Period Of Sanctions Research Articles

The review of advanced methods and techniques for estimating research output in bibliometrics (Part 1)

The authors explore the significant changes in traditional bibliometrics, including distinctive innovations in this area. Within the five-year period (2019– 2024), two processes have had a significant impact on the methods and technologies: these are the COVID-19 pandemic period (recognition of the importance of open research outcomes) and the period of sanctions (an attempt to exclude Russia from the global scientific process).The authors review in brief the improvements of existing methods, e. g. the introduction of the system of beamplot diagrams and research-based citation analysis. The role of scientometrics in global rankings is evaluated. The focus is also made on new vectors of analysis development, such as altmetrics and artificial intelligence. The application of artificial intelligence tools not only ensures high speed but also lays the basis for the entirely new system for comparing scientific publications with the existing array of accumulated knowledge.

Medical Sovereignty of Russia: the Problem of Dependence of Domestic Elites on Therapy Abroad

The article considers the problem of dependence of Russian elite groups on foreign medicine. The analysis of world practice has shown that the foreign medical dependence of elites is characteristic of a number of developing countries, as well as countries with an "oil curse", when foreign economic dependence and foreign medical dependence complement each other. Over the past decades, including the period of anti-Russian sanctions since 2014, publicly available information on cases of medical care provided to federal and regional high-level officials, well-known artists and professional athletes has been systematized. Using the example of the accessibility of foreign medicine for the political and managerial establishment of Russia, the selectivity of anti-Russian sanctions, convenient for external opponents, is shown. At the same time, Russia did not decide on a directive ban on elites using medical care abroad. The stories of media pressure on politicians and businessmen (E.M. Primakov, O.Y. Tinkov) have been revealed, showing the personal vulnerability of people who have become dependent on foreign medicines and therapy. At the same time, a number of examples have confirmed the operability of a possible scenario of a complete ban on elites receiving medical care abroad as a catalyst for the development of domestic medicine, pharmaceutical and medical industries, as well as a way to equalize elites before the "collective West" in the rights to external medical care.

Falsification of financial statements in Russian manufacturing enterprises in 2012–2019

This paper considers the falsification of financial reports at Russian manufacturing enterprises in the period from 2012 to 2019. The factors are associated with the heterogeneity of estimates of falsified financial statements. We examine the evolution of corporate fraud during the period under review with a special focus on the correlation between false reporting and sanctions crisis of 2014. We identify two main lines of corporate behavior in relation to falsified corporate reporting: a consistently «honest» strategy characteristic of no more than 30–60% of enterprises, or situational behavior, when an enterprise provides either reliable or questionable data in certain years depending on the circumstances. For large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, the quality of reporting provided has generally improved in the sanction period of 2015–2019 compared to the pre-sanction period. Drawing on econometric calculations, we demonstrate that the main factors associated with provision of inaccurate reporting are the size of an enterprise, and the growth rate of accounts receivable in previous years.

Model of the dynamics of development of the gross regional product, taking into account the interaction of sanctions restrictions and innovative activity of enterprises with industrial potential of the region Model of the dynamics of development of the gross regional product

The published article proposes an economic and mathematical model of the dynamics of development of the gross regional product, taking into account the influence of sanctions restrictions and increasing the innovative activity of the industrial potential of the region. To describe the dynamics of development of the region’s GRP, a differential balance equation has been compiled regarding the volume of the integral regional resource. Based on available statistical data, three trajectories of GRP development of the Samara region were constructed, corresponding to the pre-sanction period 1998 – 2008, the sanctions period 2009 – 2019, and the period 2020 – 2023. transition of the economy to innovation. It is shown that the transition from one GRP development trajectory to another is defined by special indicator logistic functions. A general theoretical curve for the dynamics of GRP development and a theoretical curve for the dynamics of development of the volume of an integral regional resource have been constructed. Numerical analysis of the proposed model showed good agreement with available statistical observations.

Approaches to optimizing the costs of wholesale trading companies in modern realities

The article is examines some approaches to optimizing the costs of wholesale trading companies during the period of sanctions and increased external risks. The place and the role of the cost management system in the trade sector are described. The article highlights the importance of cost management in the structure of competitiveness of trading firms, examines key approaches to cost optimization, including: reduction of investment processes; logistics and inventory management; cost planning based on a scenario approach; reduction of accounts receivable; development of private brands; eliminating ineffective/allowable costs, and many others. Each of the approaches with a special perspective can be implemented on the basis of an optimization or collapse strategy, depending on the characteristics of costs and the business processes that form them.

АНАЛИЗ ТЕНДЕНЦИЙ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ЛОГИСТИКИ

The article presents an analysis of trends in the development of international logistics, which undergoes significant changes during the period of the sanctions regime under the influence of political and economic factors of the external environment. Modern logistics companies have to search for new management methods and tools to ensure a high level of competitiveness during the period of sanctions and the transition to digital technologies. In this regard, the relevance of this study is determined by the need to find new solutions in the field of international logistics to minimize the negative impact of external factors and accelerate the process of adaptation of logistics companies to the sanctions regime in order to maintain their positions and increase competitiveness. As a result of the study, logistics companies were invited to implement digital technologies to improve international logistics and increase competitiveness, Encouraging sustainable logistics through less carbon-intensive transportation and energy-efficient warehousing, Increasing investment in logistics infrastructure.

Features of state support of industrial enterprises under sanctions pressure

The article discusses the problems of the current situation and development of the Russian industrial enterprises in the context of sanctions that were imposed against Russia in 2014 and significantly increased in 2022. The subject of study is the peculiarities of state support of the country’s industry: the conducted support policy, funding, sectoral priorities, and determination of the most important directions of this assistance. The article is devoted to issues of improving state policy based on the introduced restrictions. The author also considers the activities of the mainindustrial enterprises of the Russian Federation placed under sanctions and a decrease in their performance indicators. The purpose of the work is to study measures and principles of state support of industrial companies during the period of sanctions pressure. The research methodology includes the analysis of statistical data on the volume of industrial enterprises production over the past three years, comparison of indicators, as well as the study of various sources, articles, monographs on state support during the period of sanctions. The results obtained are generalising conclusions that during this complicated period competent state policy aimed at direct assistance to key enterprises in the country is of great importance.

Роль Турции и Китая в системе внешнеэкономических приоритетов России в условиях санкций

The introduction of economic sanctions by western countries against Russia has stimulated the process of reorienting Russian trade and economic ties toward neutral partners, particularly to Turkey and China. This study evaluates the extent to which Russian-Turkish cooperation is becoming more significant a factor in neutralizing the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy and compares the relative importance of Turkey and China as trade and economic partners for Russia during the sanctions period. The article explores the potential of Russian-Turkish and Russian-Chinese cooperation. China and Turkey play the role of Russia’s key partners in overcoming the negative consequences of sanctions. The authors conclude that since the start of tough sanctions in 2022–2023, Turkey’s role in Russia’s trade policy grew at a faster pace than China’s role in a number of areas of economic cooperation. This was confirmed by the evidence of faster growth rates of trade, and by more active energy and tourist cooperation, and by Turkey’s level of direct investments comparable to the Chinese one. Despite this, China continues to be the most significant economic partner for Russia. The Western pressure on China under the sanctions during 2023–2024, was felt to a lesser extent than against Turkey. This explained why by the end of 2023, the growth rate of China’s trade with Russia rebegan to outpace the growth rate of Russia’s trade with Turkey. Overall, the anti-sanctions nature of trade policy, based mainly on trade rather than on investments could be depicted as not solid enough, and the likelihood of curtailing ties under pressure from Western countries remains high, that is partially confirmed by the change in the latest dynamics of Russia’s trade with Turkey in 2023–24.

ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЕ КАК ФАКТОР РАЗВИТИЯ ВНЕШНЕЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article is devoted to the study of import substitution issues as a factor in the development of Russia’s foreign economic activity during the period of sanctions. The authors assessed Russia’s foreign economic activity in terms of foreign trade in goods and services, as well as capital flows. The main problems preventing import substitution in the context of the listed industries have been clarified. According to the results of the study, measures have been identified that will accelerate import substitution in Russia.

ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЕ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА

In this article, the author examined government support measures in the field of import substitution in the regions during the period of sanctions. The current state of small and medium-sized businesses, its sectoral and regional structure is analyzed, and its impact on the development of regional entrepreneurship is assessed and the opportunities and challenges that entrepreneurs face when implementing the import substitution process are identified. At the end of the article, the author offers recommendations for eliminating problems in the field of import substitution.

Analysis of reproduction dynamics in Russian agriculture during the sanctions period

Analysis of reproduction dynamics in Russian agriculture during the sanctions period

Трансформация делового климата российского бизнеса в условиях западных санкций

Modern trends and problems in the development of the global economy require a search for increasing the competitiveness of Russian companies in the global economic system. At the same time, one of the most important indicators assessing competitiveness opportunities is business activity and confidence in the future. The article presents an assessment of the business environment and analysis of the business climate of the Russian Federation in the period from 2014 to 2023, including in various sectors of the economy, taking into account positive, negative and restraining assessments given by the heads of large, small and medium-sized businesses. The main problems, internal and external barriers to the functioning of enterprises during the sanctions period under consideration are analyzed. Every year, more than half of entrepreneurs note the problem of rising prices and tariffs, high taxation, instability of the ruble exchange rate and a high key rate. One of the most important, and rightfully one of the three most negative barriers to doing business, is the lack of highly qualified personnel. Also relevant are the problems of unfair competition, difficulties in carrying out foreign economic transactions, underdeveloped infrastructure, insufficient protection of property rights and contract rights; remaining high administrative barriers, etc.

ВЫСОКОЧАСТОТНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ САНКЦИЙ НА ИНФЛЯЦИОННЫЕ ОЖИДАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

This article examines the impact of sanctions concerns on the inflation expectations of the Russian population during the period of large-scale sanctions in 2022–2023. Using the methods of text processing of data from posts and comments on the social network, indicators of inflation expectations and sanctions concern were built with a weekly frequency and then used in econometric modeling. By evaluating autoregressive models of the integrated moving average with generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity in residuals and exogenous regressors (ARIMA-X-GARCH-X), an attempt has been made to model both the value and volatility of inflation expectations. As a result, it was revealed that increased sanctions concern, other things being equal, leads to an increase in inflation expectations, but does not affect the uncertainty of the population regarding inflation expectations. Despite the detection of weak structural changes, the degree of impact of sanctions concern on the inflation expectations of the Russian population is relatively stable in the period from March 2022 to December 2023.

Financial Contagion of the Commodity Markets from the Stock Market during Pandemic and New Sanctions Shocks

In the context of financial globalization, there is an increasing transmission of global turbulence between different markets, which enhances overall financial instability. The purpose of this study is to identify the financial contagion of the commodity market from the stock market in the 1920s. The research hypothesis is that contagion manifested itself during the period of pandemic shocks of 2020-2021 and new sanctions shocks of 2022-2023. Based on 2016-2023 data on the intersessional average daily return of the S&P GLOBAL 100 index and 22 commodity futures, DCC GARCH models are built. Significant increases in these correlations during periods of external shocks indicate potential contagion. A dynamic Student's t-test for the equality of correlations in the pre-shock period and in the sliding window within the shock and inter-shock periods is used to definitively prove the presence or absence of contagion. The study confirmed the contagion of 22 commodity markets from the stock market of varying strength and duration, both during the pandemic and new sanctions shocks. It proved that the metals market, especially the gold market, was the most susceptible to contagion during the period under review. Copper and zinc turned out to be risk dampers during the period of new sanctions. Among food products, the sugar market has demonstrated the greatest propensity to contagion, but during a period of relative stability it has proven its ability to mitigate systemic risks. A number of agricultural commodities (e.g., soybeans and soybean products, corn, wheat), as well as Brent oil, have shown relative resistance to contagion and are recommended as hedging tools. The results and conclusions of the study can be useful to investors in managing optimal portfolios, and to the state when adjusting anti-crisis financial policy during the period of external shocks affecting the economy.

Foreign investments in the Russian Federation during the period of sanctions: restrictions imposed and their correlation with the rights of foreign investors

The article analyzes the problem of the correlation between the restrictive measures introduced by Russia against foreign investors, as a response to sanctions from unfriendly foreign states, and the guarantees for foreign investors, provided for by treaties for the promotion and reciprocal protection of investments. After that many foreign investors stopped or suspended their activities in Russia. To protect the national interests of Russia and ensure the stability of its economy, restrictive measures have been introduced against foreign investors: a ban to transfer assets from Russia abroad, a special procedure to carry out transactions with foreign persons from unfriendly states. A bill on external administration has been passed. According to foreign experts, such measures can be understood as violation of international investment treaties, and may affect companies, whose investments in Russia can be expropriated without compensation, the investors may get protection under these treaties. Russia introduced the above restrictions in response to the sanctions of unfriendly countries against our country and the departure of foreign investors, in order to maintain stability in the economic sphere, in order to ensure the security of the state. The author concludes that such restrictions based on the doctrine of reasonable state regulation are legitimate, since the state is forced to protect the national economy.

On the issue of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of organic fuels

Relevance. Russia has ratified the Paris Climate Agreement. However, European legislation is ambiguously aimed at extracting its own benefits in the current international relations, especially during the period of sanctions against Russia. Expectation of introduction of a carbon tax on the products and services of industry organizations requires a comprehensive analysis of the situation in the field of technology and technologies that contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Aim. Study of approaches and technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions that stimulate the environmentally friendly production of thermal and electrical energy; identification of promising and affordable greenhouse gas condensation technology for domestic energy and features of its application. Object. The list of greenhouse gases was established by the Kyoto Protocol in 1996. The main of greenhouse gases for the energy sector are emissions of carbon dioxide generated by burning fuel in generating heat and electricity. Methods. Analysis of literature data on technologies for utilization of greenhouse gases, the possibilities of its use and reduction of emissions. Analytical calculations were performed to assess the effectiveness of carbon dioxide condensation technology. Results. The authors have carried out the analysis of literature data on regulatory requirements, UN recommendations and aspects of greenhouse gas utilization. They established a promising and affordable technology of greenhouse gas condensation in order to capture and absorb carbon dioxide during fuel combustion when producing thermal and electrical energy. The paper introduces the economic assessment of the costs of purchasing sorbents and the possibility of their extraction and conclusions on the utopian of the tasks of the Paris Climate Agreement.

The disposition of the rights of members to participate in the distribution of profits in limited liability companies

The disposition of property rights is an integral part of civil-law transactions. Legal relations related to the disposition of the right to participate in the distribution of profits remain a little-known topic. Due to the preponderance of limited liability companies among commercial corporations, there is a need for the most effective management of members’ assets. The article analyzes the ways in which members may dispose their obligation claims arising from the corporate right of participation in the distribution of profits, including during the period of sanctions.

Совершенствование организации процесса экономической оценки нефтегазового проекта за счет цифровизации

The article analyzes the process of organizing work on the evaluation of investment projects in an oil and gas company, highlights the stages of work on the justification of a rational option for field development, and gives a description of the software used. As a result of the analysis, the weak side of the digital contour of the stage of economic evaluation of the project on the basis of four criteria of the state standard of the Russian Federation is revealed. These are accuracy, productivity, safety and ease of use. Five alternative variants of IT innovations, including Russian and foreign ones, are considered. The oil and gas company’s own development “Atlas: In-vestment Evaluation” was recognized as the best, based on a weighted average assessment of seven criteria: compliance with global, industry-wide and sectoral requirements, software availability during the sanctions pe-riod, the ability to take into account industry specifics in calculations, and the minimum duration of implementa-tion of the new program and employee training. According to the IT innovation of the oil and gas company, aimed at improving the process of digitalization of the economic justification of projects, the effects of increas-ing the reliability and flexibility of work were revealed. Based on the Gantt chart, the reduction of labor intensity by evaluation stages is determined. The commercial efficiency of the process of improving the organization of work is substantiated.

Russian Science in Surmounting Sanctions

In this article, building on the data of official Russian statistics, the author analyzes the development of the organization of scientific activity over the last decade, including compared to 2014 – the initial period of anti-Russia sanctions and compared to 2018 – the year before theCOVID-19 pandemic. The paper describes sanctions imposed by a number of unfriendly countries, namely, the refusal to cooperate inmany spheres, including the economy, science, and education. The article considers initial measures to neutralize sanctions. In particular, Russia proposed to create educational «hubs» in the Asia-Pacific region based on the association of the leading universities and scientific institutions for the training of a skilled workforce to implement priority directions of the development of the economy in Russia and the countries of South-East Asia, taking into account their relevance in the real economy sector. The paper analyses issues of integration of science, higher education, and industry, which contributes to the increase of efficiency and effectiveness of research, quality of education, and training of scientific and technical personnel, as well as the inflow of youth in the research and development sphere.The author outlines the directions for the development of the global information/digital society concerning the demand for new digital technologies, which, year after year, are being revised, updated, and improved. High emphasis is placed on the processes of digital transformation, which have a widespread influence on scientific activities, so much so that 2022–2031 were proclaimed as the Decade of Science and Technology. For instance, by 2024, as part of this program, a series of works will be performed covering the transfer of all state information systems to a unified digital GosTech platform, which in the current complicated conditions will better the quality of public services provided to businesses and citizens.

Trade sanctions and international market integration: Evidence from the sanctions on Iranian methanol exports

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of trade sanctions, imposed against large exporting nations, on the degree of spatial integration achieved between non‐sanctioned importing markets. The analysis is conducted under a parity bounds framework based on Negassa and Myers (American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 89, 2007, 338). We apply this model to investigate the effects of the 2012–2016 sanctions against Iran's petrochemical exports on the main importing markets in Asia and we use it to measure the degrees of spatial integration attained outside and during the sanction period. Our findings document a complete reconfiguration of the spatial extent of the methanol markets. Outside of the sanction period, a high degree of market integration was achieved among the main Asian markets. In contrast, we observe the emergence of two little integrated market areas, China and India on one side and South Korea and South‐East Asia on the other, when sanctions are imposed.