Sultanate Period Research Articles

Education in Medieval Bengal: An Account of Two Systems

In the medieval Bengal, Hindus and Muslims lived in a society where mainly the religion controlled foremost aspects of life. In this context, both the communities maintained two distinct educational systems in Bengal. This paper attempts to present the emergence of Islamic education in Bengal during Sultanate period and its development in relation to the indigenous education of the Hindus. It also examines interactions of Islamic education with its Hindu counterpart from Sultani to Nawabi period despite having clear distinctions across the communities in many respects. Analyzing the primary and secondary sources on education of Medieval Bengal, this paper shows how in a religiously polarized society, the Hindus and Muslims interacted in the field of education going beyond the existing hostility, mistrust and prejudices in many aspects of their distinctive life styles. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#73-74; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2023 P 37-57

Terracotta tiles in Bengal. Decorations and techniques in Mosques of the Sultanate period

The mosques of Bengal exhibit a unique decorative style, representing diverse ornamentation on both interior and exterior facades. This diversity reflects the varied backgrounds of the artisans, culminating in what can be termed 'Bengali style' emerging from external influences and local Bengali traditions. This style spread along the ancient Bengal region during the sultanate period 944-1538; including present West Bengal and Bangladesh. This research, based on field studies and observation in Kolkata, Malda, Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh, aims to identify the aesthetic features in Bengal sultanate mosques connected to a specific mode of decoration: the employment of terracotta tiles. Employing a chronological study backed by statistics, the research seeks to address questions about the terracotta tiles’ properties, artistic origins, techniques used, and the impact of geographical and cultural variables on its diversity. Furthermore, an attempt is made to propose approximate dates for five mosques with uncertain dates based on their artistic style properties.

A Reappraisal of Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah and the Independent Geo-political Entity of Sonargaon

This article proposed a fresh reading of the coins of Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah to reappraise the political history of this ruler. In the light of recent numismatic sources the present research challenges all the earlier calculations of the reign period of Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah. In doing so this study makes an intervention in the political chronology of Bengal and proposes 205 (1333 to 1538 CE) years of Independent Sultanate Period instead of 200 (1338-1358 CE) years. What was the force behind the rise of Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah? What facilitated him to become an independent authority? In attempting to answer these question this article analyses the multi-dimensional factors - manmade and natural- that acted as catalysts in the making of Sonargaon as the first independent geo-political entity in the trans-Meghna region. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum.), Vol. 69(1), 2024, pp. 67-87

ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFIED HISTORIC BAZAR OF SULTANATE PERIOD TOWARD TOURISM AND ECONOMIC UPLIFTING IN THE REGION OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Internationally, historic bazars are being regenerated to maintain and sustain the ambience of heritage core of the city. In Pakistan, this concept is also being followed in historic cities like Lahore, which have meaningful results by saving endangered heritage of specific time period as well creating economic, recreational and tourism activities having direct impact on uplifting of the community. There is need to apply this concept of regeneration in the other historic cities of Pakistan especially the remote areas like Southern Punjab where the heritage is being detoriating due to lack of maintenance and encroachment and need to protect on priority basis. Southern Punjab, Pakistan is a cradle of many civilizations and full of historic monuments with a most important era of Sultanate Period in which numbers of shrines were built spiritually in the memory of Sufi saints who played a vital role in spread of Islam in the region. Regular visits by their followers, especially during URS, led to the establishment of commercial and recreational activities in the form of bazars and mela grounds around these shrines. However, as city centers evolved over time, these bazars have deteriorated, necessitating regeneration for the revival of the historic core's ambiance This research focuses on the regeneration of historic bazars during the Sultanate Period in one of the historic settlements of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The methodology involves a comprehensive survey and interviews with experts, contributing valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge. Emphasizing compliance with SDG-11.4, which underscores the importance of ensuring the safety of indigenous heritage, the study aims to provide practical recommendations for the sustainable regeneration of these historic bazars, safeguarding Southern Punjab's rich cultural legacy.

অসাম্প্রদায়িক বাংলাদেশ প্রতিষ্ঠায় সুফি ভাবধারার প্রভাব

The Sufi Saints played an important role to preach Islam in Bangladesh as well as South Asia. There are a lot of evidences about Shahaba (Companions of Prophet Sm.) came South Asia and Bangladesh for spreading Islam in the 7th Century. Next Centuries, hundreds of Sufis and their followers came for preaching Islam and spread over across the South Asia. Their excellent characteristics, strong morality, devotion, deep sense of humanity and serve to the poor people attracted non-Muslim people of this region. Generosity, equality and rich Islamic culture inspired local people to embrace new religion Islam. Interaction of South Asian Culture and Islamic Culture made a new dimension of Culture and Ethics in the Society. In Indian Society, Caste System of the Hindu, oppress to Subaltern people and humiliating abolished gradually. Even though, Reform movement of Hinduism and eradicate aristocracy system of the Hindu Society has started to free from Islamic influence. Education system opened for all during the Sultanate period in India. A new dimension of society and culture make amicable relations between the Hindu and Muslim of South Asia as well as Bangladesh. This Religious co-existing and harmony made South Asia a new mentality which called Communal Harmony. Non-Sectarian ideology inspired Muslim rulers to govern their territory. The Sufism and Sufi saints helped the rulers to make communal Harmony in the society. Communal harmony and social consistency were the vital roles of Muslim era in South Asia. In Nineteenth Century, rise of Sufi Saint and spiritual leader Mowlana Sayed Ahamed Ullah Mizbhandari (k.) (1826—1906) influenced society vividly. His philosophy and Mizbhandari Tariqa Played an important role in the Politics, Society and Culture of Bangladesh. Specially seven Ushal system, Mizbhandari mystic songs and no- Communal ideology inspired all sorts of peoples like the Hindu and Muslim. This research paper examines the influence of the Mizbhandari and other Sufi Tariqa in preaching Islam, Politics, Society and Culture of Bangladesh and South Asia. It also assesses any role of Sufism and Sufis thought to make non- Communal and moderate Bangladesh.

The Primary Gate of the Melaka Sultanate

Based on the historical Malay, China and Arab textual account, there was a primary gate that marked the entrance to the royal compound of Melaka Sultanate before 1511. The primary gate was arguably among the most iconic construct and strategic to the Sultanate city, at security, socio-cultural, symbolic and aesthetic levels. However, no critical study has been conducted in tracing the form, position, and its relation to the municipality of the Sultanate Melaka City. This study employs narrative analysis framework to carefully investigate descriptive clues to provide the big picture on the primary gate of Melaka Sultanate in view of historical texts from Malay, China, and Arab; all of which were written within or close to the Sultanate period. The findings of the narrative analysis were compared to a collection of municipal plans from the Portuguese and Dutch Melaka eras. This reconstruction study also took precedence of an ancient Malay sultanate gate for the design process which can be seen carrying the tradition of Sultanate Melaka gate. The finding of the study suggests the form, position and orientation of the sultanate Melaka gate. The study also discusses and proposes the route which could possibly accommodate another 6 gates before reaching the sultanate Melaka palace. The study has limitations since it relies on English translation in dealing with ancient Portuguese texts. The long-term goal of this reconstruction study is to promote historical Melaka identity tourism, which is in line with SDGs 8.9 and 11.4.

SULTANATE INDIAN SOCIETY - A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION

The society of the Sultanate rule in India has its own characteristics. Before the arrival of Muslims in India, many castes had made their debut like Kushan, Shaka, Greek, Parthian etc. but Indian civilization and culture was so big that in course of time all these castes were merged in Hindu society. But at the time of the arrival of the Muslims, there was a big difference in the composition of the Indian society. The Hindu people were divided into many classes, sects, castes and sub-castes and their receptive power was destroyed. On the contrary, the Muslims had their own personal civilization and their own religion. They had not only come for political victory of India but also for cultural and religious victory, which could not be influenced by Hinduism. They came to India to propagate Islam and destroy idol worship. Therefore, from the very beginning, the Muslims remained separate from the Hindus and in this way the Indian society during the Sultanate period was divided into two parts - (a) Muslim society and (b) Hindu society

Uncovering the Geo-Location of the Grand Mosque of Melaka Sultanate

Historical records make note of a magnificent stone-built mosque, renowned throughout the region, within the city of the Melaka Sultanate. According to these accounts, the mosque was said to have been dismantled after the 1511 war, and its stones were repurposed. Scholars have debated its likely form, ornamentation, and symbolism based on the visual precedents of mosques from that era. However, until now, there has been limited effort to pinpoint its exact location within the contemporary geographical context. This study represents a crucial step towards its objective of furnishing vital data for potential empirical investigations, using ground-penetrating scanning technology to explore the mosque's remains for the first time in over five centuries. The rationale for this research is rooted in the belief that a grand stone-built mosque would almost certainly have an extensive stone-built foundation, making its complete removal an exceedingly challenging task. This study employs two methods of analysis: i) Narrative analysis, which examines historical texts containing descriptive clues about the mosque's nature, location, and its significants. ii) Visual anthropological analysis, which investigates historical visuals pertaining to city planning during the colonial era. The latter phase of the investigation is centered on a singular objective: the identification of structures depicted in the municipal plans of Portuguese and Dutch Melaka, guided by the 'qibla test,' a geospatial mapping technique that scrutinizes the alignment between (i) structures in the municipal plans, (ii) satellite imagery of the location, and (iii) the qibla direction. This research has unveiled a corresponding structure in a relatively uncommon Dutch Melaka municipal plan. It comprises two square shapes that exhibit remarkable accuracy in alignment with the qibla: (i) a larger square site, conceivably representing the primary structure of the mosque, and (ii) a smaller square site, potentially indicative of the minaret. The identified geographical location corresponds to the parking lot of Melaka's History and Ethnography Museum. Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study, which include reliance on English translations for Portuguese ancient manuscripts, as well as the utilization of colonial Melaka municipal plans instead of those from the Sultanate period. Nevertheless, the study presents a compelling case for identifying the specific site of the historical mosque, which warrants further verification and reconstruction studies aimed at historical tourism, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals 8.9 and 11.4.

Historical View of the Political Role of Delhi Sultanates in the Punjab

This article explores the history of the Punjab region during the Sultanate period, a time when Muslim rulers established their authority over the region. It examines the political, social, and cultural developments that occurred during this era, which lasted from the 13th to the 16th centuries. The article focuses on the various dynasties that ruled over Punjab during this period, including the Ghurids, the Mamluks, the Khiljis, the Tughlaqs, and the Lodis. It discusses the impact of these dynasties on the region's economy, trade, and urbanization, as well as the growth of religious and cultural institutions. The article also examines the impact of the Sultanate period on the region's people, including the impact on gender roles, social hierarchy, and religious practices. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive overview of Punjab's history during the Sultanate period, highlighting the key political and cultural changes that shaped the region during this time.

Islamisasi Ajaran Islam di Nusantara

Regarding the spread of Islam in Indonesia, it can be seen that the contribution of merchants from various countries can be seen from the emergence of mass organizations and Islamic communities in several important ports such as Java, Sumatra and other coastal areas. As well as evidence that many Islamic kingdoms were located along the coast, such as the kingdoms of Banten, Aceh and Demak. Aspects of the life of the kings influenced the history of the Islamization of the archipelago, which gave life to many strong cultures in the archipelago, which of course influenced the spread of Islam in the archipelago. The Great Mosque of Demak is an example of a legacy of Islamic development during the sultanate period which is still valid today. This mosque was built around 1477 M

PENERAPAN HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM PADA FASE PENJAJAHAN DAN KESULTANAN

The law during the colonial and sultanate periods in Indonesia already existed and has even been practiced by the community, this can be seen by the establishment of legal theory forms ranging from creed theory, receptio in complex theory to receptie theory. The legal form of the creed theory and the theory of receptio in complex during the sultanate period had been applied before the colonialists came, so that there was an attempt at legal intervention from the Netherlands against Islamic law by confronting customary law by establishing the receptie theory. The application of Islamic family law sociologically becomes a reference for values ​​that are believed to anticipate the development of all fields, philosophically it has become a positive law in the Indonesian legal system which has been applied legally legally, culturally it still exists even though it is no longer a form of the legal system. Due to the influence of Dutch legal intervention, Islamic family law is no longer a complete positive law because it has experienced a mixture of legal sources, such as the unification and codification of law.

THE ROLE OF THE TURKISH MUSLIMS IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FORMATION OF BENGAL DURING THE SULTANATE PERIOD (1204-1525)

This research analyzes the role of Turks in the socio-cultural development of Bengal during the Sultanate Period (1204-1525). The study showed that Turkish Muslims contributed significantly to the establishment of fundamental rights in Bengal, such as protecting the rights of people of all faiths, social equality, a fair judiciary, and security. Moreover, the teachings and campaign of Sufis against injustice, including the caste system, social inequality, intolerance, raised public consciousness and people of different religions became interested in Islam as they were fascinated by Sufis' generosity, humility, and normal lifestyle. Followers of all religions were given the opportunity to participate in administrative activities based on merit, generosity, and cooperation provided to other religions; as a result, communal harmony and religious tolerance were achieved. The universal education system was introduced as well as Bengali language and literature were developed. Scholars of other religions were also encouraged, engaged, and respected in the pursuit of knowledge. The isolated areas of Bengal were united for the first time, and the Bengalis formed a nation under the reign of the Turkish Ilyas Shahi dynasty. The study concludes that Turkish Muslims contributed to the development of almost every section of Bengali society and culture.

KEKUATAN DAN PELUANG REAKTUALISASI KODE ETIK GURU MENUJU MASYARAKAT ACEH YANG BERMARTABAT

The quality of education in Aceh has weakened in recent years. This can reduce the dignity of the Acehnese people compared to the former sultanate period. One way to restore this dignity and worth is to improve the quality of education; and one way to improve the quality of education is by re-actualizing the teacher's code of ethics in the learning process in schools and madrasas. The Islamic attitude of the Acehnese people, graduates of Dayah and UIN Ar-raniry is a big force in realizing the re-actualization of this teacher's code of ethics. The reformation era that has started since 1998, Law Number 44 of 1999 and Law Number 18 of 2001 which established Aceh as an Islamic law area. The Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2006 which stipulates Aceh as a special autonomous region and the formation of the Aceh Education Qanun Number 11 of 2014 concerning Education Providers is a great opportunity to implement this. The steps that need to be taken in this re-actualization are that the teacher must study, understand, appreciate and implement this entire code of ethics. Knowledge of the science of educational tools must also be mastered. In the end, rewards and punishments still need to be given to teachers and education staff who don't want to heed them. The obstacle that may be faced is that not all teachers understand and live up to this code of ethics. However, this can be overcome by conducting planned seminars, workshops and trainings.

Historical analysis of the Socio-Cultural Significance of the Saraiki Region Multan during Sultanate of Delhi Period

Multan is considered one of the important historical cities of the Saraiki region through ages. The city is alive from thousands of years from and a major part of Indus civilization. The socio-cultural position od Multan recognized the most prominent during the Sultanate period of Delhi. Although it has seen many ups and downs and faced various governments. It also remained as a cradle of civilizations which had been grown in this area and Multan remained as the center of all these civilizations. It remained an important trade center between Harrpa and Mohenjo-Daro in the past. The mighty Indus civilization had been also great linkage with Multan. Multan remained important area from initial era to till Muslim invasion in Sindh. During the 1st Muslim Turkish rule in northern India Multan was occupied by Mehmmod of Ghazna and later it was an important part of Sultanate of Delhi. Several major dynasties and families govern at Multan. With political role Multan also has important socio-cultural importance during through ages. During ancient time it was also called as BAIT-UL-ZAHAB the house of gold due wealthy city. This research paper highlights the socio-cultural and political significance of Saraiki region Multan during the Sultanate period 1206-1526.

Pelapisan Sosial Masyarakat Melayu-Jawa Pada Masa Kesultanan Palembang Abad 19

This article is to find out the social layers of the Palembang people which began to emerge since the existence of the Palembang Sultanate. In addition to the natives, in the 19th century the population of Palembang had several ethnic groups that had a distinctive settlement in Palembang, namely Chinese, Arab, and Malay-Javanese Palembang. However, the social stratification of this society is focused on the Malay-Javanese community (Ilir Palembang area). During this sultanate, the population was divided into two major groups, namely the aristocratic aristocracy and the common people. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between layers of Malay-Javanese society (Ilir area of Palembang) and their role in each area of social stratification of society. This research is qualitative in nature using literature studies and interviews. The results showed that the people of Palembang, especially Malay-Javanese, had social layers, the area of social stratification of the people of Palembang had a role as a production area for the Palembang Sultanate Period, the Malay-Javanese people of Palembang had titles that determined the Goo-gook area, and Palembang community relations, especially Malay-Javanese. with immigrant communities such as ethnic Arabs, Chinese, and Indians they live side by side with high tolerance.

Hindu-Muslim Religious Encounters during the Delhi Sultanate Period

This article is an analytical reconsideration of the nature of the theological and cultural relationship that existed between Muslims and the Hindus in the Delhi Sultanate. It further aims at an examination of the religious attitudes of both communities towards each other. Historical links between Islam and Hinduism in the Indian subcontinent are extended into the very ancient past. Both religions have shared a long history that goes back to the early days of Islam. Religious interaction between Islam and Hinduism is a complex and multidimensional theme. It has its significance in the present world and in fact, it not only involves religious and theological issues but also many current socio-political and anthropological themes like race, gender, nation, and majority-minority relations are linked with the shared past of both communities in the Indian subcontinent. In this article, I explore the nature of the religious or theological interactions between both communities i.e., how Hindus generally and Brahmans particularly perceived and interpreted Islam and Muslims as newcomers to their land and what were the Muslim theological and intellectual perspectives on Indian traditions generally and on Hindus particularly.

The Role of Youth in The Development of Malay Culture-Based Tourism Destinations in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province

The purpose of this study is to find out how the Azizi Mosque as a Malay-based tourist destination and to determine the extent of the role of youth DPD KNPI Langkat in the development of tourism destination based malay culture in Langkat of North Sumatera Province. The results of this study are based on observational data that researchers do is that the Azizi Mosque is a building that contains historical and cultural values of Malay in Langkat district, where, in addition to the architectural splendor of the Azizi mosque building with its wide area that fascinates tourists, the Azizi mosque building ornaments also is a symbol or shows the characteristics of Malay culture in Langkat district. There is also a complex surrounding the tombs of the kings or sultans who once ruled the sultanate period langkat. Even according to historical records collected by researchers, the Azizi Mosque was once functioned as the Langkat Sultanate Palace. Until now, Azizi is a building that has witnessed the glory of the Langkat sultanate in the past.

Identities of Composite literary tradition during the Sultanate of Delhi: A study of Amir Khusrau and Kabir in the making of Indian heritage

The history of Medieval India had long been interpreted on two grounds basically, - the age of destruction of Indian civilization by the central Asian invaders; and the growth of composite culture. But the above terms reflect contradictory sense because if the advent of foreigners fully eliminated India’s glorious past then how could there be an amelioration of cultural assimilation during our period of study. In this regard, communalist modern scholars of this period can be held responsible, who sought to disseminate unscientific viewpoints on both Hindu and Muslim superiority, or at best with a so-called notion of “community crisis”. In fact, it is not even so hard to identify the biasness of Marxist scholars who set up a dominance in medieval Indian history writing by excluding many impartial treatments. However, as a chief offshoot of this composite tradition the mystic literary practice had thrived out of Bhakti and Sufi movement, which imparted the idea of love and devotion for God, simultaneously emphasized the harmonious social relationship through the spiritual promulgation of human relationship with extra-mundane world. This paper has attempted to describe the literary aspects of Delhi Sultanate period, by which the composite cultural scenario can be discernible in the making of Indian heritage, and tried to evaluate several subsided corners of this subject. As a part of my discussion, therefore, I have decided to provide a critical analysis about the two most prominent mystic authors of this age- Amir Khusrau and Kabir.

State Failure and Successful Leadership in Medieval India

State failure has been an enduring topic in the history of political thought. This article will revisit modern debates on the characteristics of state failure and the factors conducive to successful leadership by focusing on political ideas that evolved in fourteenth-century India. I will discuss two works with the same title, i.e., Tārīkh-i Fīrūz Shāhī ( The History of Fīrūz Shāh) of the distinguished historians of the Delhi Sultanate period Żiyā’ al-Dīn Baranī (ca. 1285–1357) and Shams Sirāj ‘Afīf (d. 1399) about Sultans Muḥammad b. Tughluq and (his successor) Fīrūz Shāh as instantiations of state failure and good governance, respectively. The deployment of the concept of state failure has often been construed as an effort to impose a political straitjacket; the examination of authors like Baranī and ‘Afīf demonstrates the value of reflecting on lessons from history and exploring how societies in the past evolved their own patterns of thinking about effective or failed leadership.

Uddhara's World: Geographies of Piety and Trade in Sultanate South Asia

AbstractThe stabilisation of Delhi as the centre of power in the subcontinent reorganised not only political and military structures in north India but also opened up new connections for trade and traders. This article traces the journey of one Hindu merchant family from their ancestral home in the Indus Valley to new prominence in the Sultanate capital. A close reading of a Sanskrit donative inscription written in ornate poetry from the Delhi hinterland shows the changing imagination of politics, religion and space among elite merchants. Uḍḍhara Ṭhakkura adapts the linguistic heritage of Sanskrit public presentation and creates a new and self-aware ideational language to express geography, politics and piety. Uḍḍhara's model was powerful; over the next century, other merchant families adapt it to present their own donative largess. While F. Flood has highlighted the role of Hindu traders through material culture in his magisterial work Objects of Translation (2005), the Sanskrit literary production patronised by mobile mercantile groups can advance and nuance the picture, showing the complex negotiations in creating and presenting a public identity for Hindu groups in the Sultanate period.