Periods Of Scarcity Research Articles

The drawback of placentas for live-bearing fish

Fishes have had a long time since the dawn of life to play around with how they reproduce. While many never meet their parents, hatching from externally laid eggs, others are protected within their mothers’ bodies, consuming their egg yolk as they develop. An even more select group are nourished continually by their mothers through a placenta, which is great during times of plenty, but when food is scarce, what then? Youngsters that continually depend on their mothers for nutrition as they develop could be in trouble. To find out how Phalloptychus januarius embryos – which are supplied with nutrition via a placenta – cope, Andres Hagmayer, Martin Lankheet, Johan van Leeuwen and Bart Pollux from Wageningen University, The Netherlands, cut the mothers’ provisions by 75% and waited to see what impact it had on their developing young.After collecting newborn fish – some of which had only experienced deprivation for a week of gestation, whereas others had completed their entire development (4 weeks) while their mothers were on reduced rations – Hagmayer and Judith Bijsterbosch (Wageningen University) recorded mass, fat carried and whether the fry gained weight over the first week of life. Meanwhile, Lankheet and Bijsterbosch analysed the fish's swimming when startled and while feeding.Sure enough, the offspring of mothers on a meagre diet didn't fare well: they were smaller and carried less fat than the youngsters of well-fed mothers. In addition, fish born after longer periods of scarcity were even smaller and leaner. And when the team followed up over their first week of life, these fish didn't thrive; even though they grew, they failed to gain fat. The youngsters’ swimming also failed to improve as quickly as that of fish from well-fed mothers, with the newborns of mothers fed poorly for the longest time showing the least improvements in their swimming. ‘This suggests that maternal food availability during pregnancy affects the development of swimming capabilities after birth’, Hagmayer says.So, P. januarius youngsters that develop within their mothers when food is scarce are at a disadvantage relative to species that provision their eggs with everything they need to develop before abandoning them to get on with it. ‘Our study shows that placental provisioning can be disadvantageous when maternal food is scarce’, concludes Hagmayer.

Human Capital Investments Among Veterinarians

Professional labor markets can be affected by alternating periods of excess or scarcity in labor. The phenomenon is most prevalent in labor markets where a substantial lag occurs between occupational choice and labor market entry. In this paper, a unique longitudinal dataset from veterinary labor markets is used to identify factors significantly associated with volatility in labor supply. Our econometric analysis establishes a statistically significant relationship between boom-bust cycles in labor and certain pertinent variables: entry-level earnings, a demand proxy, and supply-side features. Results support the notion that decision-makers gauge the expected levels of these variables when making career choices.

Overcoming supply disruptions during pandemics by utilizing found hardware for open source gentle ventilation

This article details the design of an open source emergency gentle ventilator (gentle-vent) framework that can be used in periods of scarcity. Although it is not a medical device, the system utilizes a wide range of commonly-available components that are combined using basic electronics skills to achieve the desired performance. The main function of the gentle-vent is to generate a calibrated pressure wave at the pump to provide support to the patient’s breathing. Each gentle-vent permutation was tested using a DIY manometer as it would be utilized in the field in low-resource settings and validated with an open source VentMon. The most rudimentary implementation costs less than $40.

Midterm impacts of a water drought experience: evaluation of consumption changes in São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract From late 2013 until the beginning of 2015, the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, experienced a severe water shortage. During that period, economic incentives were implemented by the regional water provider in a successful attempt to reduce water consumption. We aimed to investigate whether such incentives, as well as the experience of a scarcity period itself, had a persistent impact on consumer behaviour after the water crisis was over. This study was conducted by means of a hierarchical linear model with three levels (HLM3) to verify if the reduction effect remained in the midterm and a regression using panel data to understand which factors influenced water consumption behaviour change before, during, and after the local severe water drought. The results indicate that the average water consumption level subsequent to the rain scarcity period was significantly lower than before and that, in addition to the economic incentives, the severity of the scarcity event explained the behaviour change verified in water consumption.

Environmental efficiency of wine grape production in Mendoza, Argentina

The natural characteristics are a valuable asset for the production of wine grapes, but the availability of quality water and the composition of the soil are decisive in semi-arid areas. The province of Mendoza is a prestigious region for the production of wine that is going through a period of water scarcity, which implies a greater use of groundwater that could compromise the availability of resources and trigger salinity levels. This paper evaluates the environmental performance of winegrowers in the face of a productive threat such as the saline content in irrigation water. We estimate environmental efficiency based on a directional output distance function using the salinity hazard of irrigation as an undesirable output. The average environmental performance is 0.88 and it can be reduced by participating in producer groups, receiving technical assistance, increasing the density of the vineyard, and receiving an energy subsidy for irrigation. In addition, the shadow price of the salinity hazard reveals that higher salinity content in irrigation water and soil characteristics cause excessive irrigation at the expense of environmental and economic performance. Furthermore, the pre-existing market price relationship, water balance and district characteristics can deflate shadow prices, but only vineyards with joint water sources can benefit from this.

After the smoke has cleared: Extended low fruit productivity following forest fires decreased gregariousness and social tolerance among wild female Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii)

As climate change continues to fundamentally alter resource landscapes, the ability to flexibly respond to spatio-temporal changes in the distribution of preferred food sources is increasingly important for the overall health and fitness of animals living in seasonal, variable, and/or changing environments. Here, we investigate the effects of an uncharacteristically long period of fruit scarcity, following widespread thick haze caused by peat and forest fires in 2015, on the behaviour and sociality of female Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We collected data from 2010 to 2018 at Tuanan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, and compared the activity, diet, and association patterns of adult females during low-fruit periods before the fires, i.e., regular, seasonal periods of low fruit availability (“pre-fire”), and after the fires, i.e., during the extended period of low fruit availability (“post-fire”). First, we found that, post-fire, female orangutans adopted a more extreme energy-saving activity pattern and diet — resting more, travelling less, and diet-switching to less-preferred foods — compared to pre-fire. Second, we found that the probabilities of association between females and their weaned immature offspring, and between related and unrelated adult females were lower, and the probability of agonism between unrelated females was higher, post-fire than pre-fire. This change in energetic strategy, and the general reduction in gregariousness and social tolerance, demonstrates how forest fires can have lasting consequences for orangutans. Fission–fusion species such as orangutans can mitigate the effects of changes in resource landscapes by altering their (sub)grouping patterns; however, this may have long-term indirect consequences on their fitness.

Indications of recent warm and dry summers' impact on private wells for drinking-water supply in Germany: a review of press articles.

Climatic changes lead to seasonal droughts with declining groundwater levels, and - especially in rural regions - private wells in the upper aquifer might fall dry. However, only limited information and no systematic administrative reporting of the extent are available for Germany yet. Therefore, a systematic analysis of newspaper articles as a promising source of information was conducted for the extraordinarily hot summers of 2018, 2019 and 2020. The results of the database searches were analysed with respect to frequency and local and regional hotspots, relations to climatic data, extent of the reported dry-fallings and emergency water supply. The analysis indicates hotspots particularly for the federal states of Saxony, where a subsidy programme for connecting to the public water supply was reissued in 2019, for Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia. Emergency supply was realised through various approaches. It was partly required until the winter months and did not always have drinking-water quality. As private wells are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, their operators should be involved as a stakeholder group in future discussions about allocating water resources to increasingly competing uses in periods of scarcity.

A Novel Multidrug Resistant, Non-Tn4401 Genetic Element-Bearing, Strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated From an Urban Lake With Drinking and Recreational Water Reuse.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing and urgent issue for human health worldwide, as it leads to the reduction of available antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, in turn increasing hospital stays and lethality. Therefore, the study and genomic surveillance of bacterial carriers of resistance in and outside of clinical settings is of utter importance. A colony of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria identified as Klebsiella spp., by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, has been isolated from an urban lake in Brazil, during a drug-degrading bacterial prospection. Genomic analyses revealed the bacteria as Klebsiella pneumoniae species. Furthermore, the in silico Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) identified the genome as a new sequence type, ST5236. The search for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) detected the presence of genes against beta-lactams, fosfomycin, acriflavine and efflux pumps, as well as genes for heavy metal resistance. Of particular note, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene (blaCTX-M-15) has been detected in close proximity to siphoviridae genes, while a carbapenemase gene (KPC-2) has been found in an extrachromosomal contig, within a novel non-Tn4401 genetic element (NTEKPC). An extrachromosomal contig found in the V3 isolate is identical to a contig of a K. pneumoniae isolate from a nearby hospital, which indicates a putative gene flow from the hospital network into Paranoá lake. The discovery of a MDR isolate in this lake is worrisome, as the region has recently undergone periods of water scarcity causing the lake, which receives treated wastewater effluent, and is already used for recreational purposes, to be used as an environmental buffer for drinking water reuse. Altogether, our results indicate an underrepresentation of environmental K. pneumoniae among available genomes, which may hamper the understanding of the population dynamics of the species in the environment and its consequences in the spread of ARGs and virulence genes.

Clinical Prioritization of Antispike Monoclonal Antibody Treatment of Mild to Moderate COVID-19

Clinical Prioritization of Antispike Monoclonal Antibody Treatment of Mild to Moderate COVID-19

Representing a dense network of ponds and reservoirs in a semi-distributed dryland catchment model

The mismatch between natural water availability and demand in dryland regions is overcome by reservoirs of different sizes with the purpose of storing water. The increase in population in dryland regions and the consequent growth in water demand expanded the construction of small reservoirs, generating in these regions a dense network of reservoirs, which increases the complexity of modeling these hydrological systems. For dryland watersheds modeling with daily time-step, the horizontal connectivity of the reservoir network needs careful representation in order to achieve acceptable model performance, including cumulative effects of reservoirs. However, the horizontal connectivity of reservoir networks is often less investigated in large-scale catchment models. This work presents an innovative way of implementing the dense-reservoir network into the widely used eco-hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), with detailed representation of large and small reservoirs, and an extensive analysis about the cumulative impact of small reservoirs on the horizontal hydrological connectivity for large-scale dryland catchments. A two-fold cross-validation was used against streamflow at a catchment outlet and against in-catchment reservoir water levels. The model daily performance was acceptable despite the input data uncertainty, with good reliability for peak flow in wet years, for nonflow periods and for the rising limb of the hydrograph. The efforts in the parameterization of reservoirs and aggregation of ponds allowed a better analysis of the hydrological processes and their impacts in the catchment. The results showed that small reservoirs decreased the streamflow, but had a low impact on catchment retention and water losses, with 2% of water retention in wet years. However, the water retention reached 9% in dry years, which may worsen periods of water scarcity in the large reservoirs. The spatial representation of small reservoirs for a high-density network in the SWAT model and the results of the cumulative impact of small reservoirs may be relevant for a better understanding of hydrology in dryland catchments, and can be applied to catchments in similar climatic and socio-economic environments.

The Cell Wall Integrity Receptor Mtl1 Contributes to Articulate Autophagic Responses When Glucose Availability Is Compromised.

Mtl1protein is a cell wall receptor belonging to the CWI pathway. Mtl1 function is related to glucose and oxidative stress signaling. In this report, we show data demonstrating that Mtl1 plays a critical role in the detection of a descent in glucose concentration, in order to activate bulk autophagy machinery as a response to nutrient deprivation and to maintain cell survival in starvation conditions. Autophagy is a tightly regulated mechanism involving several signaling pathways. The data here show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mtl1 signals glucose availability to either Ras2 or Sch9 proteins converging in Atg1 phosphorylation and autophagy induction. TORC1 complex function is not involved in autophagy induction during the diauxic shift when glucose is limited. In this context, the GCN2 gene is required to regulate autophagy activation upon amino acid starvation independent of the TORC1 complex. Mtl1 function is also involved in signaling the autophagic degradation of mitochondria during the stationary phase through both Ras2 and Sch9, in a manner dependent on either Atg33 and Atg11 proteins and independent of the Atg32 protein, the mitophagy receptor. All of the above suggest a pivotal signaling role for Mtl1 in maintaining correct cell homeostasis function in periods of glucose scarcity in budding yeast.

Exploring the Gender-Specific Adaptive Responses to Climate Variability: Application of Grazing Game in the Semi-Arid Region of Ghana

Regional climate change assessments show a likely temperature increase that is higher than the global average for all seasons in Africa, which would have extreme negative implications for ecosystem health and productivity. Most extreme climate change effects in West Africa are predicted to occur in desert and grassland areas. It is important for smallholder farmers in this region to understand the implications of these projections to their livelihood and to identify appropriate adaptation strategies. A grazing game was used to explore gender-specific adaptive responses to climate variability in the semiarid region of Ghana. The game was designed to understand the decision-making processes that result in the overgrazing of animals, leading to desertification based on the players’ interactions with the environment. A total of 44 grazing games comprising 22 games for male-headed households (HH) and 22 games for female-HH were played from August to December 2014 from 14 communities within the Bolgatanga Municipality and the Bongo district. The study revealed that males migrate to the southern part of the country to work on other people’s farms during the dry season as an adaptation strategy, while females engage in off-farm activities such as shea-butter production and basketry. Results of the game showed that males produced the highest number of cattle but created the largest desert patches. Females, on the other hand, were more conscious about the environment (long-term condition of the rangeland) than the short-term income benefits from the sale of cattle; hence, they created fewer desert patches. Strategies such as reducing the number of cattle to allow for the re-growth of vegetation in periods of feed scarcity, ploughing for one another using bulls, and family support using income from the sale of livestock were employed by both gender groups. The involvement of female farmers in decision-making is crucial to improve natural resource management.

Examining the Ability of Communities to Cope with Food Insecurity due to Climate Change

The changing climate has negatively impacted food systems by affecting rainfall patterns and leading to drought, flooding, and higher temperatures which reduce food production. This study examined the ability of communities to cope with food insecurity due to the changing climate in the Serere and Buyende districts, which are two different agro-ecological zones of Uganda. We administered 806 questionnaires to households, a sample size which was determined using Yamane’s formula, with the snowball sampling method used to select the households. The questionnaire sought information, including that regarding the respondents’ resources, the effects of climate change on households, and the coping mechanisms employed to reduce the impact of climate change on food security. The data collected was coded and analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). Agriculture was found to be the main source of income for 42.4% of male adults and 41.2% of female adults in Serere. In Buyende, 39.9% of males and 33.7% of females rely on selling animal, poultry, and food crops. Aggregate results further showed that 58.3% of females and 42.2% of the males from both districts had suffered from the impacts of climate change, and that the effects were more evident between March and May, when communities experienced crop failure. The study further found that the percentage of households who had three meals a day was reduced from 59.7% to 43.6%, while the number of households with no major meals a day increased from 1.3% to 1.6%. We also found that 34.3% of households reported buying food during periods of crop failure or food scarcity. Moreover, despite reporting an understanding of several coping mechanisms, many households were limited in their ability to implement the coping mechanisms by their low incomes. This reinforced their reliance on affordable mechanisms, such as growing drought-resistant crops (32.7%), rearing drought-resistant livestock breeds (26.1%), and reducing the number of meals a day (14.5%), which are mechanisms that are insufficient for solving all the climate-related food insecurity challenges. We recommend that the government intervenes by revising policies which help farmers cope with the negative effects of climate change, promoting the sensitization of farmers to employing the coping mechanisms, and subsidizing agricultural inputs, such as resistant varieties of crops, for all to afford.

Suitability of pollen as an alternative food source for different developmental stages of Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to facilitate predation on whitefly eggs

Alternative food sources could sustain predator populations by influencing their performances including predation, development, and reproduction in periods of shortage or scarcity of prey under laboratory or fields conditions. The aim of this study was to explore suitability of cattail pollen (Typha orientalis) as an alternative food source for different stages of Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on their predation capacity against the eggs of whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and the developmental and reproductive responses of the predators to different diet switching regimes under laboratory conditions (T1: nymphs and early adults fed pollen; T2: nymphs fed pollen but early adults fed whitefly eggs; T3: nymphs fed whitefly eggs but early adults fed pollen; T4: nymphs and early adults fed whitefly eggs). Results in the diet switching experiment revealed that although A. herbicolus could prey on whitefly eggs in all the treatment groups, the predatory mites obviously differed in their capacity to prey on the target pest whitefly eggs when fed on cattail pollen and whitefly eggs during different developmental stages. A. herbicolus in group T2 revealed the highest average predation rate, being 1.31, 1.17, and 1.49 times those in groups T1, T3, and T4, respectively. Our results indicated that food sources including cattail pollen and whitefly eggs were suitable for A. herbicolus, because it was able to develop from egg to adult females in all the treatment groups. The mixed diets (T2 and T3 groups) revealed positive effects on the developmental and reproductive parameters of A. herbicolus females, leading to higher oviposition rates and shorter developmental durations when compared with those of groups T1 and T4. A. herbicolus in group T2 revealed the highest average oviposition rates (1.32, 1.26, and 1.81 times those in groups T1, T3 and T4, respectively); however, no significant differences were observed between the T1 and T3 groups. All the eggs of A. herbicolus succeeded in reaching adulthood, but the duration of egg to adult developmental time of A. herbicolus was different among the four treatment groups. The longest and shortest developmental times were obtained in groups T4 and T3, respectively. All the results in the present study demonstrated that A. herbicolus adult females can prey on T. vaporariorum eggs, and cattail pollen was suitable as an alternative or additional food source with high nutritional value for this predatory mite to enhance the predation capacity towards whitefly eggs because A. herbicolus can successfully complete its immature development as well as reproduction.

Collaborative management of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam increases economic benefits and resilience

The landscape of water infrastructure in the Nile Basin is changing with the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Although this dam could improve electricity supply in Ethiopia and its neighbors, there is a lack of consensus between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt on the dam operation. We introduce a new modeling framework that simulates the Nile River System and Egypt’s macroeconomy, with dynamic feedbacks between the river system and the macroeconomy. Because the two systems “coevolve” throughout multi-year simulations, we term this a “coevolutionary” modeling framework. The framework is used to demonstrate that a coordinated operating strategy could allow the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam to help meet water demands in Egypt during periods of water scarcity and increase hydropower generation and storage in Ethiopia during high flows. Here we show the hydrological and macroeconomic performance of this coordinated strategy compared to a strategy that resembles a recent draft proposal for the operation of the dam discussed in Washington DC.

Influence of Storage Period on the Geochemical Evolution of a Compressed Energy Storage System

Subsurface porous aquifers are being considered for use as reservoirs for compressed energy storage of renewable energy. In these systems, a gas is injected during times in which production exceeds demand and extracted for energy generation during periods of peak demand or scarcity in production. Current operational subsurface energy facilities use salt caverns for storage and air as the working gas. CO2 is potentially a more favorable choice of working gas where under storage conditions CO2 has high compressibility which can improve operational efficiency. However, the interaction of CO2 and brine at the boundary of the storage zone can produce a chemically active fluid which can result in mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions and alter the properties of the storage zone. This study seeks to understand the geochemical implications of utilization of CO2 as a working gas during injection, storage and extraction flow cycles. Here, reactive transport simulations are developed based on 7 h of injection, 11 h of withdrawal and 6 h of reservoir closure, corresponding to the schedule of the Pittsfield field test, for 15 years of operational life span to assess the geochemical evolution of the reservoir. The evolution in the storage system is compared to a continuously cyclic system of 12 h injection and extraction. The result of the study on operational schedule show that mineral reactivity occurs at the inlet of the domain. Furthermore, the porosity of the inner domain is preserved during the cycling of CO2 acidified brine for both systems.

Evaluating adaptive hypotheses for female-led infanticide in wild chimpanzees

Although rare among group-living primates, infanticide by females has been reported in several chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, populations. We examined 13 infanticidal attacks over 47 years at Gombe National Park, Tanzania to evaluate three adaptive hypotheses. (1) Exploitation of the infant as a food resource – by eating a vulnerable neonate, attackers gain calories that may be important during periods of food scarcity or energetic stress. (2) Resource competition – Gombe females concentrate their foraging in overlapping core areas and dominance rank influences foraging success. By killing the infant of a female with high core area overlap, the perpetrator removes a current and future competitor, improving her access to food. (3) Low cost – female chimpanzees mature and reproduce slowly, and longevity increases reproductive success. Physical aggression causes risk of severe injury or death, so females will only mount attacks when risks to the perpetrator are low. In support of hypothesis 1, females usually consumed the carcass. However, attacks were not more likely in times of resource or energy scarcity. In support of hypothesis 2, females attacked others with whom they shared core areas, but attacks did not cause shifts in ranging patterns. In support of hypothesis 3, one or more attackers always outranked the victim, the attacks often involved coalitions and victims usually lacked kin support. Attacks were more likely to be successful when attackers were not hindered by clinging infants and victims could not retreat. Our results provide further evidence for female competition and the adaptive value of female-led infanticide in this species.

Different approach to medical decision-making in difficult circumstances: Kittay’s Ethics of Care

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated advances in bioethical approaches to medical decision-making. This paper develops an alternative method for rationing care during periods of resource scarcity. Typical...

A fat chance of survival: Body condition provides life-history dependent buffering of environmental change in a wild mammal population

Environmental change often causes decreased food availability and/or increased foraging costs, putting wild animals at risk of starvation. Body-fat reserves can enable individuals to resist (buffer) periods of weather-driven food scarcity, improving their chances of survival and subsequent reproductive success. This capacity, however, is constrained by life-history factors and fixed long-term differences between individuals. Here, we use 29 years of data from a population of wild European badgers (Meles meles) to test how weather and population density affect individual body condition indices (BCIs), how BCI mediates survival rate and reproductive success, and whether long-term BCI phenotypes (fat vs. thin) provide life-history advantages. Maintaining body condition above a certain threshold was key to survival (reflecting a nonlinear relationship), especially when temperatures varied more between seasons (requiring greater tactical foraging and BCI adjustments) and following excessive rainfall (causing thermoregulative stress). BCI also affected survival more strongly in older individuals. Female reproductive success increased linearly with autumn BCI, and consistently fatter badgers (of both sexes) had higher lifetime reproductive success; however, substantial intra-individual body-condition variation remained after accounting for weather and individual factors, and 84% of individuals varied BCI substantially from year to year. Modelling BCI responses according to projected climate change through 2080 (Emissions Scenario RCP 8.5) revealed that even strong warming (as one-off events) would produce < 5% survival probability reductions, pushing few individuals below the BCI risk threshold. We thus demonstrate that life-history factors and individual body-condition tactics are fundamental to understanding population resilience under anthropogenic climate change.

Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products Bitter Kola, Njangsang and Palm Wine to the Income of Marketers in the Mifi Division of the West Region of Cameroon

The objective of the study is to contribute to the promotion of NTFPs (Bitter kola, Njangsang and palm wine) by assessing their contribution to the income of marketers in the Mifi division. The study was carried out in the Mifi division in the West Region of Cameroon between January and May 2020. Respondents were drawn from a cross-section of marketers. Data was collected through the administration of semi-structure questionnaires and interview guide as well as direct observations. 81 persons involved in the economic sector in five main markets were identified during the reconnaissance survey, of which 65 were interviewed accounting for 80.24%. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics for processing quantitative data and to generate tables and graphs. Results revealed that every stratum of the community participates in the trade, but the main actors were of the middle age group (45 to 55 years old). Economic analysis revealed that measurement unites for NTFPs in various markets are not standardized and there is a high variation in price between period of abundance and period of scarcity. Wholesalers were able to make an annual benefit of 2 338 900 FCFA, 1 077 400 FCFA and 178 600 FCFA per person from palm wine, bitter kola and Njansang respectively. This benefit was related to the origin of products, thus, the proximity of the supply area of palm wine permitted the concerned persons to meet higher benefit. The benefit observed is this study still includes transportation cost, so in reality, the final benefit is a variable value due to the constant variation (usually little variation) of transportation cost depending on the means of transport. Nevertheless, NTFPs are of real contribution to the income of the Mifi division population, but the supply areas are out of the Mifi division and this implicates some constraints such as high transportation cost, seasonality of products and high variation of sale prices. There is a real need of domestication of species to promote their sustainable management in the actual context of climate change.