Pericyclic Fibers Research Articles

Assessment of quality of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard leaf (Sapotaceae): Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical profile

The term pharmacognosy, a constituent scientific discipline of pharmacy, has been in use for nearly 200 years and it refers to the studies on natural product drugs. The present study deals with the macroscopic and microscopic studies of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard leaf. The anatomy of the leaf was studied by taking transverse section which showed anomocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, etc. Powder microscopic examination showed presence of pitted pericyclic fibres, spiral xylem vessels and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters and heavy metal analysis of the powder were also carried out. The present investigation on M. hexandra leaf might be useful to supplement information in regard to its identification parameters. Such studies are important in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario of lacking regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs.

Breeding system, morphological and anatomical characteristics of Coptis deltoidea

To study the morphological and anatomical characteristics of Coptis deltoidea based on the research of its breeding system. The flowering process of C. deltoidea was observed dynamically and the out-crossing index was estimated, using Motic BA200 microscope to observe the morphologic characteristics of the mixed bud, stolon and pollen was observed microscopically, and compared with those of C. chinensis. The results showed that the breeding system of C. deltoidea was facultative hybridization, it could bloom normally and fruit while cannot form seeds. And there were no statistical differences in the number of stamens, pistils, ovules, pollens in a stamen, pollens in a flower, pollen-ovule ratio, and the pollen grain size between C. deltoidea and C. chinensis. However the pollen of C. deltoidea developed anomaly, most of the pollen grains in it were surface depression, the texture was unsharp or broken, the pollen could not germinate. The lateral bud on the lower side of the mixed bud formed in the bud stage. Pericyclic fibers in the stolon (the vegetative propagation branch) shaped like a cap, and all the shaped-caps nearly formed a ring. The abnormal development of the pollen could be the mainly cause to the no formation of seeds in C. deltoidea. The lateral bud forming in the bud stage then developing the stolon is the characteristics of the asexual propagation. Pericycle fibers in the stolon nearly forming a ring is a secondary character to accommodate the vegetative propagation of C. deltoidea.

Anatomia foliar de plantas transgênicas e não transgênicas de Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae)

O mamoeiro, Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) é uma espécie americana, cujos frutos são largamente consumidos em todo mundo. Devido às perdas de produção provocadas por viroses e a dificuldade em controlá-las por métodos convencionais, a espécie tem sido alvo de pesquisas de melhoramento genético envolvendo transgenia para resistência a vírus. O presente trabalho descreve a anatomia foliar de plantas de mamoeiro convencional e transgênico resistente ao vírus da mancha anelar-Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) com inserção da capa protéica viral. As duas cultivares apresentam pecíolo com endoderme e fibras pericíclicas. As folhas são hipoestomáticas e dorsiventrais, com laticíferos acompanhando os feixes vasculares e grande concentração de idioblastos com drusas de oxalato de cálcio. A epiderme é glabra, possuindo estômatos anomocíticos e anisocíticos, com células de paredes anticlinais retas na face adaxial e levemente sinuosas na face abaxial. O presente trabalho concluiu que o processo de transformação genética não alterou as características anatômicas das folhas de C. papaya, servindo de subsídio para avaliação da conformidade anatômica da cultivar transgênica.

Drought tolerant stem anatomy characteristics in Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) and a wild relative

The stem structure of two cassava cultivars, UnB 99 and UnB 110, known for being adapted to humid conditions and tolerant to drought, respectively, and of a wild species, Manihot glaziovii, was examined anatomically. Free-hand sections of secondary stems were made, clarified with 50% sodium hypochlorite solution, stained with 1% alcian-blue safranin, and then passed through an ethanol series and butyl acetate, followed by mounting in synthetic resin. M. glaziovii stems had dense prismatic and druse crystals in the cortical parenchyma, along with abundant gelatinous fibers. The pericycle fibers also had thicker walls. An absence of crystals, offset by abundant starch, was observed in clone UnB 99. In M. glaziovii, abundant tyloses were found in vessel elements; these were rare in clones UnB 99 and UnB 110. The wild species had larger vascular vessels; the secondary xylem showed very little starch, unlike UnB 99 and UnB 110. In clone UnB 110, starch was observed in the cortical region, and medulla and gelatinous fibers were found in the pericycle and secondary xylem. Brown stem color was found to be associated with tolerance to drought.

Pharmacognostic Investigations On <i>Turnera ulmifolia</i>

Turnera ulmifolia Linn. has been traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments such as rheumatism, vertigo, dysmenorrhea and dysentery. Microscopically, leaf of T. ulmifolia showed the presence of abundant stellate non-glandular trichomes, anisocytic stomata and large number of calcium oxalate crystals along the veins. Lignified spiral vessels, pericyclic fibres, and starch grains were observed in powdered aerial parts of T. ulmifolia. Total ash of the aerial parts of T. ulmifolia was about 3 and 6 times more than acid insoluble and water soluble ash respectively. Water soluble extractive value of the plant was found to be approximately twice the alcohol soluble extractive value. TLC of petroleum ether extract showed 6 spots using hexane:chloroform ( 17:3) as mobile phase, chloroform extract showed 7 spots using toluene:ethylacetate:glacial acetic acid (35:4:1), and methanol extract showed 9 spots using toluene:ethylacetate:glacial acetic acid (15:4:1) on spraying 0.5% anisaldehyde followed by heating for 5minutes at 105°C. Phytochemically, the plant was found to contain alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and proteins. Keywords: Turnera ulmifolia, Turneraceae, Ash values, Extractive values, Thin layer chromatography, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Proteins.Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine Vol. 11 2007 pp. 5-9

Histochemical Analysis of the Stem from Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils by Fluorescence Microscope and MALDI-TOFMS Technique

In order to find a useful method for uniting the identification and quality evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), the techniques of fluorescence microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) were firstly applied to investigate the transverse section of the stem from Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils, which is the plant source of CMM–Caulis sinomenii. The fluorescence characteristics of the unstained transverse sections mounted with distilled water were investigated. Their features were described and documented with color digital micrographs. The results showed that the epidermis, sclereids, pericyclic fibres, vessels, xylary fibres, vascular fibres and vascular cells emitted the same kind of autofluorescence. The phloem and cortex cells emitted a different kind of autofluorescence. After treated with bismuth potassium iodide solution, the intensity of autofluorescence was weakened or even quenched. Using MALDI-TOFMS, we have found that the distribution and relative abundance of chemicals in different tissue regions were different. This study indicated that the histochemical analysis of CMM using fluorescence microscope and MALDI-TOFMS technique could be used to explore the relationship between fluorescence features and chemicals in the plant tissue, which make it possible to research newer, faster, and more reliable means of identifying and evaluating CMM.

Anatomical alterations due to polyploidy in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz

Information on anatomical structure is needed by breeders working on improvement for drought tolerance. For studying the effect of polyploidy on cassava anatomy and its significance to tolerance to drought, we induced a polyploidy type of a selected clone (UnB 530) by applying an aqueous solution of 0.2% colchicine on lateral buds for a period of 12 h. The stem identified as tetraploid was propagated to produce the whole plant. Free-hand cross-sections of the median portion between stem internodes were made. They were clarified using 50% sodium hypochlorite solution, stained with 1% safranin-alcian blue, passed through an ethanol series and butyl acetate and mounted in synthetic resin. The tetraploid type showed more prismatic and druse crystals in the cortical parenchyma, and its pericycle fibers had thicker walls. The secondary xylem of tetraploid types was wider than diploid ones, having thinner walls and less starch.

Pharmacognostic Standardization of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward

Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae) has been used traditionally as an aphrodisiac, stimulant, nerve tonic, and laxative and in kidney, menstrual, and pregnancy disorders. Despite a long tradition of use in the treatment of various ailments, no systematic phytochemical and pharmacological work has ever been carried out on T. aphrodisiaca. The authors suggest that the major stumbling block in systematic exploration of the plant is non-availability of authentic plant material. In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards for the plant have been generated so that authentic T. aphrodisiaca could be explored for its traditional claims. Microscopically, T. aphrodisiaca leaf showed the presence of abundant unicellular, warty, non-glandular trichomes, anomocytic stomata, and a large number of calcium oxalate crystals along the veins. Powdered stem of the plant showed lignified spiral and pitted tracheidal vessels, and pericyclic fibers were observed in powder microscopy of stem. Total ash of the aerial parts of T. aphrodisiaca was approximately eight and four times more than acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash, respectively. The water-soluble extractive value of the plant was slightly higher than its ethanol-soluble extractive value. Volatile oil content of T. aphrodisiaca was found to be 0.44% (wt/vol), the thin-layer chromatography of which exhibited seven spots using toluene:ethyl acetate (93:7 vol/vol) as mobile phase. Thin-layer chromatography of the petroleum ether extract showed nine spots using hexane:dichloromethane (1:1 vol/vol), while the chloroform extract showed 11 spots using toluene:ethyl acetate:glacial acetic acid (35:4:1 by volume). Phytochemically, the plant was found to contain alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and proteins.

A Pharmacognostical Study on Convolvulus prostratus Forssk.

Objective: Development of physico-chemical parameters and estimation of scopoletin, a chemical marker in herb of Convolvulus prostratus Forssk. (Family: Convolvulaceae). Materials and methods: Fresh flowering plants of Convolvulus prostratus , commonly known as Shankhpushpi, were studied for developing quality parameters and HPTLC method for quantification of scopoletin and fingerprinting of C. prostratus using a mobile phase toluene and ether (1:1, saturated with 10% glacial acetic acid) and instrument Camag Linomat IV with Camag TLC scanner. Results: Morphologically, the herb can be distinguished on the basis of hairy nature, sessile leaves, white-pale pink flowers and woody rootstalk. Leaves show striated cuticle, rubiaceous and cruciferous stomata, calcium oxalate prisms, and bicollateral vascular bundle. Stem shows unicellular covering trichomes, a discontinuous ring of pericyclic fibres and pitted cells in pith. Root is easily characterized by intra-xylary phloem. Spherical pollen grains and large number of unicellular trichomes are seen in powder of C. prostratus . HPTLC method was developed for determination of scopoletin content by scanning the plates at 366 nm. Conclusions: The histological characters and HPTLC method developed for quantification of scopoletin and fingerprinting of C. prostratus would serve as a useful tool in standardization of C. prostratus .

Anatomia de galhas de ambrosia em folhas de Baccharis concinna e Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae)

Ambrosia galls are induced by dipteran (Cecidomyiidae) and no nutritive tissue is present: fungi hyphae are the source of food to the inducer larva. Ambrosia galls in Baccharis concinna and B. dracunculifolia have only one chamber with one inducer. The fungi hyphae are observed. In B. dracunculifolia galls the hyphae are restricted to the larval chamber. The parenchyma palisade cells are elongated. In B. concinna galls hyphae spread also among chlorenchyma cells around of larval chamber. The chlorenchyma cells near to the chamber elongate slightly. In both galls, pericyclic fibers of vascular system lose their secondary walls. When the inducer is in pupal phase, the amount of hyphae increases and they fill several parts of the larval chamber. Hyphae of B. concinna galls present lipophilic globules which are not observed in the hyphae of B. dracunculifolia galls. Picnids are found only in the senescent galls of B. dracunculifolia. This paper is the first contribution to the knowledge of the ambrosia galls in the Brazilian flora.

Expression of the tobacco anionic peroxidase gene is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated.

Transcriptionally regulated expression of tobacco anionic peroxidase was investigated with regard to tissue specificity and developmental regulation. Two tobacco species, Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi, were stably transformed with a gene chimera composed of 3 kb of the tobacco anionic peroxidase promoter, the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS) coding region and the nopaline synthase terminator. Gene expression was regulated spatially and developmentally in all organs, and generally increased with age and maturity of the plant, tissue or organ. In the aerial portions of the plant, GUS activity was strongly expressed in trichomes and epidermis at nearly all developmental stages. In later stages of development, activity was also detected in ground tissue and parenchyma cells associated with vascular tissues. Activity in roots was limited to cortical cells and vascular-associated parenchyma cells. In reproductive tissue, expression was observed in sepals and petals before anthesis, and in all floral organs after anthesis. Expression was never detected in vascular tissue and was poorly correlated with lignification except in the cells surrounding primary xylem and pericyclic fibers in N. sylvestris. These studies suggest that this peroxidase isoenzyme is only limitedly involved in lignification but may be important in plant defense, growth and development.

Pharmacognostic Studies of Gymnosporia Montana

AbstractGymnosporia Montana (Celastraceae) Leaf and Stem Were Studied For Their Pharmacognostic Characteristics. The Stem Shows Modification Into Spines With A Single Node. Leaves Exhibit A Vast Degree Of Polymorphism In Their Shape. Stomata Are Ranunculaceous. Trichomes Are Absent. A Double-Layered Epidermis, Two Layers Of Palisade Parenchyma In Both Upper and Lower Regions Of The Leaf, A Single Layer Of Epidermis On The Mid-Rib Are Noteworthy. Abundant Dark Coloring Material, Simple Starch Grains With Ill-Defined Hilum and Striatums, Calcium Oxalate Rossettes and Cluster Crystals Are Striking Features In The Leaf. Stem Shows Broken, Sclerenchymatous Pericyclic Fibres, Single, Narrow Xylem Vessels, Uniseriate Medullary Rays and Very Large Isolated, Prismatic, Squarish and Rhomboidal Calcium Oxalate Crystals. Dark Colored Material Is Seen Deposited In Most Of The Cells.

Effects of Trifluralin on Growth, Nodulation, and Anatomy of Soybeans

Effects ofα,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) rate and placement in soil on growth and anatomy of soybeans (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) were studied in greenhouses. In 7-week-old plants, trifluralin caused pronounced changes in number and organization of palisade cells in leaves. In fourth internodes, xylem elements of treated plants were less organized and walls of pericycle fibers were extremely thick compared to those of untreated plants. There was starch accumulation in nodules and in xylem elements of the upper root, and binucleate and trinucleate cells were present in tips of tap and lateral roots of treated plants. The effects were more pronounced as rate of trifluralin was increased from 0.36 to 0.74 and to 1.1 kg/ha and when trifluralin was incorporated into the 5 to 15-cm depth rather than the top 5 cm of soil. However, occlusions of xylem vessels in lateral and tap roots were most pronounced at 0.74 kg/ha. Plant topgrowth was reduced more when trifluralin was incorporated into the bottom 10 cm of soil, but root growth inhibition was not affected by trifluralin placement. Trifluralin reduced nodulation of soybeans and seemed to inhibit utilization of cotyledonary reserves and redistribution of organic and mineral constituents of unifoliolate leaves.

Characteristics of the proximal to distal regions of the petioles to identify 15 tree species of Papilionoideae-Fabaceae

Comparative studies on the structure of the vascular supply of stem-leaf transitional zone of the petioles were carried out in 15 papilionoid tree species. Anatomical characteristics and changes in the main vascular trace were recorded. The anatomical features of significance include outline; epidermal cell; pericyclic fiber patterns; main petiolar vasculature; presence, number and separation of ridge vascular bundles; presence of additional accessory ridge bundles; crystal types; secretory elements and multicellular trichomes. Erythrina variegata and Pterocarpus indicus show no change in the petiole trace structure throughout their petioles from proximal to distal, while the rest of the species have minor to major changes. Sophora secundiflora has the highest number of ridge vascular bundles (5-6), while these are absent in the two Dalbergia species, E. variegata, Derris robusta, Sophora davidii and S. japonica. Only Derris robusta and Sophora japonica show unusual petiole trace structure by having two additional accessory ridge bundles adaxial of the main trace enclosing with it by a complete ring of pericyclic fibers. The studied species of tribe Millettieae show the presence of secretory cavities lined by epithelial cells. The usefulness of these character states is shown for assessing, identifying and delimiting these examined species. Key words: Accessory ridge bundles, Crystals, Papilionoideae, Petiole anatomy, Petiole vasculature, Ridge bundles, Secretory cavities DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.530 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 101-115, 2007 (December)

An Anatomical Study of Adventitious Root Development in Stems of Vaccinium corymbosum

1. Hardwood cuttings of Vaccinium corymbosum L. were rooted under aseptic conditions to study the influence of the stem anatomy on adventitious root initiation and development. Description is given of the methods and techniques used. 2. Stem anatomy of the part used for propagation is discussed. Roots were found to originate in the cambium and phloem and to project through the callus or through the outer stele, cortex, and epidermis. 3. Descriptions are given of mechanical inhibition of root projection by the lignified pericyclic fibers and by the epidermis of closely packed cells with a thick cuticle. 4. It is suggested that, if some means could be provided to dissolve the cuticular and epidermal layers and the pericylic fibers, rooting percentages might be improved.

Anatomical Responses of Tomato Stems to Variations in the Macronutrient Cation Supply

1. An inbred strain of Bonny Best tomatoes was grown in sand culture. The effects of forty-three nutrient solutions varying in the relative proportions of macronutrient cations (calcium, potassium, and magnesium) were studied in relation to the anatomy of plant stems. Measurements of stem diameter and the actual area of each of the component tissue systems were recorded. The data were reduced and analyzed by statistical methods. 2. Great differences in stem diameter and the actual area of each of the component tissue systems were positively correlated with potassium and negatively correlated with calcium supply to the plant. 3. Significant differences between treatments occurred with respect to the relative areas of the constituent tissue systems in the stem sections. These differences could also be correlated with nutrient composition. 4. Cell size and relative thickness of cell walls in pericyclic fibers could be associated with calcium ion supply. Cellular differences were also observed in pith parenchyma, internal and external pericyclic fibers, internal and external phloem, and in cortical chlorenchyma and collenchyma. They are described and correlated with the supply of one or more ions in the nutrient medium. 5. Differences in the anatomy of the tomato stems are significantly correlated with characteristics used as criteria of vegetative growth and fruitfulness. For instance, the relative amount of phloem in stem sections is positively correlated with vegetative growth, while the relative amount of xylem is positively correlated with fruitfulness.

Anatomical Responses of Tomato Stems to Variations in the Macronutrient Anion Supply

1. An inbred strain of Bonny Best tomatoes was grown in sand culture. The effects of forty-four nutrient solutions varying in the relative proportions of macronutrient anions were studied in relation to the anatomy of plant stems. Measurements of stem diameter and the actual area of each of the component tissue systems were recorded. The data were reduced and analyzed by statistical methods. 2. Great differences in stem diameter and the actual area of each of the component tissue systems could be correlated with differences in nutrient supply. 3. Differences in the relative proportion of phloem, xylem, and pith in stem sections were correlated with differences in nutrient supply. No differences were found in the relative amount of cortex. 4. Cellular differences in pith parenchyma, xylem vessels and fibers, internal and external phloem, internal and external pericyclic fibers, and cortical cells are described and correlated with nutrient supply. 5. Differences in the anatomy of the tomato stems are significantly correlated with characteristics used as criteria of vegetative growth and fruitfulness.

Ontogeny and structure of the phloem of tobacco

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. Introduction This study on phloem anatomy of tobacco was originally intended to serve as a basis for certain projected investigations on the host-virus relations in the curly-top disease. During the work, however, the discordant statements discovered in the literature concerning some problems of histogenesis and nomenclature prompted a more detailed developmental study than at first contemplated. The principal problems considered were as follows: the origin and development of external and internal phloem; the distinction between the primary and secondary phloem; the comparative structure of the mature and the degenerating phloem; and the origin of the so-called “pericyclic fibers” that occur on the periphery of the phloem in mature stems. The study of development and structure of the sieve tubes, though secondary, furnished information about the morphologic characteristics of these elements in phloem of different stages of development. The material for study was limited to petioles and stems of two species of tobacco: Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana clauca Graham. The first species was selected as an experimental plant because it is used in many virus studies; the second as a plant used, together with N. tabacum, in certain important curly-top investigations. Moreover, for studying secondary phloem, N. glauca, being a woody shrub, was more suitable than the herbaceous N. tabacum.