Perm Krai Research Articles

Features of continuous training of teachers of mathematics in the conditions of the digital transformation of education

The article describes the experience of implementing lifelong pedagogical education and suggests the characteristics of the training features of future mathematics teachers at the Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, as well as teachers of the Perm Krai using the information and educational environment in the context of the digital transformation of education. Based on the ideas of the psychological and pedagogical concept related to the description of the creation of conditions for the gradual deepening and expansion of knowledge, skills and abilities of the future teacher in the direction of professionalization, special attention is paid to the founding of the participants in the educational process of the ability to work in a digital environment. The stages of founding such a skill are illustrated by examples of projects completed by students at certain stages of university education. As one of the examples, the structure of a digital teacher’s room, implemented in one of the schools in the city of Perm, is given. In general, the presented content allows us to state that the advantage of the ideas of translating into practice the continuous training of mathematics teachers in the context of the digital transformation of education, noted by the features described by the authors, is their multiplicativity, which implies the possibility of implementation in any region of Russia and in neighboring countries, as well as replication not only in the educational sphere, but also in other areas of human activity. The article can be useful both for students enrolled in the direction of “Pedagogical education” and for specialists in the field of teaching staff training.

AN APPROACH TO ESTIMATING THE RATE OF ORGANIC DEPOSIT FORMATION IN A HOLLOW ROD STRING AND SELECTION OF METHODS FOR DEPOSIT PREVENTION

Background. There is currently a lack of a methodology that can enable highly-precise determinations of rates of asphaltene deposit (AD) formations in case of dual operation of two oil reservoirs via a single multi-zone oil-producing well using small-bore hollow rods as part of downhole pumping equipment. This methodology aims to minimize the costs of oil and gas companies for servicing such oil wells and preventing their failure. Aims. Creating a methodology aimed at accurate quantitative estimations of the organic deposit formation rates at the inner part of the hollow rod strings. Methods. Calculations of temperature distributions along the hollow rod string inner surface; graphic presentations of the calculated data; laboratory tests using a Cold Finger unit for the selected sections of the hollow rod strings and the graphic presentations of the results. Results and Discussion. The suggested algorithm was field-tested at a target multi-zone oil-producing well of Pavlovka oil field in Perm Krai of the Russian Federation. Using the suggested algorithm, a variation in organic deposit formation rates along the hollow rod string length was evaluated, and the depth of the maximum deposit formation rate was determined. To prevent the deposits in question along the hollow rod string at a target oil-producing well of Pavlovka oil field, laboratory tests were conducted to determine the efficiency of employing the chemical technology, i.e., the use of AD inhibitors, as well as a technology for the removal of the formed deposits using AD solvents. Conclusions. The proposed algorithm is more accurate and requires less time and money compared to existing algorithms. It enables the most effective evaluation of the formation depth of the organic deposits and the intensity at these marks. When evaluating the laboratory studies results, it can be noted that the use of the considered technologies to eliminate organic deposits is highly effective and can be used for this purpose.

Physiological response of the moderately halophilic psychrotolerant strain Chromohalobacter sp. N1 to salinity change and low temperature.

The available information on de novo synthesized compatible solutes in response to high medium salinity by bacteria of the Chromohalobacter genus is limited to studies of the mesophilic moderately halophilic strain Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043T. Therefore, there is a need for studies of representatives of other species of the Chromohalobacter genus of the Halomonadaceae family. A moderately halophilic psychrotolerant bacterium, strain N1, closely related to the species Chromohalobacter japonicus was isolated from the salt crust of a rock salt waste pile in Berezniki, Perm Krai, Russia. An intracellular pool of compatible solutes of strain N1 was investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Cells grown in the presence of 5% NaCl at optimal growth temperature (28°C) accumulated ectoine, glutamate, N(4)-acetyl-l-2,4-diaminobutyrate (NADA), alanine, trehalose, hydroxyectoine, and valine. Such a combination of compatible solutes is unique and distinguishes the strain from C.salexigens DSM3043T. Hyperosmotic stress induced by 15% NaCl caused the accumulation of ectoine, NADA, and hydroxyectoine but led to a decrease in the amount of alanine, valine, and trehalose. The intracellular pool of glutamate was not significantly changed. A reduction of the growth temperature from 28 to 5°C led to an increase in the amount of ectoine, NADA, trehalose, and hydroxyectoine. Ectoine was the major compatible solute.

Predicting the Effectiveness of Hydrochloric Acid Treatment in an Oil Field Using the Calculation of Changes in the Skin Factor and Hydrodynamic Modeling

The article provides an effectiveness assessment of the designed hydrochloric acid treatment at one of the wells of the Western field (Perm Krai). Efficiency was predicted with hydrodynamic modeling of measures to intensify the influx of oil based on a preliminary calculation of the change in the skin factor. Daccord and Lenormand’s experiments were used as the basis for improving the state of the bottomhole zone. These studies allow us to calculate the decrease in filtration resistance in the near-wellbore zone of the considered well formation. The calculation took into account key factors that affect the effectiveness of hydrochloric acid treatment. Using a hydrodynamic simulator, the procedure to stimulate oil production in the studied field is designed. Based on simulation calculations, an analysis of additional oil production was carried out in comparison with the base case for 10 years of operation of this development object. The methodology used in this work will allow oil companies to more reasonably approach the design of hydrochloric acid treatments, and also take into account key factors to find optimal solutions in order to maximize the effectiveness of measures.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLID DOSAGE FORM WITH ADSORPTION ACTIVITY

Enterosorbents are produced in various dosage forms – powders, tablets, pastes, etc., some of them are also manufactured in the form of capsules. A water-soluble polysaccharide complex (WSPC) manifesting a pronounced adsorption activity, which determines the prospects for the development of dosage forms of sorbents, was obtained from the cones of European Spruce (Picea abies).The aim of the work is to develop a solid dosage form with an adsorption activity based on a water-soluble polysaccharide complex from the cones of European Spruce (Picea abies).Materials and methods. The samples of European Spruce (Picea abies) cones were collected on the territory of Ilyinsky district of the Perm Krai and used as plant raw materials. A water-soluble polysaccharide complex was obtained from the raw materials. In order to improve the technological properties of the substance, (WSPC) granulates were obtained. The granulates were hand-made by wet granulation. The adsorption activity of the obtained granules was determined by the ability to bind methylene blue.Results. As a result of the experiment it has been established, that the WSPC substance of European Spruce (Picea abies) cones needs to be improved in its technological properties. Granulation of the substance led to an improvement in technological properties and an increase in the adsorption activity in most of the selected compositions. It has also been shown that increased moisture content of granulate decreases its adsorption activity. A direct dependence of the adsorption activity on the concentration of the granulating liquid (with the exception of some granulates) has been revealed, but no significant effect of the size of the granulate particles on the manifestation of the adsorption effect has been reported. According to the results of the study, a dosage form “Capsules” has been proposed for the compositions that showed the best results of the adsorption activity, and their biopharmaceutical evaluation was carried out according to the disintegration test.Conclusion. Thus, a solid dosage form with an adsorption activity has been obtained. The study shows the prospects for further research on the preparation of the drug with an adsorption activity based on the water-soluble polysaccharide complex of European Spruce (Picea abies) cones.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФОРМ МИГРАЦИИ МЕТАЛЛОВ В РЕКАХ, ПОДВЕРЖЕННЫХ ВЛИЯНИЮ ШАХТНЫХ ВОД КИЗЕЛОВСКОГО УГОЛЬНОГО БАССЕЙНА

Актуальность. Техногенному воздействию кислых шахтных вод подвержены поверхностные водотоки бассейна р. Чусовая – крупнейшего притока р. Кама на территории Пермского края (Россия). Изучение поведения металлов в реках-приемниках шахтных вод обусловлено необходимостью понимания особенностей миграции компонентов в природно-техногенных водах; определения геохимических процессов и механизмов, способствующих выведению токсичных элементов из растворов; и прогнозной оценки вторичного загрязнения за счет растворения образованных соединений при смене физико-химических условий. Результаты, полученные на исследуемом участке, могут отражать особенности геохимического поведения металлов в других загрязненных реках территории Кизеловского угольного бассейна при поступлении в них шахтного дренажа схожего состава. Цель: исследовать формы миграции металлов в водотоках, загрязненных шахтными водами, определить основные вторичные минеральные фазы, способствующие выведению токсичных элементов из раствора, и оценить устойчивость частиц образованных минералов при миграции в речной сети. Объекты: кислотный дренаж из штольни шахты «Таежная» Гремячинского месторождения Кизеловского угольного бассейна, содержащий высокие концентрации сульфатов и тяжелых металлов, и загрязненные шахтными водами реки: Большая Гремячая, Южная Вильва, Усьва и Чусовая. Методы. Физико-химическое моделирование химических форм нахождения металлов в растворе и расчеты степени насыщения выполнялись при помощи программного кода PHREEQC c базой термодинамических данных WATEQ4f. Результаты исследования показали, что в шахтных водах и загрязненных речных водах с рН 2,9–3,4 металлы (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Li) находятся как в форме свободных ионов, так и в виде сульфатных комплексов. В реке Юж. Вильва, ниже участка смешения с загрязненными водами р. Бол. Гремячая и далее по потоку, Fe и Al образуют исключительно гидроксокомплексы. Преобладающей формой миграции Ni и Pb являются карбонатные комплексы. Нахождение металлов Li, Cd, Mn и Zn в реках Юж. Вильва, Усьва и Чусовая преимущественно в виде свободных ионов позволяет предположить, что основным механизмом их осаждения является сорбция на гидроксидах и оксигидроксидах Fe и Al, а также на глинистых минералах. Отрицательные индексы насыщения по отношению к сульфатным минералам, характерным для шахтных вод, показали неустойчивость этих минеральных фаз в нейтральных и слабощелочных водах.

Сопоставление параметров экотопов болотных фитоценозов и глубин торфяной залежи Белого болота (Пермский край, Россия)

It is known that phytoindication of the nature and depth of peat deposits is possible only when, among other factors, the geographical and geomorphological position of the bog systems is taken into account. The aim of this study is to determine whether or not there is a relationship between peat deposit thickness, phytocenosis composition and ecological parameters of plant habitats, using the example of the Beloe Bog located in the Sylvensko-Irenskaya lowland in the south-east of Perm Krai. Measure ments of the depth of the peat deposit were carried out using a peat probe, followed by the determination of the volumes of the peat bog in the GIS (ArcGIS (ESRI)). The diversity of peatland plant com-munities is described, their ecological-cenotic analysis and phytoindication analysis of ecotopes is carried out using Ellenberg and Landolt ecological scales using EcoScaleWin software. The results allow to update the stock data of geological exploration 1969. Ecological-cenotic and phytoindication analyzes revealed differences between pine-dwarf shrub-sphagnum and birch-menyanthes-sphagnum communities. A Spearman correlation coefficient demonstrated a relationship between peat deposit depths and the proportion of Water-Swamp ecological-cenotic group species in the communities, as well as with a number of ecological parameters of the ecotopes. The use of two different ecological scales revealed inconsistency between them. The article substantiates the chosen spatial tactics for measuring the peatland depth of a small irregularly shaped bog and also calculates the time required to measure the thickness of a conven-tional peat deposit of 1000 hectares. The relationship of this work to ongoing palaeoecological research in Perm Krai is highlighted. A comparison is made between the available data on the Beloe Bog and the results of phytoindication studies of the peatland thickness of Western Siberia known to the authors. The limitations and prospects of a series of similar studies in Perm Krai, which will reveal regional and zonal patterns in the spatial structure of bog communities and their relation to the thickness of peat deposits, are considered.

Местонахождение редких видов растений семейства Orchidaceae в Гайнском районе (Пермский край, Россия), перспективное для присвоения статуса особо охраняемой природной территории

The task of preserving biodiversity is closely related to the protection of rare and endangered species of organisms and the development of a system of specially protected natural areas. In 2020 and 2021, a reconnaissance survey of a site with a small open swamp near the village of Gayny (Perm Krai) was carried out in order to assess the prospects for giving it the status of a specially protected natural area. The site is characterized by a high diversity and abundance of orchids growing on it, which are one of the most vulnerable components of vegetation. The diversity of plant communities of the site was described and 11 orchids were recorded. All of them are included in the security lists of various levels. In addition, in the territory under consideration in 2015, a resident of the village of Gaina, Yu. A. Savelyev, recorded Epipogium aphyllum Sw., which was not encountered during a reconnaissance survey. The article presents some features of the distribution, biology and protection of all orchids noted on this territory. The main reason for the reduction in the number of orchids, as well as many other species of organisms, is the violation of habi-tats. Ecological and biological features of orchids enhance the effect of adverse factors. Therefore, today the conserva-tion of orchid habitats is considered as the most effective method of their protection. Based on this, it is concluded that it is advisable to assign the status of a specially protected natural area to the surveyed site in the vicinity of the village of Gainy, Perm Krai.

ЗНАНИЕ И УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ЛОКАЛИЗМОВ В ПЕРМСКОМ КРАЕ: 80–90 гг. ХХ в. vs 2020 г.

The article discusses the changes that have occurred over the past 30 years in the knowledge and usage of local lexical units in Perm Krai. In the 1980s – 1990s, T. I. Erofeeva carried out a study of native speakers’ competence in local lexis (localisms) and its dependence on the speakers’ social parameters. The questionnaire method was used for collecting the material, the ANOVA method was applied for its analysis. The authors of the article conducted a similar study using the same lexical material at the present time. Comparison of the results received in the 1980s – 1990s and in 2020 showed that the level of knowledge and usage of localisms in Perm Krai has markedly reduced; moreover, the number of social factors that have statistically significant influence on the knowledge and usage of localisms has decreased: at present, both the knowledge and the use of localisms are only affected by one of the factors considered – the ‘age’ factor. The received result can be explained by two reasons: firstly, opening of territorial and social boundaries in the current context leads to a decrease in the number of local lexical elements in speech; secondly, the set of Perm Krai localisms has changed over the past 30 years. In both cases, changes in the language and its use are observed.

От лоббистов до статистов: основные группы муниципальных депутатов в российских муниципалитетах

Introduction: most studies on authority and governing in Russian municipalities is focused on the executive branch while the representative power issues get lessexpert attention. Objectives: to identify the main groups of deputies of municipal representative bodies. Methods: the article presents some results of an empirical study of local authorities conducted in 66 municipalities of three Russian regions: Sverdlovsk Oblast, Perm Krai and Kirov Oblast. An in-depth study of the public administration system at the local level was carried out in seven municipalities. These are Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kushva, Sredneuralsk in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Kungur, Chusovoy, Ocher in Perm Krai and Kirovo-Chepetsk in Kirov Oblast. The main method of collecting information is expert interviews (N=10). Results: the following groups of deputies of municipal representative bodies were identified: “lobbyists”, “resource-holders”, “experts”, and “extras”. Conclusions: groups of municipal deputies differ by a number of parameters, but the most important being the differences in their degree of independence, their affiliation and the view of their own role in the municipal representative body. Municipal administrations and heads of municipalities personally have a high level of control over the extras − the deputies who are the agents of their policy in municipal representative bodies.

Comparative characteristics of children’s morbidity rates for diseases etiologically related to the food factor

Child health indicators in Russia indicate a negative trend for more than three decades. The formation of children’s health is determined by environmental factors, the level of development of the education system, a complex of socio-economic factors, and lifestyle. The study conducted a retrospective assessment of the incidence of children and adolescents with diseases etiologically related to the food factor in the Russian Federation as a whole and the subjects where cadet corps are located. Analysis of official data of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation from 2011 to 2019 on the total incidence of food-related factors indicates an increase in the incidence of endocrine diseases, diabetes, and obesity in children aged 0–14 years. Children aged 15–17 years showed an increase in the average long-term indicator for diseases of the endocrine system, thyroid diseases, diabetes, obesity, and anemia. Ranking of subjects of the Volga Federal district based on the average long-term data of morbidity indicators, etiologically related to the food factor, made it possible to identify risk areas. According to the results of ranking 1 rank place was taken by the Republic of Tatarstan, the second — Bashkortostan, third place — the Chuvash Republic, fourth place — Perm Krai, fifth place — Udmurt Republic, sixth place — Nizhny Novgorod oblast. According to these diseases, the negative dynamics remains. In General, on the territory of the Volga Federal district, the incidence of children and adolescents corresponds to all-Russian trends, however, the situation is much worse for a number of diseases that are etiologically related to the food factor, namely, diseases of the endocrine system and obesity.

СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И СМЫСЛОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭПИТАФИЙ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ТЕКСТОВ ПРОВИНЦИАЛЬНЫХ КЛАДБИЩ ПЕРМСКОГО КРАЯ). ЧАСТЬ I

The first part of the article describes the stylistic features of poetic epitaphs recorded during field surveys of provincial cemeteries in Perm Krai in 2019. These texts have not only historical and source-study, but also cultural value. The establishment of the features of the broad epitaph heritage in a particular historical period leads to an understanding of the worldview of representatives of everyday life of the given time. When classifying the material, the author took into account the nature of authorship and the genre function. On these grounds, the collected texts are divided into four groups. Group 1 is folklore texts for which the epitaph function is initial. These are epitaphs generated in the folk environment, they are characterized by anonymity, a characteristic set of topics, variability, a high degree of formulaicity and a typified subject. They are broadcast not only in real conditions, but also on the Internet. Group 2 is folklore texts for which the epitaph function is secondary. Such texts are a rare occurrence in cemetery poetry associated with subcultural folklore. Group 3 is authorial texts for which the epitaph function is initial. This group is organized by anonymous works of amateur nature. Fixed in a single copy, they do not find variants either in cemeteries or on the Internet. The stylistic differences between naive epitaphs and folk epitaphs are reduced to the individualization of the dead through their lifetime qualities, as well as the manifestation of the author’s poetic talent. Group 4 is authorial texts for which the epitaph function is secondary. According to the genre of the source, these works belong to poems, novels, dramas, literary epitaphs, aphorisms, and songs. Poetic quotations in the function of epitaphs can be transmitted verbatim or be reworked in accordance with new content and stylistic tasks. In addition to these categories, the studied material also reveals as a transitional phenomenon, when a popular text loses its connection with the author and functions as a folk text. The basis for identifying transient phenomena is provided by Internet statistics. In the final section of the first part, conclusions are drawn about 1) the prevalence of epitaph texts in the cemetery space of the province; 2) the correlation of the author’s classification with previous works on the style of epitaphs; 3) the thematic features of cemetery poetry; 4) the presence of regional specificity in the presented set of texts.

ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ ТУРИСТСКОГО СЕКТОРА В УСЛОВИЯХ КАРАНТИНА ПРИ ПАНДЕМИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И РЕШЕНИЯ

The present investigation provides one of the first complex attempts of theorizing on changes in tourism sector activity within COVID-19 quarantine. Drawing from system and criterion approach weusedthe analysis of official documents and news publication to identify 8 international models of tourism sector support within the pandemic quarantine. Each model was considered with the instrument of strengths and weaknesses analysis. By reviewing Russian national model we conducted deeper analyses juxtaposing and describing experience of Russian regions. Drawing from aтopinion poll realized in Perm krai we described some special features of each tourism sector segment activity within COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. The opinion polls mentioned also showed some limitations of Russian tourism sector support model. With regard to the data mentioned, we proposed the concept of the national electronic exchange service of tourism and resort. This system will potentially support the Russian model in the condition of epidemic crisis, helping the national tourism sector to save and then to restore its activity following laissez-faire principle.

Practical aspects of the assessment of economic space

The subject of this research is determination of the peculiarities of assessing spatial characteristics of the development of socioeconomic systems of different scales. Special attention is given to the author’s approach towards assessment of economic space, which can become the basis for universal methodology suitable for comprehensive characteristics of spatial specificity of the economic phenomena and processes. The methodological framework of this research is comprised of the general scientific methods of theoretical and empirical cognition (scientific abstraction, analysis, and synthesis), as well as special methods of comparative analysis (Theil index and Hall-Tideman index). As a result of generalization, systematization and critical reevaluation of the methods of assessing the characteristics of economic space presented in the scientific literature, the author offers an original approach. It is based on the analysis of such spatial characteristics as asset security, homogeneity, and coherence. The peculiarity of this approach lies in consideration of the parameters of localization of objects, as well as the specificity of socioeconomic conditions established in the territory. Testing of the author’s approach allowed comparing the spatial characteristics of the development of foodservice industry in the regions of Middle Ural. It is revealed that Sverdlovsk Oblast outstrips Perm Krai in the level of foodservice industry (although its regional space is more heterogeneous), and the Perm Krai is characterized with a higher concentration of food services. It is proven that the proposed approach towards assessing the economic space can underlie the applied in practice methodological toolset; and thus, is promising for implementation in managing spatial transformations of the country and its separate territorial units.

Relationship Between Industrial Production and Pawnshop Market of the Ural Macroregion

The article focuses on the need to study the processes of a new high-tech industrialization (neo-industrialization) at the macroregion level. The object of the study is the economic region of the Russian Federation (the macroregion) as a relatively integral spatially localized and complexly structured socio-economic entity, which includes four Ural regions – Kurgan region, Orenburg region, Sverdlovsk region and Chelyabinsk region, Perm krai and two republics – Republic of Bashkortostan and Republic of Udmurtia, which corresponds to the borders of the Ural economic region according to the all-Russian classifier of economic regions. The purpose of this study is to prove the relationship between the level of industrial production and the level of the pawnshop market development in the Ural macroregion. The territory of the Ural macroregion is analyzed from the perspective of the relationship between the level of industrial production and the level of the pawnshop market development. The Authors proved the existence of a direct relationship between the level of industrial production and the level of pawnshops territorial concentration, and also identified the territories that are leaders in the pawnshops concentration. The Authors put forward a scientific hypothesis about the most effective model of pawnshop activity. The conclusion is made about mutually beneficial cooperation between precious metal processing enterprises and pawnshops, which contributes to the development of both the pawnshop sector and this type of industrial activity.

НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИИ Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius, 1794 В ПЕРМСКОМ КРАЕ

A critical analysis of the literature data on the distribution of the ixodic tick Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius, 1794 (= D. pictus Hermann, 1804) in the Perm territory was carried out. The data of the authors, as well as the staff of Rospotrebnadzor, made it possible to clarify the distribution of D. reticulatus in this region. D. reticulatus was reliably detected in the Tchaikovsky, Osinsky, Okhansky, Ochersky, Nytvensky, Chernushinsky, Suksunsky districts of the Perm Krai and in the right-bank part of Perm.

Project development of a “smart” premise system for pig keeping

The economic efficiency of intensive animal husbandry on an industrial basis depends on the rational animal keeping, which is largely determined by the availability of optimal microclimate in the premises. Whatever breed and pedigree qualities animals possess, they are unable to maintain health and display their potential hereditary productive abilities without creating the necessary microclimate conditions. In the period of 2018-2020, a survey of 11 farms in Perm Krai was carried out, where respiratory, digestive, skin diseases were found, in some cases stress was observed in animals. The cost of heating livestock premises is generally much lower than losses from murrain, reduced productivity, and feed overruns. Physical properties of the air environment are unstable factors and are subject to large fluctuations. To optimize the microclimate in livestock premises, an algorithm program for computers was developed, which will allow to create a system that provides optimal conditions for keeping and maintenance of animals and improve life safety on livestock farms. In this regard, to improve the conditions of calves and cows’ keeping, a project for managing microclimate parameters on farms in the conditions of Perm Krai has been developed. Microclimate management system was developed on the basis of: the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation dated October 21, 2000 No. 621 “On approval of Veterinary rules for the maintenance of pigs for the purpose of their reproduction, cultivation and sales.” Monitoring is based on automated analysis and regulation of microclimate parameters' indicators. The software and hardware implementation were done on Omron PLC.

Бюрократический патронаж и паттерны административного рекрутирования региональных элит в России: опыт сравнительного сетевого анализа

The significance of informal practices and institutions in political and economic life in Russia has been largely recognized by a variety of research fields within social sciences. As existing literature shows, informal deformation also affects state bureaucracy including the recruitment process into the highest executive agencies. Patronage ties are more than merely individual deviation. Its systematic nature necessitates considering it as a network structure, which can be done through the theoretical tools provided by Social Network Analysis. Based on existing approaches to the quantification of patronage ties, the author proposes a new perspective, which comprises studying them as a model of a weighted graph. The patronage ties can differ significantly in terms of their stability and power, and researchers might take this diversity into account when analyzing patronage networks. To this end, the author proposes the patronage tie index comprising three parameters, namely the duration of a shared work experience, its frequency, and the fact of promotion. Relying on these assumptions and on the basis of systematic biographical analysis, the author examines the structure of patronage networks within two of Russia’s regions, namely Perm Krai and Chelyabinsk Oblast. The analysis shows that it is difficult to discern the general pattern of the structuring of such networks. These are different in terms of degrees of cohesion and centralization. The matching of the network positions with the types of official positions does not reveal the general pattern either. Presumably, the specific models can be explained by the individual strategies available for particular leaders.

Репрессивная политика СССР в отношении отдельных народов в годы Великой Отечественной войны (на примере болгар Урала)

The article is devoted to studying Russian Bulgarians living in the Urals in the 1940s with the help of archive materials of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions as well as Perm Krai. During the Great Patriotic War the USS Rcitizens of Bulgarian origin, like many other peoples, were subject to repressions which meant enrollment in labour army and deporting every single Bulgarian of the Crimea. As a result of the semeasures, a significant number of Bulgarians were moved to the territory of the modern Urals. The deported Bulgarians settled in areas of logging (forest exploitation) in the north of Molotov and Sverdlovsk regions, and members of the labour army were employed in the trust organization «Chelyabmetallurgstroi». The Bulgarians were deported along with other peoples of the Crimea. They did not form compact settlement in the new areas but managed to preserve their traditional culture. Some families were even able to organize permanent lodging in the Urals, pursue a career and contribute to the development of the region. The author is convinced that the judicial legal documents kept in archives as well as field trip research results may serve as a significant but not sufficiently appreciated source of investigating the history of deporting Russian Bulgarians. The topicality of the sources grew after the year 2020 when the 75-years’ period of storing documents of the year 1945 expired. Autobiographies, biographic information, interrogation protocols enable to obtain a detailed reconstruction of deportation circumstances and the process of enrollment into labour army, and to see these events through the prism of the repressed people themselves. Researching the history of repression, inparticular – repression of the Bulgarians – has revealed how complex and controversial the policy of the soviet state towards certain peoples during the Great Patriotic War was.

Interpretation of Gravity Monitoring Data on Geotechnical Impact on the Geological Environment

The Verkhnekamskoye potassium salt deposit located in the Perm Krai is the main source of raw materials for the potash industry in Russia. The penetration of underground waters into the shafts of the mine, which is situated beneath the industrial zone, and residential quarters of the city of Berezniki led to the flooding of the mine with subsequent collapsing of the earth’s surface. For obtaining the information about negative impacts of engineering processes associated with mineral mining operations, a method of highly accurate gravimetric monitoring observations is suggested, suitable for tracking the time changes of the gravitational field. As a result of monitoring observations we obtain a dynamic anomaly of gravity which is defined as the difference between the subsequent and the previous gravity values. Since all the unvarying components of the gravitational field are present in each pair of the observations, the dynamic anomaly only reflects a specific geological or mining process. The method for processing and interpretation of the dynamic anomalies of gravity, which synthesizes qualitative and quantitative approaches to extracting the geological information from gravity data, is developed. The interpretation yields the areal distribution and probable depth interval of the zone of rock decompaction and shows the magnitude of the change in the density of rocks characterizing the intensity of the decompaction process. The practical implementation of the highly accurate gravimetric monitoring observations is carried out in the emergency sites of the mines of the Verkhnekamskoye potassium salt deposit has demonstrated high efficiency of the suggested method.