i.e., crustal memory), which has recently been invoked to explain apparent discrepancies within the sulfur isotope record. Herein, we demonstrate that such a crustal memory effect does not confound the Carletonville S-isotope record; rather, the pronounced Δ33S values identified within the Rooihoogte Formation represent the youngest known unequivocal oxygen-free photochemical products. Previously observed 33S-enrichments within the succeeding Timeball Hill Formation, however, contrasts with our record, revealing kilometer-scale heterogeneities that highlight significant uncertainties in our understanding of the dynamics of Earth's oxygenation.

Spontaneous regression following endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in lung cancer patients.

Spontaneous regression (SR) is defined as a complete or partial, temporary or permanent disappearance of a tumor without anticancer treatment, which potentially develops after surgery or biopsy for primary and metastatic tumors despite unknown incidence rate. Here, we report the incidence rate of SR after endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial nodal needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in lung cancer patients. Among 96 patients evaluable with chest CT before and after EBUS-TBNA, SR was found in three patients (3.1%). With regards to patient characteristics, two patients had small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and one patient had adenocarcinoma. All patients had stage 3 disease with a bulky N2 stage and a history of smoking. Two patients also had interstitial lung disease. Notably, SR was observed not only at the biopsied site, but also at the non-biopsied site. Our results indicate that SR can develop following EBUS-TBNA in a substantial proportion of lung cancer patients.

Local Awareness and Interpretations of Species Extinction in a Rural Chinese Biodiversity Hotspot

Incorporating local perspectives is fundamental to evidence-based conservation, for both understanding complex socio-ecological systems and implementing appropriate management interventions. How local communities understand extinction, and whether these views affect perceptions of biodiversity loss and the effect of anthropogenic activities, has rarely been evaluated explicitly in conservation projects. To target this data gap, we conducted 185 interviews to assess levels and patterns of understanding about wildlife decline and extinction in rural communities around Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China, a priority conservation site that has experienced recent species losses. Interviewees showed varying awareness of declines and extirpation of local wildlife species. Two-thirds did not consider the permanent disappearance of wildlife to be possible; among those who did, only one-third could comprehend the scientific term “extinction.” Thinking extinction is possible was associated with identifying declined and extirpated species, but not with perceiving locally-driven human activities, such as hunting, as the reason for wildlife loss. The government was seen as the entity most responsible for conservation. Variation found around local perceptions of extinction, its drivers, and conservation responsibility demonstrates that comprehension of key conservation concepts should not be assumed to be homogenous, highlighting the challenge of transposing scientific concepts between different social and cultural settings. Proactively incorporating local perspectives and worldviews, especially by obtaining context-specific baseline understandings, has major implications for other contexts worldwide and should inform conservation planning and management.

The Impact of Climate Change on States

Abstract The increase in sea levels, as a result of climate change in territorial aspect will have a potential impact on two major issues – maritime zones and land territory. The latter goes into the heart of the theory of the state in international law as it requires us to confront the problem of complete and permanent disappearance of a State territory. When studying these processes, one should take into account the fundamental lack of appropriate precedents and analogies in international law, especially in the context of the extinction of the state, which could be used for guidance in this respect. The article analyses sea level rise impact on baselines and agreed maritime boundaries (in particular taking into account fundamental change of circumstances rule). Furthermore, the issue of submergence of the entire territory of a State is discussed taking into account the presumption of statehood, past examples of extinction of states and the importance of recognition in this respect.

The Funtana Morimenta Ichnosite (Sardinia, Italy): a Potential Geotourist Attraction

The late Middle Pleistocene ichnosite of Funtana Morimenta (Gonnesa, Italy) provides a relevant scientific and didactic interest. In this site, tracks of megacerine deer and dwarf mammoths of the Ice Age are well-preserved and visible in situ. The geosite has also historic importance, and it has been mentioned since the beginning of the nineteenth century for the sedimentological features and its palaeontological content. For these reasons, the Funtana Morimenta ichnosite would represent an efficient tool for developing educational goals, such as teaching activities or field trips. Unfortunately, in the last years, it has shown significant deterioration because its sedimentological features (poorly cemented aeolian sandstone) made it susceptible to weathering. For this site to be available for future generations, great attention should be posed to its safeguard and avoid the permanent disappearance of what is currently a full-fledged natural and scientific resource. The conservation actions herein proposed will provide several benefits: they are meant to (i) valorize the aeolian deposits and the visible ichnofossils; (ii) show visitors, tourists, or students the geo-palaeontological richness of the territory; (iii) encourage tourists to explore the other numerous geosites spread in the island of Sardinia; and (iv) allow private entrepreneurs or local public administrations to develop economic opportunities.

The spiritual in ssial thought and Taejonggyo

ABSTRACT The prevailing view on the genesis and development of ssial (seed) thought is that it has only Christian roots. In this essay, presenting a contrary view, I argue that Ryu’s ssial thought shared common features with Taejonggyo (the Religion of the Divine Progenitor), with the latter serving as another root source for the thought of Ryu Yŏng-mo (1890–1981), founder of ssial thought, along with Christianity. Ssial refers to the everlasting and permanent life within humans. It is generally accepted that Ryu, as a Christian thinker, in his interpretation of Samilsin’go (Teachings of the Trinitarian God), one of Taejonggyo scriptures, understood the immanence of ssial and construed it as abiding not only in the realm of the divine as a real ego of humanity, but also in the myriad things of the universe. Taejonggyo embraces a worldview of immanence in which there is no unconnected life form or permanent disappearance, and it is closely related to Daoist thought.

Permanent disappearance and seasonal fluctuation of urban lake area in Wuhan, China monitored with long time series remotely sensed images from 1987 to 2016

ABSTRACTLakes are important to the healthy functioning of the urban ecosystem. The urban lakes in Wuhan, China, which is known as ‘city of hundreds of lakes’, are facing substantial threats mainly due to rapid urbanization. This paper focused on detecting the spatial and temporal change of urban lakes in Wuhan, using a long time series of Landsat and HJ-1A remotely sensed data from 1987 to 2016. The permanent disappearance and seasonal fluctuation of 28 main urban lakes were analysed, and their relationships with climatic change and human activities were discussed. The results show that most lakes in Wuhan had shrunk over the past 30 years resulting in a permanent change from water to land. The shrinkage was also most apparent in the central region of the city. Seasonal fluctuations of lake area were evident for most lakes but the relative important driving variable of lake area change varied between sub-periods of time for different lakes. The explanatory power of impervious surface to five-year permanent water change is 91.75%, suggesting that urbanization – as increasing impervious surface – had led to the shrinkage of urban lakes in Wuhan. In all, 128.28 km2 five-year permanent water disappeared from 1987 to 2016.

Complete brood failure in an altricial bird is almost always associated with the sudden and permanent disappearance of a parent

A central goal in evolutionary ecology is to identify factors that explain variation in reproductive success, i.e. in the number of offspring produced. In altricial birds, a substantial part of this variation is determined by the number of nestlings that die before fledging, but surprisingly little is known about the proximate causes of offspring mortality during the nestling period. We used a uniquely comprehensive dataset of parental nestbox visits from seven breeding seasons to investigate the association between parental behaviour and nestling mortality in a population of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). In almost all nests that suffered complete brood mortality one of the parents had suddenly disappeared during the nestling stage. In contrast, parental disappearance in nests with partial brood mortality was rare and equally common as in nests with no brood loss. With few exceptions, parents that disappeared during the nestling stage were never observed again and never returned to breed. In contrast, parents that remained after their partner disappeared were equally likely to be observed again or return to breed as parents of nests where both parents stayed. Visit rates at nests where a parent would disappear did not differ from those at nests where both parents stayed. Taken together, our results show that - in contrast to partial brood failure - complete brood failure is almost always associated with the sudden and permanent disappearance of one of the parents, probably due to predation. Partial and complete brood mortality should be treated as distinct processes that have different underlying causes.

The effect of offset cues on saccade programming and covert attention.

Salient peripheral events trigger fast, “exogenous” covert orienting. The influential premotor theory of attention argues that covert orienting of attention depends upon planned but unexecuted eye-movements. One problem with this theory is that salient peripheral events, such as offsets, appear to summon attention when used to measure covert attention (e.g., the Posner cueing task) but appear not to elicit oculomotor preparation in tasks that require overt orienting (e.g., the remote distractor paradigm). Here, we examined the effects of peripheral offsets on covert attention and saccade preparation. Experiment 1 suggested that transient offsets summoned attention in a manual detection task without triggering motor preparation planning in a saccadic localisation task, although there were a high proportion of saccadic capture errors on “no-target” trials, where a cue was presented but no target appeared. In Experiment 2, “no-target” trials were removed. Here, transient offsets produced both attentional facilitation and faster saccadic responses on valid cue trials. A third experiment showed that the permanent disappearance of an object also elicited attentional facilitation and faster saccadic reaction times. These experiments demonstrate that offsets trigger both saccade programming and covert attentional orienting, consistent with the idea that exogenous, covert orienting is tightly coupled with oculomotor activation. The finding that no-go trials attenuates oculomotor priming effects offers a way to reconcile the current findings with previous claims of a dissociation between covert attention and oculomotor control in paradigms that utilise a high proportion of catch trials.

A Comparative Study of the Eruptive and Non-eruptive Flares Produced by the Largest Active Region of Solar Cycle 24

We investigate the morphological and magnetic characteristics of solar active region (AR) NOAA 12192. AR 12192 was the largest region of Solar Cycle 24; it underwent noticeable growth and produced 6 X-class flares, 22 M-class flares, and 53 C-class flares in the course of its disc passage. However, the most peculiar fact of this AR is that it was associated with only one CME in spite of producing several X-class flares. In this work, we carry out a comparative study between the eruptive and non-eruptive flares produced by AR 12192. We find that the magnitude of abrupt and permanent changes in the horizontal magnetic field and Lorentz force are significantly smaller in the case of the confined flares compared to the eruptive one. We present the areal evolution of AR 12192 during its disc passage. We find the flare-related morphological changes to be weaker during the confined flares, whereas the eruptive flare exhibits a rapid and permanent disappearance of penumbral area away from the magnetic neutral line after the flare. Furthermore, from the extrapolated nonlinear force-free magnetic field, we examine the overlying coronal magnetic environment over the eruptive and non-eruptive zones of the AR. We find that the critical decay index for the onset of torus instability was achieved at a lower height over the eruptive flaring region, than for the non-eruptive core area. These results suggest that the decay rate of the gradient of overlying magnetic field strength may play a decisive role to determine the CME productivity of the AR. In addition, the magnitude of changes in the flare-related magnetic characteristics are found to be well correlated with the nature of solar eruptions.