Period Of Economic Reform Research Articles

State - Wise Public Expenditure on Higher Education in India : An Empirical Analysis

Public expenditure is a major component of education expenditure in India. Though the higher-education expenditure in India increased significantly after Independence, budgetary allocations to higher education were squeezed off in the post economic reforms period and this sector also suffered significantly. The proportionate spending on the higher-education sector in India is much below the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) committee recommendation of 1% of gross domestic product for general higher education. The present study aimed to analyze state-wise disparity in public higher education expenditure in India by different parameters like per capita and per student higher education expenditure in terms of plan and non expenditure as well as revenue and capital expenditure. The regression results revealed that many states had elasticity of higher-education expenditure to gross state domestic product (GSDP) less than unity. Central and state governments of India should implement policies for more funding in the higher-education sector.

El camino mexicano del lento crecimiento económico: una interpretación espuria de la metáfora del desarrollo como un rompecabezas de Albert O. Hirschman

El texto propone una explicación al lento crecimiento económico de México de los últimos años, basada en la visión del desarrollo y los encadenamientos productivos de Albert O. Hirschman en su libro The Strategy of Economic Development. Se expone críticamente el proceso de reformas de mercado puesto en marcha desde la década de 1980. Posteriormente, se contrasta la visión del desarrollo que fundamentó dichas reformas con la visión de Hirschman. A partir de ello se obtienen dos posturas contrapuestas sobre el papel del Estado en el proceso de desarrollo. De un lado, se relaciona teóricamente el desarrollo con los encadenamientos productivos a la manera de Hirschman. Por otro lado, se establecen relaciones empíricas con la medición de los encadenamientos en México utilizando el análisis de insumo-producto. Los resultados respaldan la visión del desarrollo de Hirschman con la evidencia para el caso mexicano en el periodo de reformas de mercado.

Toward Confucian-Inspired Democratic Meritocracy: A Response to Yong Huang, Chenyang Li, and Binfan Wang

Toward Confucian-Inspired Democratic Meritocracy:A Response to Yong Huang, Chenyang Li, and Binfan Wang Daniel A. Bell (bio) Let me first express my gratitude for the three detailed and informative critiques of my book The China Model. These critiques are themselves models of Confucian civility, even as they express sharp areas of disagreement. There does seem to be agreement that the ideal of a Confucian-inspired democratic [End Page 585] meritocracy is a worthwhile political project, particularly in the Chinese political context, but Huang, Li, and Wang question my book's arguments in defense of this ideal. There are three kinds of critiques: (1) the need to take Confucianism more seriously, (2) the need to take democracy more seriously, and (3) the need to take political meritocracy more seriously. Let me try to respond to each critique in turn. On the Need to Take Confucianism More Seriously Yong Huang provides an insightful discussion of the relation between abilities and virtues and shows that virtues matter more than abilities for political rulers. Once a ruler is virtuous, then it is more a matter of implementing right policies, and even the ruler with limited intellectual abilities can rely on talented advisors for that purpose. I agree. But the ruler must influence the people: "the most important function of a government, a function that Bell basically neglects in his discussion, is moral education of the people." And the most important way to educate the people is through the ruler's moral example: "by governing by virtues Confucius means that political leaders must be moral exemplars." I agree that the ruler's moral example matters greatly in Confucian-influenced societies. Whether in China or in South Korea, there are high moral expectations of the ruler, and what may count as a private matter in a Western country—say, a ruler who is exposed by a Bill Clinton–like sexual scandal—may be sufficient to undermine that ruler's legitimacy, if not the legitimacy of the whole political system. Still, Huang overplays the role of moral example in modern Confucianinfluenced societies. In relatively small, intimate societies characteristic of Confucius' day, the political community was viewed almost as an extension of the family, and many members of the community were personally acquainted with their rulers, so what the ruler did and said had more direct impact compared to what rulers do and say in modern societies composed largely of strangers. And Confucius himself noted that the obligation to secure the conditions for a people's basic means of subsistence has priority over moral education: Ranyou drove the Master's carriage on a trip to Wei. The Master said: "What a huge population!" Ranyou said: "When the people are so numerous, what more can be done for them?" The Master said, "Make them prosperous." Ranyou asked, "When the people are prosperous, what more can be done for them?" The Master replied, "Educate them." (Analects 13.9)1 Arguably, such principles help to explain why China's rulers focused on economic development in the first few decades of the period of economic reform. Economic development was viewed as necessary for poverty reduction, and political corruption was tolerated so long as it greased, or did not inhibit, the wheels of economic growth. But once the government [End Page 586] secured the basic means of subsistence for the large majority, the focus shifted to the moral education of the people, including the need for rulers to set a better, "cleaner" model for the people. And unlike traditional societies, moral education of the people involves not just setting a good example by political superiors and family members, but also reform of the publicly funded educational system so that it helps to instill social responsibility at a young age. In short, context matters. Moral education of the people by means of the ruler's personal example may be particularly important in a small, face-to-face community that has already secured the basic means of subsistence for its people. And while there may be high moral expectations of the ruler in Confucian-influenced East Asian societies, economic growth will still matter more than the ruler's moral example at lower stages...

Transformation of the Domestic Economy in 1990–1995 in Altai Region

: In 1990–1995, Russia experienced a transition period from totalitarianism to democratic social and political system, formed a civil society based on the freedom of the people and the recognition of the priority of human rights by the state. The transition to market relations set a lot of challenges, including social security issues. Hence, the development of the social sphere maintained its priority during the whole period of economic reform. The current state of the socio-economic development of Altai region was shaped by the failure to implement the reforms on its territory in1990–1995.The author found out that the main difficulties of the transition period were caused by the generalized statistical indicators of certain sectors of the economy of the region in the post-soviet period.The change in economic development indicators of the local productive forces in 1990–1995 was connected with the globalization of socio-economic relations and favorable changes in the social sphere. The reforms focused on the normalization of the residents really contributed to the solution of their social problems.

ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE INDUSTRIAL CITY

The assessment of the sustainability of the socio-ecological system of the Siberian industrial city in the period of radical social and economic reforms (period 1990-2012) has been performed by the proposed method. The comprehensive dynamic analysis of the characteristics of the major subsystems (the quality of the urban environment; the reproduction of the population; the medico-demographic status; the socio-economic and medico-social status of the population) showed that during the specified period the habitat and the vital indices of the population was in a state of socio-ecological ill-being. The proposed method, at its core, can be used to establish regularities and features of various types of urban social-ecological systems.

THE ATTITUDE OF STUDENT YOUTH TO FAMILY VALUES (CASE STUDY OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION)

Introduction . Nowadays, in the modern world and in Russia, in particular, there are deformations of family institute which cause the concern for demographic situation in the society and social well-being in general. The Government’s measures within youth policy taken for support for young families, promotion of family values and a healthy lifestyle among young citizens are obviously insufficient. Therefore, thorough scientific research of young families’ problems is required in order to provide substantial assistance for them. Methodology and research methods . Analysis of marriage and family attitudes of student youth was carried out on the basis of monitoring materials “Student 1995–2016: The dynamics of socio-cultural development of students of the Middle Urals”. The main method of collecting information was the questionnaire. The sociological toolkit developed by the scientific group “Sociology of Youth” under the auspices of the Department of Sociology and Technologies of the Public and Municipal Administration and Organization of Work with Young People of the Ural federal University was used. Results and scientific novelty . Methodological approaches to the study of family values as guidelines for the formation of a civic culture of youth are investigated. The data of open statistical sources are presented and analysed. It is concluded that the greatest changes have happened in marital status of students over the past two decades. Processing of the monitoring results and questionnaires allowed the authors to reveal new tendencies in perceptions of the matrimonial relations and to clarify the demographic attitudes of young people. The authors have noted outspread of “trial marriages”, growth of number of civil marriages and slight increase in proportion of voluntary childlessness but becoming increasingly widespread among young people today. The objective reason of these phenomena consists in the period of social and economic reforms dragged on over several decades; the spontaneous and unpredictable nature of those reforms have turned the prospects of the family institute to be uncertain and obliged people to strengthen their fears for the future and future of their children, which in turn resulted in complicated decision making on marriage by young people. Besides, aspirations of young people to personal liberty, individual self-affirmation and egocentric pleasure have increased, the consequence of which is unwillingness to be obliged by the family. Practical significance . The research findings and the authors’ conclusions highlight the necessity for correction and reinforcement of actions on the preservation and development of the family institution as well as organization of work insurance of social sustainability of young families.

Managing ‘new generation’ employees in China and beyond: summing-up

By investigating the ‘new generation’ of Chinese employees under multiple themes in this edited collection, we have set out new and meaningful findings based on empirical research on their characteristics and behaviour. The present ‘cohort’ of workers studied here was born into the economic reform period after 1979 and has been shaped by the ‘socialist market economy’ it introduced, as well as incorporating the subsequent HRM model which followed. In this summing-up, we highlight the key findings of each contribution to this symposium on the new ‘millennial’ cohort of workers in the PRC, as well as identifying future research directions which have implications, not only for China, but even beyond the PRC, for other emerging economies.

The Impact of the Economic Legislation on the Restoration of the Polish State after the First World War

The paper discusses the issue of the impact of Polish economic legislation on the restoration of the Polish State after the First World War. The author draws attention to those legal regulations that directly influenced the Polish legal order and constituted the result of the activity of the Polish legislature in the years 1918-1939. Most of those regulations were drafted by the Commission of Codification, which had been established under the Act of June 3, 1919, and were related to two periods of economic reform: firstly – the reform conducted by Wladyslaw Grabski along with the earlier legislation mainly related to the period of partition of the Polish state; and secondly – the times after 1926. Significantly, an overwhelming number of regulations were promulgated in the form of decrees with the statutory validity issued by the President of the Second Republic of Poland, which actually eliminated the Polish Parliament from the legislative process. The purpose of these regulations was to unify economically the Polish lands and to create a uniform commercial law. It is worth emphasizing that such enactments as the Industrial Law of 1927, the Commercial Code, the Law of Arrangements with Creditors and the Insolvency Law (all enacted in 1934) remained in force also after 1945. Some of the aforementioned regulations, in particular the Commercial Code of 1934 that was finally repealed at the beginning of this century, largely affected the economic changes after 1989.

Life and scientific work of outstanding Chinese sociologist Fei Xiaotong

Fei Xiaotong (费孝通) (2 November 1910 — 24 April 2005) was the prominent anthropologist and sociologist of China. He was one of the first sociologists and anthropologists who conducted anthropological studies of the life of Chinese society. He was a political journalist and a “cultural intermediary” who published articles about the West in Chinese in China, and about China in English in the West. Fei Xiaotong’s career was full of ups and downs that were associated with the political situation in the country. Finally, after 1978 and starting of the period of Economic Reform and Openness he could re-enter public and scientific life, and officially became a respected academic and a public intellectual which dedicated all his life to the investigation of Chinese society and social problems. For many people, Fei Xiaotong’s works became the first sources, from which it was possible to obtain various information about the Chinese village. His works made us think about the laws of social development and on what methods they should be studied. He believed that it was necessary not only to develop sociology but to go its way, to strive to develop Chinese sociology with all its specifics. Fei Xiaotong devoted his entire life to studying Chinese society and the changes taking place in it. The main stimulus that inspired him all his life was the hope that the Chinese peasants will live better and better, and with them, China will become stronger and more prosperous state.

Representing Doi Moi: history, memory and shifting national narratives in late-socialist Vietnam

In late-socialist states, what are the drivers of shifts in national narratives and how can a focus on the museum method reveal the way state institutions construct national myths and nationalist ideologies? This paper addresses these questions by focusing on a behind-the-scenes ethnography of an exhibition celebrating 30 years of Doi Moi – the economic reform period in Vietnam that commenced in 1986. Focusing on the museum as method – the process of documenting how curators deliberate over labels, objects, photos and so forth – the paper analyses how national narratives are authored and transformed through curatorial exchanges and expert forums. By focusing on how aesthetics and achievement provide a foundation for inclusive interpretative strategies that integrate official histories alongside personal memories, this paper reflects on the alienating effects of official histories in state institutions and the strategies by which people appropriate these to reclaim their past.

Public expenditure on agriculture and allied activities in Tamil Nadu during the post reform era

Agriculture forms the backbone of the Indian economy. Agricultural success is systematically related to how high the share of total budgetary expenditures goes to agriculture. A great concern has been widely expressed by several economists that economic reforms have negative impact on government expenditure particularly in agricultural sector. In this backdrop, an attempt has been made to know the impact of economic reforms on Tamil Nadu state government’s expenditure in agriculture and allied activities. The study shows that over the period of economic reform, in Tamil Nadu, growth rate of expenditure on agriculture and allied activities slowed down significantly. The share of expenditure on agriculture in state domestic product has also decelerated. This is really disturbing.

Относно парадокса на връзката публични разходи - икономически растеж: иконометричен подход

Since the introduction of economic reforms, Indian economy has been rapidly growing. Simultaneously, the government spending has also increased by multiple times. Interestingly, rapid rise in public expenditure has occurred during the era of speedy privatisation. The central issue of discussion is whether high growth is attributed to increased government spending and/or higher government spending is owing to rising economy. There are several theoretical propositions and empirical findings attempting to solve this puzzle but with no unanimity and their inferences are rather highly divided and fragmented. In this pretext, the present paper makes an effort to re-examine the direction of flow of relationship, nature of relationship and size of the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in India in the long run through econometric modelling. In the course of investigating the nexus of relationship between economic growth and government spending, the study also aims to test whether Indian scenario validates the Wagner’s law or supports the Keynesian growth hypothesis. The underlying subject is investigated based on the data covering the economic reform period from 1991-1992 to 2015-2016. Application of appropriate econometric techniques like cointegration test, estimation of Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model, Granger causality test, impulse response function and variance decomposition provide evidences of long-term relationship between growth and government spending. Results show that the size of the public sector is defined positively by the level of GDP growth in the long run and similarly, the variability in GDP is explained positively by the government expenditure. The findings of the study have evidences to support both Wagner’s law and Keynesian theory.

China’s evolving inequality

China’s inequality is evolving. This paper brings the story up to date, drawing on recent research, much of it by the author. It begins with a brief account of rising inequality, and its causes, over the period of economic reform. It then examines the fall in the inequality of income in recent years and the reasons for this reversal of trend. Inequality of wealth, by contrast, has risen over the twenty-first century: its dimensions, components and causes are analysed. The final substantive section considers the evaluation of inequality in more depth and detail than is conventional, and provides pointers as to how value judgements about inequality might be made.

‘The government is the cause of the disease and we are stuck with the symptoms’: deinstitutionalisation, mental health advocacy and police shootings in 1990s Victoria

The deinstitutionalization of mental health services in Australia happened first and most rapidly in the state of Victoria. In the final decades of the 20th Century, a period of immense economic and social policy reform accelerated this shift. Policy change appeared to be guided, at least in part, by ideals of human rights and citizenship. However, these same principles could be undermined in the vacuum of services created by deinstitutionalization and the broader restructuring of the welfare state. One expression of this paradox was a reported increase in violent encounters between police and those in states of distress and mental crises. Another example of paradox was rights-based mental health law, which both increased procedural safeguards for involuntary psychiatric intervention but also perpetuated differential treatment of persons with psychosocial disability on the basis of unfounded beliefs. This article will examine the intersections of policing and mental health policy in order to examine how boundaries of normality and disablement were contested during a transitional period of mental health law and policy.

Comments by Phouphet Kyophilavong, on Trade Liberalization and the Aggregate Matching Function in India

January 01 2017 Comments by Phouphet Kyophilavong, on Trade Liberalization and the Aggregate Matching Function in India Author and Article Information Online Issn: 1536-0083 Print Issn: 1535-3516 © 2017 by the Earth Institute at Columbia University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2017Massachusetts Institute of Technology Asian Economic Papers (2017) 16 (1): 138–139. https://doi.org/10.1162/ASEP_a_00494 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Comments by Phouphet Kyophilavong, on Trade Liberalization and the Aggregate Matching Function in India. Asian Economic Papers 2017; 16 (1): 138–139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/ASEP_a_00494 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsAsian Economic Papers Search Advanced Search Phouphet Kyophilavong: The impact of trade liberalization on labor markets has gained attention with researchers and policymakers. Lee aims to investigate the link between trade liberalization and the job matching process in India. The author claims that this study would be the first to estimate an aggregate matching function for the labor market in India. The study uses monthly data from India and divides the data into five sub-periods: (1) the period before reform (before 1992); (2) the period of economic reform driven by external factors (1992–97); (3) the period of economic reform that reflected strong requests from domestic firms and industries (1998–2002); (4) the period of an economic boom (2003–08); and (5) the period after the global financial crisis (after 2009). The study defines trade liberalization as trade openness: (Export+Import)/GDP. Several methods are used for the analysis: Unit root test with the augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF), OLS with Newey-West... You do not currently have access to this content.

Christian Art in China during the Period of Economic Reform

The Chinese Catholic Church has a rich tradition of producing art that depicts its faith. During its more than 400 years of continuous history, not counting earlier incarnations, these works have also incorporated inculturated motifs, such as figures drawn from Buddhist iconography and the use of fauna and flora. Since the period of economic reform in China began, the Catholic communities have had greater freedom than in earlier decades, which had led to the production of many new images. The inculturated forms, however, have not always been so well received. Works from two famous Catholic locations (Shijiazhuang and Shanghai) are explored in the article.

A Recent Performance Analysis of the Crop Sector and its Determinants in North-Eastern Karnataka

The performance of the crop sector among Karnataka's four divisions viz; Gulbarga, Belgaum, Mysore and Bangalore has been analyzed for a period of 30 years i.e. 1980/81–2009/2010. Compound annual growth rates of area, production and yield were estimated by fitting semi-log trend equation. To explore the factors determining the growth of the crop sector, a Multiple Regression Model has been fitted. The crop sector has been observed to have diversified out of staple food grains viz., coarse cereals, pulses and oilseeds towards high value crops; fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables registered significantly high growth in area, production and yield during the study period. The growth in area under cereals has drastically declined while cereals production is stagnate. The performance of pulses has shown no improvements across the study periods. The performance of oilseeds was only impressive during the pre economic reform period; but rapidly slumped in the subsequent periods. The factors identified to favour the growth of crop sector in the state include fertiliser consumption, area under the crop, net irrigated area, flow of credit and number of regulated markets. The study has suggested some policy implications also.

UNDERSTANDING THE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR IN URBAN CHINA

Using the panel urban households’ aggregate data at the province level in China, this paper attempts to identify the source of the rejection of permanent income hypothesis (PIH) in urban households’ consumption. We introduce liquidity constraints, myopia and loss aversion into testable hypotheses and document that: First, the PIH fails in urban China and the consumption is consistent with the liquidity constraints. Second, in regions with the high and moderate economic levels, the consumption behaviors show liquidity constraints in the early period of market-oriented economic reforms (i.e., 1980s). However, with time, the consumption pattern changed to myopia. Third, in region with low economic level, the reverse is observed: a period of myopia gave way to a period of liquidity constraints. Our results suggest that neither myopia nor liquidity constraints are an adequate characterization of consumption in different regions of urban China, and offer clear policy implications for governments who are concerned with boosting the household income and expanding domestic demand.

Un enfoque imperfecto para medir la distribución de la riqueza financiera y no financiera de los hogares en México 1984-2014

Our purpose is to analyze the degree of concentration of household financial and non-financial wealth in Mexico during a period of intense economic reforms. Unlike the imputation method proposed by Davies et al. (2006 and 2010), we propose an observed data approach based on micro data. In a attempt to overcome the lack of data, both approaches have points of criticism, and its results should be taken with caution. It is a welcomed statistical coincidence that, in 2000, wealth Gini figure estimated by Davies et al. (2006) and the one proposed here are almost equal. It suffices to say that, statistically speaking, we live in an almost perfectly unequal world, of which Mexico is a clear example.

Preferences, Spatial Prices and Inequality

This study examines the effect of prices on inequality in rural India during the period of economic reforms and beyond (1999/2000–2009/2010). It proposes a framework for calculating ‘exact’ price indices, based on the ‘Exact Affine Stone Index’ (EASI) demand system, and shows its usefulness by calculating spatial prices and regionally varying temporal prices that allow for both differences in preferences between states and over time. The study finds that the nature of inflation has been regressive during (1999/2000–2004/2005) and progressive during (2004/2005–2009/2010) and that the effects of temporal price inflation and spatial prices on inequality are qualitatively different.