Planning Period Research Articles

The consistent vehicle routing problem considering driver equity and flexible route consistency

In this study, we address a new consistent vehicle routing problem (ConVRP) by considering driver equity and flexible route consistency. It aims to optimize the departure time and routes for a set of vehicles over a defined planning period, aiming to minimize the total travel time while considering the discounts for the route consistent segments. Previous studies on ConVRP have primarily focused on ensuring customer satisfaction through time consistency and driver consistency, while overlooking driver equity. In our ConVRP, we introduce a flexible strategy to attain route consistency, i.e., drivers are encouraged to traverse familiar routes as many as possible during the planning period by offering time discounts for routes crossed more than twice. Driver equity is addressed through the optimal allocation of delivery capacity. For this problem, we formulate it into a mixed-integer linear programming model. Given its strong NP-hardness, a tailored adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm (ALNS) is developed to solve practical-sized problems. Destroy and repair operators are adaptively applied to remove customers from the routes and reinsert them in better positions. A new repair operator that identifies suitable customer locations by considering vehicle load and an exchange operator that reverses part of the specified routes are proposed to obtain better solutions and increase search efficiency, respectively. Moreover, we enhance arrival time consistency by adjusting departure time. Extensive numerical experiments for instances of varying scales are conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm. Results demonstrate that i) the proposed algorithm can obtain high-quality solutions (the average relative difference compared to the optimal solution is only 1.68%); ii) Our approach can also find better solutions (with an average improvement rate of 3.53% and 33.70%, respectively) in a short computation time, when compared to the basic ALNS without a new operator and the widely used variable neighborhood descent algorithm; and iii) setting a small discount allows decision-makers to significantly enhance consistent distance for drivers.

Optimal control strategies for water, sanitation, and hygiene in mitigating spread of waterborne diseases

Improving access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) can help to eliminate the root cause of waterborne disease transmission. WASH has the potential to function as a sustained and effective mechanism for controlling enteric diarrheal disease (EDD) over the long term. To address this question, we formulate a mathematical model to study the impact of WASH services on reducing the transmission of waterborne diseases. The model is analyzed using the stability theory of differential equations in order to determine the threshold condition in disease control. We utilize optimal control theory to find the right balance in WASH interventions, ensuring a decrease in waterborne disease over a specific planning period. The total number of EDD cases is minimized when there are specific financial restrictions. To analyze the outcomes, we employed numerical simulations and conducted a sensitivity analysis on different weights in the cost index. Furthermore, we compared the numerical simulations of the optimal solutions and performed multiple regression analyses to gain insights into the impact of control strategies. Our findings reveal that wastewater and sewage treatment (WST) control has the most significant impact. When multiple controls are necessary, WST and drinking water supply (DWS) control provide the most effective combination. These results have significant implications for controlling infectious diseases, especially in developing countries where budgets are typically limited. Implementing these strategies could potentially reduce disease transmission and improve public health outcomes.

Relationship between the evaluation of agricultural scientific and technological innovation capacity and the influencing factors of green agriculture.

China has limited arable land area, and its output value is increased with enhanced agricultural inputs such as machinery, irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides. However, this mode is accompanied by an increase in agricultural carbon emissions. With the aim to further examine the driving effect of scientific and technological innovation on economic growth and green agriculture, this study uses the Solow growth model coupled with the Cobb-Douglas production function and vector autoregressive models. Then, the agricultural scientific and technological innovation capacity in Guangdong Province during 2006-2020 is evaluated by using the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress (ASTP) as the assessment index. In addition, the carbon footprints of green agricultural indexes such as machinery, irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides are measured to analyze the relationship between green agriculture and agricultural scientific and technological innovation capacity. Results demonstrate the gradual increase in the contribution rate of ASTP in Guangdong Province. During the 11th, 12th, and 13th Five-Year Plan periods, the rates were 65.09%, 65.94%, and 70.40%, respectively, indicating that the agricultural scientific and technological innovation ability constantly improved. Among the indexes of green agriculture, the carbon footprints of machinery have a significant impact on agricultural scientific and technological innovation, which is quickly transformed into machinery. Such innovation requires the driving force of science and technology itself, which have relatively significant and rapid effects. On the basis of the results, corresponding policy suggestions are proposed: increasing investments in scientific and technological innovation in the agricultural field, vigorously developing new energy-saving and emission reduction products and processes for fertilizers, and increasing the research and promotion of agricultural machinery. The proposed method provides good prospects for the development of agricultural production towards mechanization, intelligence, efficiency, and greenness.

A Pork Price Prediction Model Based on a Combined Sparrow Search Algorithm and Classification and Regression Trees Model

The frequent fluctuation of pork prices has seriously affected the sustainable development of the pork industry. The accurate prediction of pork prices can not only help pork practitioners make scientific decisions but also help them to avoid market risks, which is the only way to promote the healthy development of the pork industry. Therefore, to improve the prediction accuracy of pork prices, this paper first combines the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) and traditional machine learning model, Classification and Regression Trees (CART), to establish an SSA-CART optimization model for predicting pork prices. Secondly, based on the Sichuan pork price data during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the linear correlation between piglet, corn, fattening pig feed, and pork price was measured using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Thirdly, the MAE fitness value was calculated by combining the validation set and training set, and the hyperparameter “MinLeafSize” was optimized via the SSA. Finally, a comparative analysis of the prediction performance of the White Shark Optimizer (WSO)-CART model, CART model, and Simulated Annealing (SA)-CART model demonstrated that the SSA-CART model has the best prediction of pork price (compared with a single decision tree, R2 increased by 9.236%), which is conducive to providing support for pork price prediction. The accurate prediction of pork prices with an optimized machine learning model is of great practical significance for stabilizing pig production, ensuring the sustainable growth of farmers’ income, and promoting sound economic development.

Allocation method of coupled PV‐energy storage‐charging station in hybrid AC/DC distribution networks balanced with economics and resilience

AbstractThe hybrid AC/DC distribution network has become a research hotspot because of the wide access to multiple sources and loads. Meanwhile, extreme disasters in the planning period cause huge losses to the hybrid AC/DC distribution networks. A coupled PV‐energy storage‐charging station (PV‐ES‐CS) is an efficient use form of local DC energy sources that can provide significant power restoration during recovery periods. However, over investment will happen if too many PV‐ES‐CSs are installed. Therefore, it is important to determine the optimal numbers and locations of PV‐ES‐CS in hybrid AC/DC distribution networks balanced with economics and resilience. Firstly, the advantages of PV‐ES‐CS in normal operation and extreme disasters are analysed and the payment function is quantified accurately. Secondly, a bi‐level optimal allocation model of PV‐ES‐CS in hybrid AC/DC distribution networks is established. In this model, the payment function using Nash equilibrium to balance economics and resilience is addressed at the upper‐level, and the typical scenarios are simulated, and the optimal results are obtained using the genetic algorithm in lower level. Finally, a series of examples are analysed, which demonstrate the necessity of balancing economics and resilience, and advantages of DC lines in network restoration after disasters.

Single or pluralistic? The game and balance of China's community governance policy tools.

Policy tools embody policy concepts and are essential to achieving policy objectives. The effective allocation of policy tools directly impacts the effectiveness of community governance and determines the modernization process of grassroots governance. We aim to analyze the logic of community governance policy tool selection, and then provide assistance for the modernization of grassroots governance. We selected 100 national and provincial government work reports and 63 policy documents related to community governance during China's "12th Five-Year Plan" to "14th Five-Year Plan" period as analysis samples. And build an analysis framework based on the three dimensions of time, space, and tools. We used Nvivo.20 software for text encoding analysis. Based on the model framework, we analyze the results as follows. From the perspective of the time dimension, among the five types of policy tools, the proportion of command-type policy tools used showed a downward trend, from 88.16% in the 12th Five-Year Plan to 83.50% in the 14th Five-Year Plan. However, motivation-type and persuasion-type tools showed an upward trend, rising from 1.34% and 5.26% in the 12th Five-Year Plan period to 3.40% and 8.74% in the 14th Five-Year Plan respectively. The system-change-type policy tools decreased from 1.32% in the 12th Five-Year Plan to 0.97% in the 14th Five-Year Plan. The proportion of capacity-building-type policy tools has gradually increased from 2.63% in the 12th Five-Year Plan to 4.85% in the 14th Five-Year Plan. From the perspective of spatial dimension, apart from command and persuasion policy tools, the usage frequency of the other three types of policy tools in the three major regions all display a "growth-decline-growth" trend. From the perspective of tool dimension, command-type policy tools are dominant in China's community governance, with a cumulative frequency of 1405 times and a high proportion of 81.75%. Apart from command policy tools, persuasive policy tools and capacity-building policy tools have a relatively high proportion, with usage frequencies of 186 and 78 respectively. We found that current community governance policy tools mainly consist of command tools. However, there is a trend towards combining tools such as command, persuasion, incentive, capacity building, and system change in the future. There is a typical contradiction between instrumental rationality and value rationality, indicating an evolution from instrumental rationality to the integration of instrumental and value rationality. This study addresses the conflict of policy tools through rational guidance of values, the rational guarantee of tools, and cooperation to achieve the goal of high-quality development of community governance.

An Analysis of the Validity of the Chinese A-share Market During the 14th Five-year Plan Period

The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), initially formulated and subsequently refined by the renowned American economist Eugene Fama in 1970, classifies markets into three tiers of efficiency: weak, semi-strong, and strong. As the world's second-largest economy, China has assumed an increasingly prominent role on the global stage due to its distinctive socialist framework and the ongoing development and enhancement of its capital market. The 14th Five-Year Plan, a pivotal component of China's social development agenda for 2021-2025, holds immense significance in propelling China's economic progress. In this study, utilizing a time series model, we conduct a comprehensive examination of China's A-share market throughout the current century, scrutinize the overarching context of the 14th Five-Year Plan, assess the efficacy of China's capital market, and propose potential remedies and future outlooks in alignment with the pertinent policies outlined by the Chinese government and the factors contributing to the inefficiencies observed within China's A-share market.

ANALISIS PEMILIHAN UNIT PENGOLAHAN BIOLOGIS PADA IPAL DOMESTIK SOREANG, KABUPATEN BANDUNG

This study aims to design a household wastewater treatment facility that will serve the Soreang Subdistrict in the Bandung Regency. The Soreang Subdistrict area covers approximately 2,561 hectares. At the end of the planning period, this IPAL will cater to around 185,821 residents with a processing capacity of 19,500 cubic meters per day until the year 2041. The reference wastewater quality parameters for the planning include a BOD5 of 93.2 mg/L, COD of 98.1 mg/L, and TSS of 57.9 mg/L. The selection of wastewater treatment units at the Soreang IPAL is based on the efficiency of removing processed wastewater parameters and the standard limits of wastewater parameter loads for each treatment unit option. The chosen biological treatment unit is the Aerated Lagoon because it aligns with the characteristics of the treated wastewater and the availability of adequate land. The planned sequence of treatment units for the Soreang IPAL includes a collection well, bar screen, grit chamber, equalization tank, aerated lagoon, secondary clarifier, and sludge drying bed. The design of the Aerated Lagoon results in a volume of 43,060 cubic meters, with a retention time of 1.5 days. The required oxygen volume for this process is 151.8 kilograms per hour. The design projection for this IPAL indicates that the treated water will have a BOD5 of 9 mg/L, COD of 9.47 mg/L, and TSS of 2.33 mg/L, meeting the established quality standards.

Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollution and Health Risks in Key Cities of China

Based on the monitoring data of five pollutants in 168 key cities under air pollution prevention and control in China from 2015 to 2020, using the MAKESENS model and the aggregate risk index(ARI), this study quantitatively analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of air pollution and health risks in China and the six urban agglomerations. The results showed that:① PM2.5 pollution was the most serious pollution in Chinese key cities. Only 15% of the cities' six-year average concentrations of PM2.5 reached the National Secondary Standard, followed by that of NO2; 77% of the cities' six-year average concentrations of NO2 reached the National Secondary Standard. The urban agglomerations of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Fenwei plain had the most serious air pollution, and the six-year average concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, CO, and NO2 were higher than those of other urban agglomerations. ② The concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, CO, and NO2 in key cities of China showed a decreasing trend, whereas the concentration of O3 in other urban agglomerations showed an increasing trend, except in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. The concentration of SO2 in the urban agglomerations of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Fenwei plain changed the most significantly. ③ The health risk of air pollution in the key cities of China generally showed a decreasing trend, with a sharp decline from 2017 to 2018, and the population exposed to extremely high risks dropped from 160 million to 32.54 million. The urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River had the most significant decline in health risks, whereas the key cities in China faced higher health risks in spring and winter seasons. ④ The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Fenwei plain urban agglomerations had the highest health risks, and the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River had the lowest; O3 gradually replaced PM2.5 as the main pollutant affecting the health risk. These results can provide a reference for evaluating the effectiveness of urban air pollution control in China during the 13th Five-Year Plan period.

Long-Term Hydropower Planning for Ethiopia: A Rolling Horizon Stochastic Programming Approach with Uncertain Inflow

All long-term hydropower planning problems require a forecast of the inflow during the planning period. However, it is challenging to accurately forecast inflows for a year or more. Therefore, it is common to use stochastic models considering the uncertainties of the inflow. This paper compares deterministic and stochastic models in a weekly rolling horizon framework considering inflow uncertainty. The stochastic model is tested in both a risk-neutral and a risk-averse version. The rolling horizon framework helps make periodic decisions and update the information in each rolling week, which minimizes the errors in prolonged forecasts. The models aim to utilize the water stored in the rainy season throughout the year with minimum load shedding while storing as much water as possible at the end of the planning horizon. The Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) risk measure is used to develop the risk-averse stochastic model. Three different risk measures are investigated to choose the risk measure that yields the best outcome in the risk-averse problem, and the two best measures are compared to a deterministic and risk-neutral model in a weekly rolling horizon framework. The results show that the risk-neutral and best risk-averse models perform almost equally and are better than the deterministic model. Hence, using a stochastic model would be an improvement to the actual planning performed in the Ethiopian and other African countries’ power systems.

Smart Management of Energy Storage in Microgrid: Adapting the Control Algorithm to Specific Industrial Facility Conditions

The article introduces a method for optimizing energy storage system scheduling in industrial microgrids. It employs a PSO-based heuristic algorithm using daily generation and load forecasts. The objective is economic optimization, minimizing energy costs, and maximizing profits. Market energy prices and distributor tariffs are the base of the objective function. An algorithm maintains the plan by controlling storage power based on real-time microgrid measurements, aligning with the intended power exchange curve. Due to PSO’s ability to perform multidimensional optimization, it is possible to find the global optimum of the objective function. To validate the practical applicability of this approach, it is exemplified through its implementation within a real-world industrial microgrid setting. The presented results indicate the method’s effectiveness but also show its weaknesses. For the two considered cases, a decrease in operating costs of 6.7% and 10.8% was achieved, respectively. On the other hand, the best results are obtained for shorter forecasts, which is why the algorithm, despite long planning periods, revises the ESS operation plan whenever there are significant deviations between the forecast and the actual power.

Penerapan Value Engineering pada Proyek Konstruksi di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Value Engineering is a function analysis approach that aims to reduce the cost of production or project. The amount of costs that will be needed both in the planning period and also the implementation and time saving process are sought not to increase the amount of cost itself. Gamil & Alhagar(2020) revealed that there are several impacts of Covid-19 in the construction sector, namely project suspensions, workers who lose their jobs, jobs that exceed the time limit, excessive costs, and financial impacts. Jallow et al (2020) stated the changes that must be made to the infrastructure sector in order to comply with health protocols and remain productive during lockdown. The problem in this study is how much the total cost savings can be obtained after Value Engineering method to the architectural work of the Facilities and Infrastructure Rehabilitation project at the Sungai Gelam Campground in the Hall Building. Through graphs and calculations is, the results of 4 work items with the highest percentage were obtained, namely on wall pair work, roofing work, floor formwork work, and frame, door and window work. At the creative stage, the idea of alternative replacements is given to the same quality, function and quality, but at a lower price. Then the analysis stage carries out the development of a comparison between the alternatives to be obtained. The recommendation stage is the result of the chosen alternative. At the recommendation stage, the result of applying the value engineering method is the Material used for the work of the red Masonry 5x11x22cm amounting to Rp.1,934,368.62 or 9.16% of the initial design cost. For Metal Tile Roofing Work of Rp.7,775,287.18 or 30.27% of the initial design cost. For Aluminum Frame, Door and Window Work, 8mm Glass is Rp.8,360,275 or 20% of the initial design cost. For Ceramic Floor Work measuring 40x40 cm (Plain) of Rp. 12,926,981.30 or 25.26% of the initial design cost. The cost efficiency that can be obtained using Rp. 30,996,912.10 or 6% of Rp. 514,217,599.92,- the total project

Economic and Structural Development of Turkey's Tourism within Development Plans During a Century of The Republican Era

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the five-year development plans implemented during the republican period on the tourism sector in Turkey. Although tourism revenues and the number of tourists in the five-year development plans implemented during the Republican Era have been in a continuous upward trend, Turkey has not fully achieved the targets set in the five-year development plans. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the development plans of Turkey during the Republican Era and to identify the frequently emphasized and under-emphasized targets. A mixed methodology was used in this study. Within the scope of the research, secondary data were collected from official institutions. These data were subjected to trend analysis, and the average number of tourists and tourism revenues were calculated for each five-year development plan period. In the second stage of the research, the development plans were analyzed through content analysis, and themes were identified. Create network maps and word clouds created. Finally, Chat GPT, an artificial intelligence modeling system, was asked questions about the future of the tourism sector in the Republic of Turkey. As a result, it was found that Turkey emphasizes “sustainability” the most in its five-year development plans. In addition, infrastructure, transportation and diversification of tourism opportunities are other themes emphasized in five-year development plans. However, it has been determined that targets such as technology, digitalization and artificial intelligence should be sufficiently emphasized.

Modeling the optimal management of land subsidence due to aquifers overexploitation

The study of land subsidence has recently been expanded due to its increased occurrence and magnitude worldwide. This paper develops and applies an optimal control model of groundwater extractions under conditions of land subsidence. We include, in a traditional groundwater management model, two types of negative externalities associated with land subsidence: damage to infrastructure and to economic activities, and the loss of aquifer storage capacity. Using a two-stage optimal control method, characterized by two sub-problems corresponding to the phase before and after the occurrence of subsidence, we find the economically sustainable paths of groundwater extractions and water table levels under the existence of land subsidence impacts. The theoretical results indicate that the presence of land subsidence dictates the optimal paths of groundwater withdrawals and water table levels. The model has been applied to the Alto Guadalentín over-exploited aquifer system in the Segura River Basin of Spain. The empirical outcomes indicate that by following the optimal paths, groundwater extractions should be curtailing to avoid reaching the critical water level at which subsidence takes place. Results suggest that regional net present value of welfare over the planning period, under the two land subsidence scenarios, is reduced by nearly 1–5%, compared to the no land subsidence scenario. Furthermore, under subsidence, even with relatively small impacts of both types of externalities, groundwater optimal extractions are kept at levels that avoid these externalities. These outcomes clearly call for government intervention in order to reduce groundwater withdrawals in aquifers with propensity to face undesirable subsidence effects.

Variation Analysis of Long-term TN concentration and influencing factors in Miyun Reservoir in China

<p>The total nitrogen (TN) is the key indicator for the eutrophication of Miyun Reservoir. Base on the long-term series of remote sensing, hydrological and water quality observation data, this paper comprehensively analyzed the trend of water quality especially the TN concentration and its influencing factors over 30 years in Miyun reservoir. The development trends of the TN concentration during the 14th Five Year Plan Period were predicate with the designed water quality scenarios simulations. The results showed that the water covered area of Miyun reservoir was reduced from 1986 to 2004 and enlarged from 2004 to 2020, and the smallest water covered area was about 56.4km2 in 2004 while the largest was about 170.7km2 in 2020. For the regional rainfall and artificial water storage, the inflow of Miyun reservoir is much greater than the water intake, and this is the main reason for the water covered area increased. From 1988 to 2020, TN contents in the inflow water of Chaohe river and Baihe river were generally in upward trends, with annual upward rates of 0.16 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L at the 99% confidence levels separately. However, the TN concentrations from Chaohe river and Baihe river presented downward trends for the recent 5 years. And this is own to the emission control and river ecological control measures in the upstream basin of Miyun reservoir. From 1988 to 2020, the annual averaged TN concentration of the main dams in Chaohe and Baihe (BHZB and CHZB) was 1.10±0.32 mg/L and 1.17±0.31 mg/L respectively and in recent 5 years, and significant positive trends were also identified at both two stations with the steadily rising the water level and volume in Miyun reservoir. The lightly increase of TN concentration in recent years in Miyun reservoir was the comprehensive results of external input and self purification capacity. Based on the MIKE21 model of four scenario simulations, the TN concentration of Miyun reservoir will meet the class Ⅱ water quality level (China’s Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Waters, GB3838-2002) under the comprehensive implementation of rural domestic source control and agricultural non-point emission control measures in the upstream basin of Miyun reservoir during the 14th Five Year Plan period.</p>

Integrated evaluation of the performance of phosphogypsum recycling technologies in China

The Chinese government is implementing policies, such as the “Guidance on comprehensive utilization of bulk solid waste for the 14th Five-Year Plan period”, to stimulate phosphogypsum (PG) reduction and recycling. Thus, the comprehensive evaluation of PG recycling technologies for sustainable development is crucial. This study proposes a novel multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method that considers the criteria of resources, environment, economy, and society and risk attitudes of decision-makers and integrates game theory (GT) and utility theory for criteria weighting and ranking to assess industrial-scale PG recycling technologies in China. The results demonstrate that GT provides more reasonable criteria weights than individual weighting methods. PG-based lightweight plaster is the top performer in the resource and environmental dimensions owing to its exceptional resource and energy efficiency. PG utilized for dry-mix mortar and organic fertilizer production exhibited the best utility performance of 0.74 and 0.73, respectively. Measures, such as subsidies and product publicity, should be implemented to promote these technologies. However, technologies with poor performance, such as PG used for the co-production of sulfuric acid and fertilizer or cement, may require optimization or substitution for the sustainable recycling of PG. The proposed MCDA method is robust and can serve as a reliable decision-making tool for other waste-recycling technologies. However, caution must be exercised when determining risk attitude using the MCDA method as it may vary with the number of technologies and affect the final rankings.

Estimation of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emission Reduction Potential of Beijing During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period Under the Background of "Carbon Peak and Neutrality"

To achieve the goal of "carbon peak and neutrality," the strict requirements for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions control in the agricultural sector were recommended in relevant plans for Beijing during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Through collecting agricultural activity data and calculating and screening the emission factors, the amount and emission characteristics of agricultural GHG emissions in Beijing in 2020 were estimated and set as the baseline condition. On this basis, the GHG emissions in 2025 with optimized measurements implemented, which were selected in combination with the natural conditions and planting-breeding mode of Beijing, were set as the reduction condition. The emission reduction potential and its distribution during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period were predicted simultaneously. Meanwhile, the reduction effects on the GHG emissions of optimized measurements were evaluated. In addition, relevant policy recommendations on GHG reduction were proposed accordingly. The results revealed that the total agricultural GHG emissions in Beijing were estimated to be 456000 t (CO2-eq) in 2020, primarily from sources of animal intestinal fermentation and manure management, with contribution rates of 50.7% and 26.7%, respectively. Spatially, it was mainly distributed in districts with large livestock and poultry breeding scales, such as Shunyi District, Miyun District, and Yanqing District, etc. It was predicted that in 2025, the total agricultural GHG emissions would be 349000 t (CO2-eq), and the emission reduction potential in the 14th Five-Year Plan period would be 107000 t (CO2-eq). Animal intestinal fermentation would be the emission source with the largest reduction potential (60000 tons, CO2-eq), followed by the emission source of animal manure management (37000 tons, CO2-eq). Adjusting fodder composition and optimizing manure management were analyzed to be the most effective optimized measurements for agricultural GHG emission reduction. Moreover, the emission reduction potential of CH4 would be greater than that of N2O. The emission reduction potential would be mainly distributed in Miyun District, Shunyi District, Yanqing District, Fangshan District, Tongzhou District, and other suburbs with large livestock and poultry breeding scales, accounting for more than 10% of the total emission reduction potential for each. These regions with large emission reduction potential should be prioritized and then the assessments should be extended to the whole city. The measurements were recommended as follows:① the research and promotion of technologies such as fodder optimization and the efficient treatment of manure should be strengthened, ② the scope of the combination of planting and breeding model should be expanded to promote the development of circular agriculture, and ③ relevant standards, guidelines, and specifications for green and low-carbon agriculture should be formulated, and the regulatory and policy system for synergy reduction of agricultural pollution and GHG should be developed.

An innovative interval grey model for construction waste forecasting

Nowadays, construction waste has become a global challenge that needs to be addressed, and its accurate prediction is crucial for subsequent treatment and policy development. However, current popular big data methods struggle to be effectively applied due to sample size limits. Meanwhile, the key issues of data uncertainty and time-delayed nature must be considered, the former of which can be addressed by interval prediction. Therefore, a novel interval time-delayed three-parameter discrete grey model for construction waste prediction is proposed in this study, whose time-delayed coefficient is optimized via optimization algorithms. Moreover, the relevant mathematical derivation and proof of this model are also described and discussed in detail in the research. Two case studies of the construction waste dataset are used to examine the effectiveness of the proposed model. Through a series of comparisons with other state-of-the-art models, the results show that the proposed model can improve the prediction performance with excellent prediction results. Meanwhile, this study also presents scenario analysis and discussions of the construction waste prediction results during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and finds that the current policies and measures are difficult to achieve the future planning goals, and further policy development and implementation of measures are imminent.

Design of CapEx and OpEx aware IP-over-WDM network using different types of traffic bypass and grooming techniques

To improve efficiency in setting up and operation of IP-over-WDM (IPoWDM) network, the network can be designed by minimizing either the capital expenditure (CapEx) or the operational expenditure (OpEx) in the planning phase. However, the CapEx-aware designed network may differ from the OpEx-aware designed network. Thus, Capex and OpEx need to be considered together to develop an expenditure-efficient network for a given planning period. Lightpath bypass and traffic grooming techniques help to minimize the required line card number in the core IP router. We design an expenditure (i.e., CapEx and OpEx put together for a given planning period) efficient IPoWDM network. We also review the effect of lightpath bypass and traffic grooming in the design. To design IPoWDM networks, we develop an optimization model and auxiliary-matrix-based heuristics to reduce the network’s total expenditure. The proposed methods judiciously deploy the network equipment at different places to reduce the total expenses and provide solutions for traffic grooming and placement of regenerators. We assume a realistic network framework where the bidirectional WDM equipment has finite transparent reach limit. The performance analysis shows that the multi-hop bypass approach provides more expenditure-efficient networks compared with the direct bypass and the non-bypass methods.

Анализ финансирования государственной и территориальной программ по оказанию бесплатной медицинской помощи

The article analyzes and compares the financing of expenditures of various types of medical care within the framework of the “Program of state guarantees of free provision of medical care to citizens for 2022 and for the planning period of 2023 and 2024” and the “Territorial program of state guarantees of free provision of medical care to citizens in the Rostov region” for the same periods. Some types of costs for the implementation of state programs in the field of healthcare are considered, due to the implementation of the national project “Healthcare” in the Rostov region and shortcomings in the healthcare system of this region. The growth rates of expenditures of the federal and regional budgets of the Rostov region, as well as the health insurance fund for financing various types of medical care have been determined. The most significant problems in the region that hinder the implementation of state programs included in the national project “Healthcare” have been identified. The budget for healthcare in the region according to regional experts, is not getting bigger, which is an incentive to search for other financing models, in particular, the perspective of the experience of the Rostov region in the field of organization of medical management is noted. In recent years, the municipal authorities have made a decision and transferred all municipal medical institutions to the ownership of the regional government, explaining this by the need to centralize management. The transition of municipal medical institutions to the category of state ones will simplify the routing of patients, make medical care more qualitative and affordable, and also provide an opportunity for more efficient use of all types of resources directed to the field of health care in the region. The results obtained can serve as a basis for adjusting the health policy of the Rostov region.