Permanent Institution Research Articles

Institutionalization Process: what changes in the life of the elder?

Esta é uma reflexão que tem como objetivo compreender as mudanças que o processo de institucionalização provoca na vida da pessoa idosa e identificar o papel da família e do Estado em relação ao cuidado do idoso em contexto de ILPI. O envelhecimento populacional no Brasil está crescendo, e em uma conjuntura de transformações sociais, econômicas, culturais, no sistema de valores e de novos arranjos familiares. A procura por ILPI’s, diante da perspectiva demográfica e social, está aumentando, e representa uma nova alternativa de moradia para a pessoa idosa. Destaca-se que um dos fatores que culminam na institucionalização da pessoa idosa é a redução da rede de apoio social durante o envelhecimento. No cotidiano das pessoas idosas institucionalizadas, as ILPI’s devem desenvolver atividades que possibilitem à pessoa idosa trocas de saberes e experiências.

The Illusion and the Reality of Chinese Budget Reforms: Does Budgeting Influence Corruption Perception?

Anti-corruption campaigns have been part of Chinese governance for decades. In the late 1990s, the government began to transform its anti-corruption efforts into a permanent institution, and the effect on corruption control caused by budget reforms started to emerge. Some studies have discussed and explained how the transformation of government's financial structure and performance would reduce rent-seeking motives and control corruption at the provincial and central level. Whether those financial changes could also affect corruption perception at the individual level still needs to be verified. This study uses Chinese data (2010–2012) from the third wave of the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS) to explore how objective performance achieved by budget reforms affects subjective corruption perception. It also examines the citizen empowerment effect and its interaction effect with financial variables on corruption perception. The conclusion suggests that budgeting has a larger influence on the corruption perception of local government than on the corruption perception of central government. As budget transparency and audit have improved, local government should be perceived as less corrupt. Furthermore, budget transparency will gradually develop a new and different means for the public to supervise local government activities rather than through a formal political process like an election. Those citizens with low citizen empowerment will get more information from budgeting disclosures and may not think the government is corrupt. In addition, the budget deficit has non-linear effects on the corruption perceptions of both the local and the central governments.

TINJAUAN KONSTITUSIONAL TERHADAP PENYELENGGARAAN PILKADA DALAM NEGARA DEMOKRASI INDONESIA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NO. 8 TAHUN 2015 TENTANG PEMILIHAN GUBERNUR BUPATI DAN WALIKOTA

Constitution or the basic state is basically a framework for organized political society and by the law establishes arrangements regarding permanent institutions, the function of scientific equipment are certain rights that have been set. And, as a set of organizing principles of power broadly. That power is reflected in the conduct of democratic elections were held in both central and regional levels. This research was conducted with qualitative research based on secondary data. This study shows constitutional review of the implementation of the elections in Indonesia are in accordance with the law No. 8 in 2015 about the election, strengths and weaknesses in the implementation of the election has not been done efficiently but are carried out in a democratic and constitutional.Keywords: Constitution, The elections, Democration

Autos-da-fé: The Roles of a Saint in Spanish Sicily

Autos-da-fé: The Roles of a Saint in Spanish Sicily

The United States Botanic Garden in Washington, DC

The United States Botanic Garden (USBG) was initially established in 1820, though a tumultuous beginning did not allow it to become a permanent institution until 1850. Nevertheless, it is one of the oldest botanic gardens in North America and one of the most visited. This article provides a brief history of the USBG and an overview of its operations and collections. With its centrallocation in a major US metropolitan region and free entry to visitors, the USBG has a strong focus on visitor services, experience and education. Approaching its 200th year, the Garden is well poised to play a leading role in exciting the American public about the importance of plants to humankind.

Des aumôniers tolérés à la desservance généralisée 1920-1940

To study the evolution of the organization of the chaplaincy in the Navy in the Interwar period allows knowing better the application of the secularism in the armies. This paper delves into the point of view of the military executives, in service or not, on one hand, and that of the religious and governmental persons in charge on the other hand. The system of the temporary chaplains organized from 1914 continued in fact until 1921. The Catholic Church gave a structure to its clergymen serving with the Navy in February 1918, but only in 1936 was promulgated a text planning a chaplaincy in case of mobilization, without planning to establish a permanent and centralized presence in peacetime. Official recognition (and funding) came slowly, in spite of the support of catholic flag officers and members of Parliament. It was a political question : temporary chaplaincies were created under the conservative’s government, without overall plan, following opportunities and needs, but none under the Leftist Coalition.In the 1930s, the clergymen were not yet officially chaplains, but they made their return in numbers in the Navy’s ships and bases. Only before World War Two was admitted the legitimacy of a permanent institution, paid by the State in peacetime, and made up of clergymen of all faiths endowed with an identical status.

Monitoramento de indicadores de saúde em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos

This study aimed to present health indicators that identify problems related to elders who reside in Long Permanence Institutions for the Elderly (Brazilian acronym ILPI). It consists of a descriptive and longitudinal study conducted in collaboration with the Sanitary Surveillance (Brazilian acronym VISA) and the ILPI of Natal city. The study included reports sent by the institutions to the Sanitary Surveillance between 2013 and 2014. The population in the study was composed by 16 ILPI registered by VISA. Data were collected between June and August 2015. As for the indicators, it was observed that ILPI presented, in 2013 and 2014, respectively, a high mortality rate (3.9%; 11%), and high rates of incidence of diarrhea (5.8%; 24,5%), of dehydration (3,9%; 23,6%), of decubitus ulcer (2.6%; 21.6%), and of malnutrition (11%; 27.3%) over the total of institutionalized elders. When it comes to falls, only few institutions notified them; this fact undermines the monitoring of one of the most prevalent problems inside the institutional environment. All these efforts may contribute to implementing measures that favor the improvement of care of the institutionalized elders, as joint activities between health promotion, and prevention of health problems may be arranged and executed.

Prosecuting ISIS at the ICC

ISIS began as a fledgling group in United States military jails following the second Iraq war. It came onto the world stage in 2014 when it overwhelmed ill-equipped American trained Iraqi forces. Since its ascendency the group has been responsible for killing and uprooting thousands of Yazidis and Shi’a Muslims. The group consists of an unusual coupling of religious extremists recruited from the Arab and European States and ex-Ba’athist military and political officials. It has committed its atrocities with relative impunity, posting videos of gruesome killings online and documenting its reign of terror in print media and on the Internet. Part of the reason the world community has been unable to punish ISIS officials and hinder its efforts is that there does not exist any legal mechanism by which to arrest and prosecute ISIS members.The International Criminal Court currently stands as the one permanent international legal institution endowed with the ability to prosecute for individual criminal liability. Contrary to the Prosecutor’s April 8, 2015 statement that the Court does not have territorial and personal jurisdiction to prosecute ISIS officials, I argue in this paper that there exists the ability within the ICC’s jurisdictional framework to prosecute ISIS if the Court adopts an expansive approach to jurisdiction that aggregates evidence from attacks taking place on the territory of both State and non-State Parties. This approach is permissible when considering attacks that occur within the context of the same ongoing conflict and perpetrated by the same organization, in this case ISIS. I employ both procedural and textual justifications to support my contention that the ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute ISIS. Procedurally, the progressive prosecutorial process that begins with a referral then preliminary examination leading to a formal investigation and then subsequently to an arrest warrant becomes more focused and precise at each step. I term this the “Funnel Approach.” Textually, the Rome Statute drafters included open-ended provisions related to admissibility requirements, such as the ‘gravity’ threshold. I argue the ‘gravity’ threshold allows evidentiary admissibility outside the traditional notions of territorial jurisdiction in Article 11. The subsequent ability to aggregate relevant evidence from ISIS attacks on both State and non-State Party territories would reach the requisite ‘gravity’ threshold whereas considering the disparate and tangential attacks only on State Party territories may not reach the threshold. Expanding the consideration of attacks in non-State Party territories (e.g. Iraq and Syria) and combining that information with attacks on State Party territories (e.g. Belgium or France) when those attacks are committed pursuant to an organizational policy by the same organization in the midst of the same conflict (in this case, ISIS’s continued campaign of solidifying its ‘caliphate’) would subject all ISIS members, including leadership and subordinates — irrespective of nationality or residence — to the ICC’s jurisdiction. After outlining my expansive jurisdiction argument I tackle possible criticisms, namely that expanding ICC jurisdiction impinges on State sovereignty, obviates judicial neutrality and injects uncertainty into the jurisdictional analyses.

The Nile Basin Initiative and the Cooperative Framework Agreement: Failing Institutional Enterprises?

Nearly two decades since its inception, the Transitional Mechanism of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) has been credited for fulfilling several components of its institutional undertaking – building an atmosphere of trust and dialogue among riparian states. Yet, the negotiations pursued under the auspices of the NBI failed to realize the organization’s most fundamental commission: establishing a permanent legal framework and institution ‘acceptable’ to all states across the basin. The diplomatic enterprise leading to the adoption of the Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework was beset by multifaceted challenges. I argue that in spite of the unparalleled heights in cooperative dialogues that were largely depicted as a ‘political triumph’ from upstream perspective, the legal and hydro–political discourse leading to the CFA’s final framing failed to mollify the ‘expectations’ of two key stake–holding states: Egypt and Sudan. This preordained an existential threat to the institutional future of the NBI itself and the noble objectives it sought to realize. All the same, the organizational predicament in the basin also evinced that the Nile riparian states have little choice but to revive the ‘dwindling’ momentum and ensure that the NBI’s undertaking is concluded in an ‘inclusive’ and ‘equitable’ manner. Else, the study submits, the alternative would not only present a bleak future from the point of view of cooperation and optimum development of the Nile resources, over the long range, it also stifles the basin states’ enduring riverine interests.

ANALISIS KRITIS UU NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2006 TENTANG DEWAN PERTIMBANGAN PRESIDEN

President as the state organizer can establish a state institution which can give the president advice, although the institution is not in the state government. The amendment of Constitution of 1945 has eliminated Supreme Advisory Council, which was the permanent state institution. In the state governance practice there is Presidential Advisory Council. This institution is not set in the Constitution of 1945 (called as non-permanent state institution). The existence of this institution become problematic. It is due to the fact that non-permanent institution is the same as the permanent one.

Comparação da funcionalidade de idosos residentes em duas modalidades institucionais

Objetivou-se comparar a prevalência e os fatores associados à incapacidade funcional para ABVD em idosos residentes em duas modalidades institucionais. Estudo transversal com 159 idosos de instituições de longa permanência, sendo 84 residentes em Casas Lares e 75 em Abrigos de Permanência Integral. A incapacidade funcional (IF) foi avaliada pelo Índice de Katz. As associações foram investigadas pelo Teste do χ2 ou Exato de Fischer. A prevalência de IF nas Casas Lares foi 16,7% (IC95%:8,0-28,8) e nos Abrigos de Permanência Integral 56,0% (IC95%44,2-68). Nas duas instituições prevaleceram hipertensão arterial e catarata. Nas Casas Lares, observou-se associação entre IF e idade >80 anos e relato de doenças osteomusculares. A depressão foi estatisticamente significante em ambas instituições. As ABVD mais comprometidas foram manter continência, vestir-se e banhar-se. Os achados demonstram a necessidade de intervenções junto aos idosos institucionalizados, principalmente moradores em instituições de modalidade permanência integral, com foco no controle da depressão.

Institutions as the forces stabilizing state. Contemporary look at Arnold Gehlen's theory of institutions

Gehlen's theory of institutions shows how thinking about the further prospect of human activities can create the base for constructing institutions. Strong and stable institutions provide social support to the activities of individuals. A man without institution is not able to arouse the motivation for action-oriented ideal. What's more man without the institutions does not know who he is. People needs mediation to understand themselves and that can be provided by the institutions. The necessity of institutions is shown by presenting the chaos that can destroyed lives when they are weakened or liquidated. Gehlen's thesis is clear - without a permanent institutions and without preserving tradition - a true and stable state order is not possible. When system developed for generations stops working, individuals begin to behave in a selfish way, follow only by personal pleasure and potential profit. Nowadays, when state became the subject of an attack by society, the question arises: is it able to become one more time a guard of social order and the embodiment of political virtues? Gehlen's theory of institutions can provide a starting point for discussion of changes that need to be taken to restore the real possibility of political order in the country.

Light-induced cracking and abrasion of inkjet prints: Damage and mitigation

This study is part of a larger research project at the Image Permanence Institute dedicated to digital print preservation issues – the Digital Print Preservation Portal (DP3). Previous DP3 studies determined that certain digital print types are prone to cracking and/or abrasion, and that factors such as low relative humidity, pollutants, and light increase the brittleness of the ink-receiving layer of some inkjet papers. The purpose of this investigation was to explore if light also increases the propensity of inkjet prints to abrade, and to examine the potential of framing glazings to mitigate light-induced physical damage (cracking and abrasion) by attenuating some portion of the UV spectrum. Inkjet papers and prints were subjected to xenon lighting (to simulate daylight through window glass) without glazing, or in sealed framing packages with plain framing glass (soda-lime) or UV filtering glass. Before and after light exposure, brittleness, and abrasion resistance were evaluated independently using two tests: ISO 18907 (Imaging materials – Photographic films and papers – Wedge test for brittleness) and a rub test utilizing a Sutherland® Rub Tester. In this study, exposure to light increased the cracking and/or abrasion tendency of some specimens. The use of UV filtering glass reduced this light-induced propensity in all cases. Plain glass protected all samples from at least one of these two types of surface damage, but was less effective than UV glass. Light-induced brittleness and sensitivity to abrasion were mostly, though not exclusively, caused by UV radiation. It was also seen that some prints may become brittle and/or prone to abrasion in the absence of image fade. Budgeting the amount of light these objects can be exposed to, protecting them from UV radiation, and handling prints with caution especially after exhibition, is essential in order to limit physical damage.

Central Bank Currency Swaps and Their Implications to the International Financial Reform

Since the outbreak of the global financial crisis, a series of currency swap arrangements among central banks have been reached, and many short-term ad hoc mechanisms have been later transformed into permanent institutions, with the decentralized role of the USD and increasing significance of other currencies. It is important to note, however, that currency swaps by Western countries are generally not intended to reform but to maintain stability of the U.S.-dominated international financial system and the USD hegemony. The comprehensive currency swap arrangements made among six major developed economies since the financial crisis exemplify their resistance to the international financial reform. Meanwhile, developing countries have also laid out their own blueprints, highlighted by China’s currency swap arrangements with 33 foreign central banks and the accelerating RMB internationalization. The currency swaps promoted by the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) between the RMB and other currencies would inject supplementary liquidity to a turbulent market and offset impact from the selective currency swaps of the U.S. Federal Reserve, thus proving beneficial to developing countries. While such currency swaps are far from replacing the IMF’s role in stabilizing the global financial market, they are posing both challenges and new opportunities to the reform of the international financial system.

Role of Microfinance Institutions in the Development of Entrepreneurs

Microfinance is the provision that provides access to various financial services such as credit, savings, micro insurance, remittances, leasing to low-income clients including consumers and the self-employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. Its main objective is to provide a permanent access to appropriate financial services including insurance, savings, and fund transfer. Micro finance becomes more widely accepted and moves into main stream, the supply of services to poor may also increase, improving the efficiency and outreach while lowering the costs. Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Funding for start-ups Microfinance, Self Employed, Local Permanent Institutions

An Experimental Analysis of the Bioharmological Properties of Polyclinics at Hospitals in August

This is an experimental study that explores the bioharmological properties of outpatient clinics at hospitals. Hospitals, in broad terms, are one of the institutions with the most complex structures. To ensure user satisfaction, it is highly important to indicate the bioharmological properties of polyclinics. The research sample includes hospitals in Elazig and uses the results of measurements for the parameters of CO, CO 2 and O 2 , ambient temperature, light, relative humidity, noise, dust content and electromagnetic field. The results of the Image Permanence Institute (IPI) and Bioharmological Conformity Assessment (BCA) metrics are valid for the month of August. This study found that these outpatient clinics do not satisfy the criteria of auditory, visual and seasonal perception analyses.

Theoretical Aspects of Analysis of International Environmental Security

Abstract: International environmental security is a very hot contemporary issue of world politics, which in a large part defines the future of our environment. Dealing with this issue is of outmost importance since its failure will render all other issues and challenges as negligible. The article examines the theoretical aspects of solving the problem of environmental security. In particular, it analyzes the problem of negative social externalities, and the related concept of "tragedy of the commons." These problems create a fundamental obstacle to the implementation of environmental security at the global level. Traditionally, the problem of externalities in the environmental field have been approached economically, states and their manufacturers were to pay for the externalities in the form of additional taxes. However, experience shows that the economic tools of dealing with environmental security are not effective. The author suggests alternative non-economic approaches: strengthening and developing the system of permanent institutions of international negotiations on environmental security and promotion of environmental awareness. Solving the acute environmental problems is impossible without a change of the political philosophy of the ruling elites in most states.

Beyond Braille on Toilet Doors: Museum Curators and Audiences with Vision Impairment

Beyond Braille on Toilet Doors: Museum Curators and Audiences with Vision Impairment

The impact of international criminal law and the ICC on national constitutional arrangements

AbstractInternational criminal law (ICL) developed in large part from international humanitarian law during the mid-to-late twentieth century. The International Criminal Court (ICC), a permanent institution to investigate and prosecute ICL cases finally was established in 2002. Although widely supported, certain states feared that the ICC would diminish national sovereignty. Yet, in formal legal terms, ICL and the ICC’s Rome Statute are just like other branches of public international law in terms of their relationship with national constitutional arrangements. ICL does not challenge states’ primary executive and judicial powers; it does not introduce any general rights for citizens or particularly onerous obligations for states that are already subject to the rule of law; and its intrusion on national sovereignty is only in evidence when a state’s leaders either are responsible for atrocities or are incapable of protecting their citizens from such atrocities. ICL thus is very different from international human rights law (IHRL), which directly impacts national constitutional arrangements. When ICL does come into play, however, arguably it may perform quasi-constitutional functions, in particular offering the only means under public international law to remove state officials from office when they are believed responsible for the most harmful abuses of power.

Commodifying Global Justice: Economies of Accountability at the International Criminal Court

The field of international criminal law operates on multiple overlapping registers, including the ideological, the economic and the political. As part of a symposium exploring the claim that international criminal law constitutes a form of ‘global justice’, this article takes up the relationship between the political interests and material conditions of possibility that inform and sustain the work of the International Criminal Court (ICC). As the field’s sole permanent institution, the ICC relies upon annual funding from its member states, producing a shareholder economy that draws upon managerial logics and reflects the interests of its constituency. This article considers the implications of regarding states as ‘shareholders’ of global justice, as well as the effects of the ICC’s ethos of austerity at the level of practice. It argues that international criminal law risks diminishing its value as a public good through turning to the logics of the private realm.