Reform Period Research Articles

Влияние урбанизации на уровень жизни населения в России

Urbanization has a significant impact on the development of human civilization. At the same time, the way civilization develops generates urbanization. The growth of large million-plus cities is changing the quality and style of life of an individual, family, household, as well as society, region and country. Large urban formations in modern conditions are both a consequence and indicator of the development of a country and the engine of its economic development. The greater the number and size of urban agglomerations and the faster their growth, the faster economic growth occurs. Under the conditions of urbanization, the structure of household incomes and expenditures, average wage and other factors affecting the standard of living of the population are changing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between individual aspects of the standard of living of the population in large cities of Russia. In particular, the dependence of the average wage and the purchasing power of the population on the size of the city’s population is considered. The article provides a more detailed analysis of the purchasing power of the population in the 15 largest cities of Russia and the degree of its dependence on the size of the city, as well as its growth rate. The relationship of urbanization with other factors affecting the standard of living of the population during the period of constant reform of the country’s economy has been studied. The analysis carried out is the basis for further forecasting of changes in the standard of living of the population and other aspects that affect household finances. The findings of the study make it possible to understand in general the main changes in the standard of living of the population in the conditions of urbanization, and sometimes deurbanization. The study was carried out on the basis of official statistical data of Rosstat, analysis of materials and works of other authors carrying out scientific activities in this direction.

Portraying the Local Life? Gendarme Control in the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Gendarme Reports from the “Periphery,” 1866–1881

Abstract There has been a rise in recent years in research of the Russian Imperial Gendarmerie, that is, the secret or political police. However, there is no study on the case of Finland. Moreover, the gendarme system in the Grand Duchy of Finland during the period of the Great Reforms in the Russian Empire and the time of Governor General Nikolay Adlerberg (1866–1881) in Finland is almost completely unexplored. Osmo Jussila is one of the few historians to have examined the topic and did archival research based on gendarme reports. Continuing this tradition, and based on understudied archival documents, this article reconstructs the diverse and multitiered microcosm of “Russian Finland” through the eyes of a specific actor, in the third quarter of the nineteenth century. This article argues that during the period 1866–1881, the chief of the Gendarme Administration in Finland, August Tobiesen (1810–1885), was well aware of many events that took place in the grand duchy, especially in its capital Helsinki (Helsingfors). He did not assert that there had been no troubles or incidents in this special part of the Russian Empire. Tobiesen wanted to objectively reflect the situation on the ground in the grand duchy in his reports.

The Role of the Indigenous Elite in the 2017 Regional Head Election of Buru Regency

The traditional elite in the 2017 Buru Regency Head Election has a strategic position for the survival of democracy for five years. The influence and power they have is the key in the democratic process of the 2017 Pilkada won by the couple Ramli Umasagi and Amustofa Besan (RAMA). This study seeks to understand the existence of local elites on Buru Island and their role in the 2019 Regent Election. using the elite theoretical framework proposed by Mosca, Pareto and Keller synthesized with the theory of political participation formulated by Mirriam Budiarjo, Samuek Huntingting and Joan Nelson. This study finds that in the Buru Island community, the local elite has been stratified in structure; Mat Gugul, Hinolog and Soa. The figures in this elite not only play a role in social, cultural and economic functions, but also have an increasing significant political role During the reformation period. Second, In the 2017 Pilkada, these elites have carried out intense participation, among others, in conducting political socialization, being the Pilkada committee, mobilizing lower-level so that the community participates in politics and not abstaining, Resolving conflicts if they occur and providing political support to RAMA candidates. whose triumphed in this election. This research strengthens theories about the role of local elites or non-governing elites in the political process. Therefore, theoretically the democratic process should pay attention to the role of local elites who have been proven to have an influence as evidenced in this study
 Key words: Indigenious Elite, Pilkada 2017, Buru Regency, Ramli Usagi, Matgugul, Hinolong, Soa

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BETWEEN TWO GLOBAL CRISES AND BEYOND

The aim of the article is to assess the factors of economic growth of the CEE countries over the 30-year history, the productivity of capital and human resources, the resilience of these countries to the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Methodology. The Solow growth model was used to estimate the growth rates of capital, labor and total factor productivity (TFP). The impact of macroeconomic indicators on GDP and TFP growth is assessed. The group of Central and Eastern European countries that joined the European Union was chosen for the analysis: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, as well as post-Soviet European countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Moldova and Albania in the period from 1991 to 2019. Results. TFP makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of CEE countries. During the period of market reforms, TFP significantly decreased, and during the boom of 2000-2008 it fully ensured the growth of the CEE economies, after the crisis of 2008, the contribution of TFP decreased by 2 times. In the conditions of recovery, TFP growth is positively influenced by inflation, negative CA balance, and unemployment reduction. In the post-crisis period, a decrease in inflation, a positive CA balance, and an increase in unemployment had a positive impact on TFP growth. During a depression, the influence of capital becomes dominant. Restrictive monetary policy contributes to the efficiency of CEE economies. In the short run, unemployment increases, but in the long run it decreases significantly due to the growth of investment and exports. Practical implications. The analysis makes it possible to identify effective macroeconomic policies to stimulate the productivity of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of economic recovery and depression. Value/originality. A long-term study of the economic performance of CEE countries using the Solow methodology has revealed the behavior of total factor productivity in different periods of modern economic history and its contribution to economic growth.

Health Workforce Planning: an urgent need to link islands of expertise

This article provides a snapshot of the legislative framework for, and ministries and agencies involved in or with influence over, theeducation of the health and disability workforce, including examples of disconnection between the wider health and education sectors.Particular challenges occur between health professional regulators, education providers and clinical (placement) providers because their respective areas of expertise tend to be siloed, thus reducing the capacity for a coordinated and holistic perspective. Four potential ‘bridges’ for linking these ‘islands’ of expertise are suggested. The current period of institutional reforms in the health and education sectors presents an opportunity to refine the structures and systems for workforce education and planning, thereby facilitating a more flexible, responsive and resilient workforce which is better equipped to engage with, and improve outcomes for, the wider community.

Understanding Sectoral Shifts In Labour Market And Wage Inequality In India: With Special Reference To Economic Reforms

The inception of economic reforms in 1991 was the starting point towards integrating the Indian economy with the global economy. India opens its eyes to the reality and realizes the vast potential of a market economy. Economic reform leads to gradual integration of economies through free movement of goods, services and capital. The idea that economic reform can create "losers" as well as "winners" has, after an initial resistance, begun to attract the attention of economic researchers and of policy makers at both the national and multilateral levels. This paper aims to explore two key aspects of the impact of economic reform on the labor market i.e. shift in labor market and wage inequality. The period of study is 1971-2021. Indian occupational structure was changed in the post reform period. The study finds that after economic reforms the share of employment in agriculture sector decline. The paper observed an increasing trend of employment in industrial sector especially in construction sector. Again employment in service sector also shows a rising trend. Wage disparities between skilled and unskilled labor have increased as a result of economic restructuring.

Timeline of Curriculum Policy in Indonesia

Purpose of the study: To form the curriculum policy timeline in Indonesia that is essential in understanding and analyzing education development in Indonesia. Methodology: This study uses the library research method, taking from various sources, textbooks, and other scientific papers. Main Findings: The Indonesian curriculum policy has undergone 13 changes, summarized in 4 periods, namely 1) the independence period and the old order, 2) the new order period, 3) the reform period, and 4) the covid-19 pandemic period. Novelty/Originality of this study: So that interested parties in education can have a foothold to develop, evaluate and forecast the curriculum. In addition, Education implementers can have an open paradigm in developing curricula so that the curriculum does have to change. As the faster human civilization develops, the educational curriculum will often change.

Quo Vadis Economic Law Policy in the Procurement of Goods and Services by the Government (Comparative Study of Indonesia and the Philippines)

This paper discusses the legal development policy in the Government's Procurement of Goods and Services and to reveal the legal development sector in the regulation as well as a comparison of the Government's Procurement of Goods and Services policy between Indonesia and the Philippines. The method used in this paper is normative juridical with a statutory study approach (statue apporouch). The results of this study indicate that the direction of the government's procurement of goods and services policy is the achievement of the output and outcome of government agencies, economic improvement for both business actors and the community through economic equity and sustainable development, as well as comparisons related to government procurement of goods and services in Indonesia during the New Order era with integrity. The State Budget, however, is entering the decentralized Reform period and there are new regulations in the Government's Procurement of Goods and Services with the formation of an auction committee at each Office/Work Unit/Project Leader/Project Section. In the Philippines, it is formed in the Government Procurement Reform Act which is the basis for the regulation of Government Procurement of Goods and Services in the Philippines.

RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION DURING 2011-2021

The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis have changed over the past few years. Tuberculosis remains the leading infectious cause of death worldwide, while drug-resistant tuberculosis poses a significant threat to the population. The epidemiological situation on tuberculosis in Ukraine has experienced stabilization of some indicators in recent decades. It remains, however, tense and predictably unfavorable as the indicators are continuously exceeding the epidemic threshold.
 The aim of the research: to analyze the epidemiological situation on tuberculosis in Ivano-Frankivsk region during 2011-2021.
 Materials and Methods. When writing this article, official sources, including the assessment of the indicators in Ukraine from the analytical and statistical reports of the Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine were analyzed and studied. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis. Data regarding the region were obtained from the annual reports of the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Phthisiopulmonological Center of Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Council.
 Results. Despite the reduction in all key epidemiological indicators, the situation on tuberculosis in Ivano-Frankivsk region remains tense. During 2011-2021, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (new cases + recurrent cases) gradually reduced by 59%. Tuberculosis mortality rate reduced from 10.9 cases per 100,000 population in 2011 to 3.3 cases per 100,000 population in 2021. We share the leading Ukrainian scientists’ opinion that the indicators of TB incidence exceed the epidemic threshold despite the reduced number of new cases. Considering the global Covid-19 pandemic and the martial law in Ukraine, one should not expect positive epidemiological changes in the next few years [3, 12, 13]. The identification of destructive TB forms, indicating late diagnosis and more advanced disease stage, helps us to understand this situation. From 2016 to 2021, the incidence of destructive TB forms increased from 34.3% to 56.0% of all pulmonary TB cases, while the proportion of cavity formation was almost the same (24-27%) during 2011-2015.
 During 2011-2021, the incidence of tuberculosis among the rural population ranged from 2% to 20%, being higher as compared to urban residents. During 2011-2014, the incidence of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS co-infection increased from 2.2 to 4.1 cases per 100,000 population, reducing to 1.0 case per 100,000 population by 2021. The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis reduced from 5.4 to 2.7 cases per 100,000 population, possibly due to inadequate diagnosis, reforms, and the coronavirus infection. During 2014-2021, the incidence rate of tuberculosis among all the healthcare workers in Ukraine reduced from 6.7 to 1.47 cases per 10,000 healthcare workers. However, during 2014-2018, the indicators ranged from 6.7 to 5.6 cases per 10,000 healthcare workers. During 2013-2020, the incidence rate of newly diagnosed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, including extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, reduced by 177 cases, or from 260 to 49 patients.
 Conclusions. Over the past 10 years, there has been a slight reduction in the incidence of all active tuberculosis forms. However, they remain above the epidemic threshold, i.e., the tuberculosis epidemic has stabilized. Assessing the situation in our country, no positive changes in the tuberculosis epidemic in the coming years should be expected. The awareness of TB knowledge among all the population segments and control of TB situation during the period of healthcare reforms in Ukraine, according to which the anti-tuberculosis service is being reorganized, restructured, and reformed, are advisable.

Adaptation of the political economy of the grassroots Tionghoa ethnic in Bangka Island, Indonesia

Since the 17th century, various Tionghoa ethnic groups migrated from mainland China to Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. These ethnic groups migrated in accordance with the power in government. In Bangka Island, the Tionghoa had become part of the tin exploitation process hundreds of years before colonization. When new policies and changes are made on tin mining by the government, it negatively affects the socioeconomic life of this ethnic group, which was initially known as tin laborers. This study aims to determine the adaptation of the Tionghoa political economy in Bangka Island. The research method used is qualitative with literature review, interview, and observation as the data collecting technique conducted from January to December 2021. The result showed that the government largely determined the rule of tin by the Tionghoa ethnics. They became partners, administrators, illegal and main players during the Palembang Sultanate, colonial period, Old and New Orders, and the post-1998 reform period. This study discovered that Tionghoa at the elite and grassroots levels are actually different. In general, this study concludes that the Chinese at the grassroots tend to be distant from the advantages of tin due to limited capital and access.

Factors Affecting the Perception of Happiness among Teachers in Vietnam

Vietnam is in the process of implementing education reforms in which teachers play a crucial role in determining success. This study aims to identify the main factors influencing the perception of happiness at work of Vietnamese teachers during the period of educational reform. In any period, teachers are always considered as being the force behind the success of education. Therefore, teachers' happiness is the most vital factor to be taken into consideration when educating students. Identifying the factors that affect teachers' happiness at work is the key to improving their teaching quality and quality of life. This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the perceived happiness of secondary school teachers in Vietnam today, thereby objectively assessing the emotional status of teachers in Vietnam in relation to the work they are doing. The results are as follows: 1) Teachers face a lot of pressure from many sides; 2) There is still a large percentage of teachers who do not really attach importance to the teaching profession; 3) State policies have not helped teachers feel secure in their professional activities; 4) Teacher capacity still needs to be greatly improved; 5) It is necessary to strengthen the connection between teachers, educational leaders, policy makers, school administrators and colleagues. This study uses descriptive statistics to present the research results. The survey was carried out in September 2021.

Student Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oxford, by Sabine Chaouche

Reviewed by: Student Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oxford by Sabine Chaouche Emily Rutherford (bio) Student Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oxford, by Sabine Chaouche; pp. xv + 318. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, $109.99, $109.99 paper, $84.99 ebook. In 1848, a twenty-two-year-old man named Edward Napleton Jennings appeared before the London Insolvent Debtors' Court in connection with debts of £1,865 that he had incurred while a student at Oxford—a sum over seven times the annual allowance he received from his father. Among other things, Jennings had spent £56 on wine, £40 on billiards, and—to the astonishment of the press reporting on the case—£98 on hats. Jennings was evidently a highly unusual nineteenth-century Oxford student, with his case provoking a furor about unscrupulous merchants who extended too much credit to naïve undergraduates who were too young to possess sound financial judgment. But the details about his spending habits are indicative of how Student Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oxford recovers what nineteenth-century Oxford undergraduates wanted to buy, what they bought, how they bought it, and how much they spent. Sabine Chaouche has delved into the accounts of Oxford colleges, the records of the Chancellor's Court (which, instead of the county sessions, heard legal cases involving members of the university), students' personal papers, commercial directories, and the national and regional press to reconstruct a fine-grained picture of the spending habits of one specific group of elite young men amid the rise of a mass consumer culture. A monograph that began its life as a PhD thesis, Chaouche's book is organized thematically, with chapters covering topics including the overall cost of attending Oxford; masculinity, the social relations of undergraduate culture, and how they influenced consumption habits; the economic relationships between the university and the city of Oxford; the roles of debt and credit in the Oxford economy; and some students' opposition to consumer culture. Over the course of these chapters, a narrative of continuity and change in student consumer habits emerges. Chaouche demonstrates with convincing detail and precision that the Oxford economy continuously ran on credit over the course of the nineteenth century and did so to a greater extent than wider British commerce in this period. Layers of credit governed the relationships between town and gown, as shopkeepers secured business by extending generous long-term credit to their student customers, but then needed to borrow themselves from banks or wholesale suppliers to cover the risk they took on through their extension of consumer credit. Chaouche identifies two spikes in student spending and indebtedness, for which she offers two very different explanations. The first occurred in the 1830s, when the Chancellor's Court sued as many as twenty percent of students for repayment of truly enormous consumer debts, and it came at a time when the percentage of Oxford students who were noblemen was at a peak. At this time, indebtedness indicated extravagant spending associated with the performance of a lifestyle of extreme privilege. But when student indebtedness rose again in the 1870s, the debts were smaller and reflected significant changes in the university's constitution and student body that followed a series of mid-nineteenth-century university reforms. Chaouche offers two broadly convincing explanations for these latter debtors: a new class of aspirational bourgeois students who spent beyond their means in their efforts to keep up with the conspicuous consumption of their wealthier peers; and a shift to more students living out of college, meaning that [End Page 478] they were more liable to participate in the urban economy—and to fall prey to the temptation of easy credit. It is unusual for literature on Oxford to span the entire nineteenth century, including both sides of the period of university reform. By doing so, Chaouche is able to offer new insights into how both student experiences and the social and economic world of the city of Oxford changed over the course of this dynamic and consequential period. Her sources allow her to say much more about the relationships between town and gown, and about how the city of Oxford and its local economy depended on the...

Standard-Bearers of Equality: America’s First Abolition Movement

Standard-Bearers of Equality: America’s First Abolition Movement

Multiwavelength observations of Swift J0243.6+6124 from 2017 to 2022

Context.Swift J0243.6+6124 is a high-mass X-ray binary that went into a giant X-ray outburst in 2017. During this event, the X-ray luminosity reached the highest value ever measured in a galactic Be/X-ray binary. Aims. Our aim is to study the long-term variability of Swift J0243.6+6124 after the 2017 major X-ray outburst. Methods. We have obtained optical spectroscopy and photometry data during four years after the event. The long-term photometric light curve and the equivalent widths of the Hα and He I λ6678 lines were used to monitor the state of the Be star’s circumstellar disk. The Hα line profiles show evidence for V/R variability that was accounted for by fitting the Hα spectral line profile with two Gaussian functions. We divided our data into three phases according to the intensity of the X-ray, optical, and infrared emission. Results. Phase I covers the rise and decay of the giant X-ray outburst that took place in October–November 2017. We interpret phase II as the dissipation of the Be star’s equatorial disk and phase III as its recovery. The timescale of a complete formation and dissipation process is about 1250 days. The epoch when the dissipation process stopped and the reformation period began is estimated to be around MJD 58530. We find a delay of ∼100–200 days between the minimum of the optical or infrared intensity and the strength of the Hα line after the X-ray outburst, which may indicate that the dissipation of the disk begins from the inner parts. The motion of the density perturbation inside the disk is prograde, with a V/R quasi-period of about four years. The source shows a positive correlation in the (B − V) color index versus V-band magnitude diagram, which implies that the system is seen at a small or moderate inclination angle. Conclusions. Despite the super-Eddington X-ray luminosity during the outburst, the subsequent pattern of long-term optical and IR variability of Swift J0243.6+6124 is typical of Be/X-ray binaries.

Democratization Movements in the Ottoman State

İnsanoğlu dünyada her ne kadar birey olarak bulunsa da var olduğu ilk andan günümüze kadar içgüdüsel sebepleri bir kenara bırakırsak sosyal, ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel nedenlerle bir arada yaşama, örgütlenme ve düzen kurma ihtiyacı hissetmiştir. Toplumun sahip olduğu doğrular, değerler, ihtiyaçlar, zorunluluklar zaman içerisinde farklı olduğundan dolayı da geliştirilen çözüm önerileri de zaman içerisinde değişiklik göstermiştir. İnsanlar, her türlü siyasi ve ekonomik sınıflandırmadan bağımsız olarak en sade haliyle yöneten ve yönetilenlerden oluşurken, sahip oldukları yönetim biçimleri de her toplum için, Türkler dâhil, tarih boyunca toplumun ihtiyaçlarına ve içinde bulunduğu sosyal ve kültürel unsurlara göre şekillenmiştir. Günümüze gelindiğinde ise en itibarlı yönetim şekli, Antik Yunan’da ilk defa tecrübe edilen ama sonradan değeri anlaşılan yönetim şekli demokrasi olmuştur. Avrupa’da yaşanan Rönesans, Reform ve Aydınlanma Dönemi sonrasında yaşanan gelişmeler demokrasi kültürünü Avrupa’da güçlendirmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti de gelişmelerden farklı bir şekilde de olsa etkilenmiş, karşılaştığı sorunları aşmak için Batı’daki gelişmeleri örnek alarak birtakım ıslahatlar yapmaya girişmiştir. Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak yönetim, devlet ve demokrasi kavramlarından kısaca bahsedilmiştir, Türklerde demokrasi ve özgürlük düşüncesi ele alınmıştır ve son olarak Osmanlı’da yeniliklere ve demokratikleşmeye yönelik atılan adımlara ilişkin değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur.

Moscow school: results of the reforms

The article examines the results of a 10-year period of active reform of the Moscow education system. The reforms began as an initiative of the federal government, and their implementation in Moscow had its own specifics. The measures to standardize the unified educational space, a new system of remuneration, per capita financing are described. Changes in the structure of the city's education management – the liquidation of district education departments, the unification of schools and kindergartens into educational complexes, the emergence of new functions for the school and its administration are analyzed from the point of view of the concept of change management.The main consequences of the reforms are the emergence of a socio-professional stratum of school administrators who adhere to a single system of values, as well as the reduction of social tension, the equalization of resource capabilities of the bulk of schools and the improvement of educational results of Moscow education as a whole.The empirical basis consists of statistical data and the results of interviews with school administrators – principals and their deputies, most of whom successfully coped with new tasks and working conditions during the period of intensive reform of the capital's education.

Multi-year acoustic tracking reveals transient movements, recurring hotspots, and apparent seasonality in the coastal-offshore presence of Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus)

Variable movement strategies can complicate the conservation and management of mobile species. Given its extreme life history traits as a long-lived, deep-water species, the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) is vulnerable to fisheries bycatch, but little is known over its long-term movements across a spatially and seasonally variable Arctic environment. To address this knowledge gap, the movements of Greenland sharks in coastal fjords and offshore waters of Baffin Bay were examined using seven years of acoustic telemetry data. Seasonal patterns in broad-scale movements and inshore-offshore connectivity were compared among 155 sharks (101 males, 54 females [mean LT = 2.65 ± 0.48 m, range 0.93-3.5 m]) tagged in 6 discrete coastal locations spanning from Grise Fiord to Cumberland Sound (Nunavut). Sharks exhibited transient movements throughout coastal and offshore regions with some evidence of seasonally recurring hotspots revealed by repeat detections of individuals at sites over multiple years. Shark presence in coastal fjords occurred exclusively during the coastal ice-free period (July to November), regardless of the location of tagging or detection, while presence in the offshore was recorded during the period of ice re-formation and cover (November to July). Through multi-year telemetry, it was possible to reveal repetitive patterns in broad-scale habitat use for a complex marine predator with direct relevance for understanding the seasonal distribution of mobile Arctic consumers and informing regional fisheries management.

Ambiguous Policy Paradigms in the Dutch Welfare State: A Gender-Blind Mix of Social Investment and Conservative Care

Abstract Scholars often assume that policies fall harmoniously under the umbrella of one policy paradigm. Policies of the Dutch state conflict on the work–care dimension of the welfare state. The government wants to increase women’s labor participation, while also wanting a bigger slice of care services to be provided by citizens. These inconsistent policies have culminated in the decentralization of long-term care (LTC) in the Netherlands in 2015. I use a multi-level method including a discourse policy analysis and a focus group with a Q-method-inspired exercise to explore the policy paradigms and the policy context of the work–care dimension of the welfare state in the cabinet period of the LTC reform. This study finds that distinctive conservative care ideas color the social investment paradigm in the Netherlands and that different ministries adhere to different paradigms, explaining the inconsistent policies on the work–care dimension of the Dutch welfare state.

Analysis of shifts in the independence of the corruption eradication commission (KPK) after the revision of the law

This article discusses the shift in the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) position after the birth of Law No. 19 of 2019 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission. Normative using legal research, this article is expected to find out how the position of the anti-corruption agency owned by Indonesia, namely the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), after the revision of Law No. 30 of 2002 concerning the Commission on Combating Corruption. Based on this research, it was obtained that various institutions have been formed to deal with corruption problems in the history of corruption crimes that occurred in Indonesia. Until the Reformation period was formed, the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) carried out its authority. The KPK was independent. However, the status of the KPK as an independent institution in carrying out all its duties turned into a state institution in the executive branch. The shift in the position of the KPK from independent institutions to institutions in the executive branch occurs because the government is still compartmentalizing state institutions in the Triassic paradigm of Politica, which is no longer relevant for its implementation in the current constitutional system.

Simulation of hydraulic power matching–based risk and economic evaluation among cascade hydropower stations in spot transactions

The electricity market is evolving rapidly from pre-bid to spot markets, where the transactions between producers and consumers have become crucial and are vulnerable to safety risks. In addition, the new modes of transaction are also becoming popular and are said to have some risks. To reveal the impact of the new electricity transaction mode—spot market—on the safety risk and generation benefit, this article presents a simulation method connecting the transaction results and operation process. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, an actual cascade hydropower station (CHS) in the Dadu River basin, Southwestern China, which comprises eight hydropower stations, is selected. Hydraulic power matching among the CHSs is discriminated from four aspects with multiple indicators combined with the reality of a hydropower-dominated market in Sichuan, China. The dispatching decision-making process of hydropower generators is described with a multi-objective optimization model and then solved with a fast search strategy based on the classical output calculation method in hydrology. The security risks and economic damage hidden in the day-ahead market on a certain day are discovered and analyzed. The technology proposed provides support for bidding decisions in spot transactions and satisfies the reality during the transition period of electricity reform.