Athletic Performance Research Articles

Effects of Strength, Speed and Non-Specific Resistance Training on Athletic Performance And FVP Profile Characteristics of Youth Professional Soccer Players

This study explored the effects of strength-focused, speed-focused, and non-specific resistance training on the athletic performance and sprint biomechanics through force-velocity-power (FVP) profile in youth professional soccer players (age: 17.6 ± 0.9 years). In a 6-week randomized-controlled trial, 24 male participants were assigned to strength, speed, or control groups (n = 8 each). We assessed sprint performance, including sprint split times and the sprint FVP profile. Post-training, all groups showed significant enhancements in sprint times (p = 0.000-0.004, η² = 0.32-0.75) and FVP profile variables (p = 0.000-0.049; η² = 0.17-0.73). The strength group exhibited notable improvements in the maximal ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (p = 0.026, d = 0.78) and maximal power (Phmax) (p = 0.013, d = 0.89) compared to controls. However, maximum velocity and maximum velocity at the end of acceleration phase did not significantly change in any group. These findings demonstrate that both strength and speed training significantly enhance force production capabilities in youth soccer players, influencing key FVP profile characteristics, without substantially affecting maximum velocity.

Influence of time-of-day on neuromuscular performance in team sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Influence of time-of-day on neuromuscular performance in team sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Case Report: Potential benefits of a single functional neurology intervention in athletic rehabilitation and recovery: a case study

This study analyze the effect of a single functional neurology session on sports performance, pain perception, fatigue perception and thermographic muscular response in an international female weightlifting athlete with incapacity to tolerate weight. Functional neurology is a discipline leveraging neuroplasticity for non-invasive recovery and performance optimization. We found how a single session of functional neurology improved load tolerance, enabling her to lift weights at pre-injury levels after just a single session of functional neurology and reduced pain perception from 80 to 0 and fatigue perception from 90 to 20 on a 100-point scale while thermographic data showed up to a 15% decrease in body temperature indicating reduced inflammation and improved muscle recovery. Then, we found how a single functional neurology intervention produced an improve in sports performance, pain and fatigue perceptions, and peripheral vascular response in an inter-national female weightlifting athlete with an initial incapacity to tolerate weight. This supports the incorporation of functional neurology into sports rehabilitation, under-scoring its potential in optimizing athletes' health and performance.

Stride patterns in women's 400m hurdles: decisive factors or simple numbers?

The study analysed the impact of the number of steps between hurdles on the final result in the women's 400 m hurdles, using data from 141 championship final races from 1978 to 2022. The aim was to determine the standard stride rhythm, the influence of the minimal number of steps on athletic performance, and the relationship between stride rhythm in the initial and final phases of the race. The results showed that the best athletes cover the first 5–6 intervals between hurdles with a 15-step rhythm, with some even starting the race with 14 steps. In the second part of the distance, the number of steps increases (to 15–16 for the best athletes, 17–18 for others). The greatest changes in stride rhythm occur in the second half of the race, particularly between the 7th and 10th hurdles and in the last 40 meters. Correlation analysis indicated that minimal changes in the number of steps on the second curve (between the 4th and 8th hurdles) have a significant impact on the final race time (r=0.30, p<0.001). A smaller number of steps in subsequent parts of the distance is a key factor determining a high level of performance in this event.

Maximal strength, sprint and jump performance in elite kumite karatekas

BackgroundBoth maximal muscle strength and muscle power are independently important for karatekas. However, the relationship between strength and power in elite male kumite karatekas is under researched. This study aimed to determine the relationship between back-leg-chest (BLC) isometric muscle strength with sprint and jump variables in elite male karatekas.MethodsMale elite/international level (tier 4) kumite karatekas (n = 14; age, 20.79 ± 1.67 year; height, 1.77 ± 0.06 m; weight, 72.21 ± 5.20 kg) were recruited. BLC strength, sprint and jump values were measured with a dynamometer, a photocell, and an application, respectively. Pearson correlation (trivial r < 0.1; small r < 0.3; moderate r < 0.5; large r < 0.7; very large r < 0.9; nearly perfect/perfect r ≥ 0.9) and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship and shared variance between BLC strength, sprint, and jump performance.ResultsThere were large to very large correlations between BLC strength and sprint time (r = − 0.930, p < 0.01), velocity (r = 0.918; p < 0.01), acceleration (r = 0.913; p < 0.01) and running momentum (r = 0.721; p < 0.01). Additionally, BLC strength correlated with jump height (moderate, r = 0.550, p < 0.05), peak anaerobic power (moderate, r = 0.672, p < 0.01) and power to body mass ratio (moderate, r = 0.545, p < 0.05). BLC strength and sprint variables showed an r2 = 0.52–0.86 (p < 0.01), while BLC strength and jump variables showed an r2 = 0.29–0.45 (p < 0.05).ConclusionsBLC strength is related to jump and sprint performance in male elite karate athletes. This relationship underscores the importance of including strength training that targets BLC muscle strength in training programs for coaches and athletes.

Energy availability and macronutrient intake over a 7-day training period in adolescent rugby players.

Understanding the dietary intake of elite adolescent athletes and its adequacy with sport nutrition recommendation is a key issue for health and player development, as well as performance and recovery. Energy availability needs to be considered to ensure optimal health and performance in young athletes. The present study aimed to quantify energy availability, energy expenditure and macronutrient intake in young male rugby union players competing at national level. Twelve male adolescent players (15.6±0.6 years) completed a 7-days prospective observational study (5 days of training and 2 days of full recovery). Total energy expenditure was estimated using indirect calorimetry and heart rate measurement. Energy intake was assessed using weighed food by a dietitian in cafeteria (training days) and image-based dietary (recovery days). Energy availability was calculated using (energy intake-exercise energy expenditure)/fat-free mass. Mean energy availability was 38.5±7.5, 40.2±5.4 and 47.8±5.1 kcal/kgFFM/d on heavy training, moderate training and recovery days, respectively. Players consumed a low carbohydrate (~5.0 g/kg/d), high protein (~2.0 g/kg/d) and high fat (~1.8 g/kg/d) diet on training and recovery days in relation to current international nutritional recommendations for young athletes. Athletes showed sub-optimal energy availability on training days, high energy availability on recovery days and did not comply with carbohydrate intake recommendations on training nor recovery days. These results highlight the short-term inadequacy of energy availability as a result of low carbohydrate intake, warning about the possible adverse short-term metabolic effects on health and performance of young athletes.

Student physical education teaching achievement test incorporating biomechanics analysis via decision tree algorithm

In the context of China’s economic growth, building a “sports power” is crucial. With the Internet’s development, the nation focuses on physical education curriculum and students’ test results. Currently, Chinese students’ physical education achievements are mainly evaluated by storage, inquiry, and basic statistics. Digital mining is under - utilized, leaving much data unexplored. But digital education’s progress has brought educational data to the fore, enabling schools to find value and patterns for better teaching decisions. In this case, this paper delves into the integration of biomechanics analysis into the assessment of student physical education teaching achievements. Biomechanics offers invaluable insights into the mechanical aspects of human movement during physical activities. By examining biomechanical factors such as joint angles, muscle forces, and movement velocities during various sports, a more profound understanding of students’ physical capabilities and performance can be achieved. Taking the physical test results of students in a specific school as a case study, this research employs data mining technology to explore the rich dataset. The optimized decision tree algorithm is then utilized to analyze the biomechanics - related data. This algorithm enables the identification of key factors that influence students’ physical test outcomes. For instance, it can pinpoint how a student’s running gait mechanics, including stride length, frequency, and leg - muscle activation patterns, affect their performance in track - and - field events. Through this comprehensive approach, the paper not only aims to uncover hidden information within the physical test data but also to elucidate the intricate interplay between biomechanics and students’ overall physical education performance. By dissecting the factors that influence physical test results from a biomechanical perspective, this study provides actionable insights for enhancing physical education teaching methods. Educators can leverage these findings to design personalized teaching programs that cater to the unique biomechanical characteristics of each student, thereby optimizing the effectiveness of physical education and promoting students’ physical development and athletic performance.

Next-Generation Potentiometric Sensors: A Review of Flexible and Wearable Technologies

In recent years, the field of wearable sensors has undergone significant evolution, emerging as a pivotal topic of research due to the capacity of such sensors to gather physiological data during various human activities. Transitioning from basic fitness trackers, these sensors are continuously being improved, with the ultimate objective to make compact, sophisticated, highly integrated, and adaptable multi-functional devices that seamlessly connect to clothing or the body, and continuously monitor bodily signals without impeding the wearer’s comfort or well-being. Potentiometric sensors, leveraging a range of different solid contact materials, have emerged as a preferred choice for wearable chemical or biological sensors. Nanomaterials play a pivotal role, offering unique properties, such as high conductivity and surface-to-volume ratios. This article provides a review of recent advancements in wearable potentiometric sensors utilizing various solid contacts, with a particular emphasis on nanomaterials. These sensors are employed for precise ion concentration determinations, notably sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and chloride, in human biological fluids. This review highlights two primary applications, that is, (1) the enhancement of athletic performance by continuous monitoring of ion levels in sweat to gauge the athlete’s health status, and (2) the facilitation of clinical diagnosis and preventive healthcare by monitoring the health status of patients, in particular to detect early signs of dehydration, fatigue, and muscle spasms.

Standardised activities in wheelchair rugby, comparison between athletes with coordination impairment and athletes with other impairments

IntroductionTo determine if athletes with coordination impairment (CI) can continue playing wheelchair rugby (WR), while an evidence-based classification system, including impairment tests for CI is not yet available. This is a defensible practise if they show similar activity limitations as athletes with other eligible impairment types (OI) within the same sports class.MethodsStandardised activities were measured in 58 elite WR athletes; 14 with CI and 44 with OI. Wheelchair activities consisted of 20-meter sprint, 12-meter sprint with full stop, intermittent sprint (3-meter sprint, stop, 3-meter sprint, stop, 6-meter sprint with full stop), sprint-curve-slalom-curve, turn on the spot 180°, turn on the spot 90°, stop, turn 90°in the same direction, X-test (short circuit with sharp turns) without the ball. Ball activities consisted of maximal throwing distance, precision throwing short (25% of maximum throw) and long (75% of maximal throw) distance and X-test with the ball (pick-up the ball and dribble whilst pushing). Descriptive statistics were used and Spearman’s Rank correlation was assessed for athletes with CI and OI for each outcome measure. Differences between athletes with CI and OI were assessed using a Mann-Whitney U test.ResultsMost activities showed a high correlation with the athlete class in both athletes with CI and athletes with OI. Furthermore, outcome measures of athletes with CI overlapped with athletes with OI in the same sports class for all activities. There was a trend for worse performance in athletes with CI in turn on the spot 90°, stop, turn 90°in the same direction, the short distance one handed precision throw (P 0.11)and in the X-test with the ball (P 0.10).DiscussionDespite the current lack of evidence based impairment tests for CI, it is a defensible practise to not exclude athletes with CI from WR with the current classification system. The trends for differences in performance that were found can support athletes and coaches in optimising performance of athletes with CI.

Sleep-wake patterns of fencing athletes: a long-term wearable device study

Objective Sleep is the most efficient means of recovery for athletes, guaranteeing optimal athletic performance. However, many athletes frequently experience sleep problems. Our study aims to describe the sleep-wake patterns of fencing athletes and determine whether factors, such as sex, competitive level and training schedules, could affect the sleep-wake rhythm. Methods Sleep data from 23 fencing athletes were collected using the Huawei Band 6, monitoring key sleep parameters such as bedtime, wake time, duration of deep and light sleep, wake periods, REM sleep duration, and nap duration. During this period, athletes were required to wear the band continuously for 24 hours daily, except bathing, charging, and competition times. Results Athletes averaged 7.97 hours of sleep per night, with significant differences observed in wake time (p = 0.015) and midpoint of sleep (p = 0.048) between high-level and low-level athletes, as well as a higher frequency of naps among high-level (χ2 = 11.97, p = 0.001) and female (χ2 = 3.88, p = 0.049) athletes. Nap duration was negatively correlated with night sleep duration (r = − 0.270, p &lt; 0.001). Athletes were observed for changes in sleep-wake patterns from Monday to Sunday. On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, when there was no morning training, the athletes’ wake-up time and the midpoint of sleep were shifted significantly backward, and there were significant differences in sleep parameters between training days and rest days. Conclusion The sleep patterns of athletes differ according to level and gender. The sleep-wake patterns of athletes are influenced by training schedules, indicating the presence of sleep rhythm disruption.

Generative A.I. in sport advertising: effects of source-message (in)congruence, model types and A.I. awareness

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of artificial intelligence (A.I.) awareness, advertisement models and source-message incongruence on consumer evaluations of A.I.-generated advertisements. It explores how these factors interact in shaping consumer perceptions and advertising effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachA 2 (source-message (in)congruence: incongruent vs. congruent) x 3 (A.I. awareness: unawareness, pre-advertisement, post-advertisement) x 3 (advertisement model: traditional human, virtual human, digital twin) between-subjects design was employed in this study. Using stratified random sampling, a total of 231 undergraduate students were recruited from course groups and randomly assigned to one of nine experimental treatments, each involving the viewing of a specific A.I.-generated advertisement followed by a survey. Data were analyzed using two-way ANCOVA and regression analyses, controlling for participants' involvement in sports and brand.FindingsThe results indicated that A.I. awareness timing, advertisement model types and source-message incongruence significantly affected consumer evaluations of advertisements. A.I. awareness generally had a positive impact on evaluations, with the most favorable outcomes when awareness of the A.I.-generated nature occurred after viewing the advertisement. Virtual human models were rated the lowest, while digital twin and traditional human models received similarly positive evaluations. Source-message incongruence negatively influenced evaluations. An interaction effect was observed between A.I. awareness timing and advertisement model types under high source-message incongruence, where virtual human models showed the highest effectiveness when A.I. awareness occurred after viewing.Originality/valueGiven that sports are characterized by the transcendence of human limitations and the emphasis on physical and emotional challenges – elements that A.I. cannot replicate – it is essential to examine how sports consumers perceive A.I., which, despite offering efficiency and personalization advantages, contrasts with the fundamentally human nature of athletic performance. This research contributes to the literature on A.I.-generated advertising by uniquely investigating the interaction between A.I. awareness timing and advertisement model types within the context of source-message incongruence. It offers critical insights for practitioners and researchers on strategically timing A.I.-generated ad disclosures and selecting appropriate advertisement models to optimize their effectiveness. By addressing these underexplored variables, the study enhances understanding of consumer perceptions and provides a foundation for more effective A.I. integration in advertising practices.

Research on the biomechanics and animation assistance of backbasket throwing embroidery ball technique

Objective: This study aims to use biomechanical analysis of sports to create animations and innovate projection methods to improve the competitive level of ethnic sports such as throwing embroidered balls in baskets. Method: Utilizing methods such as analytical mechanics, animation production, and mathematical statistics, the results of training competitions were statistically analyzed to select scientific techniques for throwing embroidered balls into baskets. The prototypes and trajectories of these techniques were then animated to create visual projection technology for training guidance. Innovative projection technology was developed to improve athletic performance. Result: The competitive level of basket throwing embroidered ball is lagging behind, there is a lack of research on projection techniques, and the competition rules are not perfect. Excellent players mainly use short flat (α ≤ 30°) projection method, with a projection speed between 17.32 m/s and 18.97 m/s. The arc top of the projection trajectory is between 4.75 m and 5.5 m from the ground, and the landing point is within the receiving area, forming an effective receiving area. The receiver can easily judge the reception within the effective area, making it easy to achieve good results. Conclusion: The combination of biomechanics and animation production technology can effectively assist in improving the projection technology of basket throwing embroidered balls. Using short flat projection method to control the projection cycle can effectively improve performance, improve and unify the use of balls in competitions, and apply drone aerial photography technology to assist referees in making decisions, thereby improving the competitive level and standardization of embroidered ball throwing.

Application of Artificial Intelligence Advances in Athletics Industry: A Review

ABSTRACTWith the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, the athletics field is undergoing profound changes. This transformation is reflected not only in the ways of training and competition but also in the overall enhancement of athletes' performance and the efficiency of event management. The introduction of AI has made data analysis feasible, enabling coaches and athletes to gain deeper insights and make more informed decisions. This paper reviews the current applications of AI in the athletics domain and its enhancement of athlete performance and competitive strategies, focusing on the practical applications of AI in event management, performance analysis, injury detection, and personalized training. Furthermore, AI systems support coaches in intelligent analysis by integrating historical data with real‐time data, thereby improving the efficiency of tactical decision‐making. However, despite the significant achievements in AI applications, a series of challenges remain, including the lack of high‐quality datasets, insufficient model interpretability, and ethical and privacy issues. In light of these challenges, we also propose viewpoints on future development directions aimed at promoting the intelligent transformation of the athletics industry.

Interdisciplinary Study on the Peculiarities of Preserving the Mental Health of Minors and Youth in Conditions of Martial Law

According to estimates by experts from the World Health Organization, approximately 10 million citizens in Ukraine may be at risk of mental disorders that are directly associated with post- and long-COVID conditions, as well as the ongoing effects of martial law. These challenges have led to significant changes in the nation’s psycho-neurological and psycho-emotional health. Under ICD-11, recognized risk factors span infections, depression, substance addictions, polydrug use, smoking, and excessive consumption of alcohol or psychoactive substances. In wartime, such mental health disorders can reduce educational attainment, limit athletic performance, and undermine work capacity and professional qualifications. Recognizing the urgent need to address these issues, an interdisciplinary study has been conducted to identify the root causes and the conditions that give rise to mental health challenges among minors and youth. Drawing on forensic medical practice, it emphasizes the necessity of protecting the psychological well-being of the younger population during martial law. In addition, the study clarifies its relevance by examining factors that adversely affect minors and youth, including the stressful impacts of ongoing conflict and restricted access to support systems. It also explores psychological support methods that are both environmentally safe and sanctioned for use in Ukraine. Findings show that when psychologists with specialized training are involved, minors’ and youth mental health is safeguarded. By using evidence-based approaches, they boost resilience and foster healthier outcomes under challenging conditions. Such efforts not only preserve individual well-being but also support the broader goal of sustaining a capable population in times of crisis.

Kinesio Taping does not Enhance Jump Performance and Muscle Activity in Female Athletes.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Kinesio Taping (KT) application on the single-leg counter-movement jump (CMJ) and surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity in trained female athletes, in both resting and fatigued states. In this single-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial, twenty-four healthy trained female athletes were randomly assigned to either the KT (n=12) or the sham tape group (n=12). KT was applied using an inhibition technique on rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles of the dominant leg. A single-leg CMJ test and sEMG activity were recorded at baseline (no tape), as well as at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after taping. To induce acute neuromuscular fatigue, a 30-second repetitive CMJ test was used to evaluate KT in fatigued states. In the resting states, both groups exhibited improvements in jump height, power, mean velocity, and sEMG activity (%EMGmax) over time, with no significant between-group differences. The single-leg CMJ performance was similarly decreased after the muscle fatigue protocol in both groups, showing no between-group differences. Our findings suggest that KT treatment does not appear to influence jumping performance, sEMG activity, or muscle fatigue in female athletes.

Inter-segmental coordination variability during hopping and running on natural and synthetic turf surfaces.

An athlete's performance and musculoskeletal health hinges on their ability to adapt their movements to varying environmental constraints. However, research has yet to offer a thorough understanding of whether coordination variability is altered in response to different synthetic and natural turf surfaces. The purpose of this study was to investigate lower extremity coordination variability during hopping and running on four turf surfaces-three synthetic and one natural. Continuous relative phase (CRP) variability of six segment couplings was computed to examine coordination variability during the braking and propulsion sub-phases of running and hopping. Coordination variability in the sagittal plane pelvis-thigh coupling during the braking sub-phase of hopping was significantly affected by turf surface (χ2 (3) = 8.365, p = .039), with significantly less CRP variability observed on the firmest of the synthetic surfaces compared to the natural turf (55.3° ± 16.8° vs. 67.1° ± 17.2°, p = .032, W = .16). No other significant surface effects were observed. Our findings suggest that lower extremity inter-segmental coordination variability is largely unaffected by different turf surfaces during an acute exposure. However, the reduced variability observed between the pelvis and thigh during hopping may indicate decreased flexibility of the motor system and warrants further attention.

Time-of-day effects on physical performance and perceptual responses in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes

ABSTRACT This study investigated how the time of day affects physical performance and perceptual responses in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes. Given the significance of circadian rhythms on athletic capabilities, we aimed to determine whether performance variations occur across different times of the day (morning, 10:00–11:00h; afternoon, 14:00–15:00h; and evening, 18:00–19:00h) and if these effects differ by sex. In total, 23 BJJ athletes (9 females, 14 males) participated in this study. The athletes performed physical tests including the maximal isometric handgrip strength test (HGS), Kimono Grip Strength Endurance Test (KGST), and a BJJ-specific test (BJJST) in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Perceptual responses (RPE) were also collected before the BJJST. Results showed enhanced physical performance in the evening for most tests, including increased HGS and superior performance in the KGST and BJJST for both sexes (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in perceptual responses (RPE) or between sexes (p > 0.05). We conclude that BJJ athletes generally perform better in the evening compared to other times of the day, with notable improvements in HSG and specific BJJ tests. The study highlights the importance of aligning training schedules with an athlete’s circadian rhythm to optimize performance, leading to more efficient training sessions and improved long-term performance outcomes.

Reporting of Regression Models for Ordinal Responses in Sports Sciences Field: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACTThe integration of statistical methods in sports sciences has become essential for decision‐making in performance analysis, injury prevention, and athlete outcomes. This work presents a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines to explore the application of ordinal regression models in the sports sciences field. A comprehensive search of articles published prior to March 4, 2023 identified 34 included studies. This search included widely recognized databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, and specialized journals of sports statistics, such as the Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, and the Journal of Sports Analytics. The analysis reveals that 26.5% of these articles were published in statistics and sports statistics journals. Notably, R emerged as the primary software used for analysis in 38.8% of the studies. However, a significant majority (82.4%) of the studies did not provide data and code repositories. Among sports, soccer had the highest representation (28.6%), followed by basketball (17.1%). The most reported ordinal model was the proportional odds model (32.3%), followed by the mixed effects proportional odds model (11.8%), while a relevant proportion (29.4%) did not report the model used. Furthermore, 23.5% of articles proposed novel models. Validation tests for proportional odds models were not conducted in 53.3% of cases. This review underscores the importance of improved reporting practices, inclusivity in sport representation, and statistical education in advancing sports analytics.

Effects of high-intensity training on jumping performance among athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis

This review aims to conduct a meta-analysis of the impact of high-intensity training (HIT) on athlete jumping performance. As of May 2024, we conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and EBSCOhost databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Use the PEDro scale to evaluate the methodological quality of the included study. Meta-analysis of random effects model calculations. Conduct subgroup analysis (participant age, gender, training experience, intervention length and frequency). 18 high-quality studies met the inclusion criteria, including 490 athletes aged between 6 and 27 years old. The results showed that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has a moderate effect on athlete jumping performance (ES = 0.918), while high-intensity functional training (HIFT) has a small effect on athlete jumping performance (ES = 0.581). The sub analysis of moderating variables includes 19 datasets. Compared with the control group, HIT has a positive impact on the jumping performance of athletes. The training experience, age, gender, intervention frequency, and intervention length of participants did not have a significant impact on the jumping performance of athletes, indicating the applicability of HIT as a training method. However, more extensive exercise experiments are needed to obtain stronger evidence.

Biomechanical assistance for basketball training movements based on cross-domain EEG physical fitness classification

Cross-domain EEG signals offer valuable insights into the cortical neuron activity patterns and the functional dynamics of the central nervous system (CNS). Within the framework of biomechanics, EEG has emerged as a critical tool to investigate the interplay between neural control and physical performance. This study explores EEG complexity parameters in specific brain regions of 24 elite athletes under three distinct states: Rest, unloaded exercise, and loaded exercise. By integrating biomechanical and electrophysiological analyses, the study uncovers functional adaptations in the parietal and occipital regions, key centers for somatosensory and visual processing, respectively, in high-performance athletes. The findings reveal no significant gender differences in EEG complexity under these conditions, but highlight the effects of long-term specialized training in enhancing CNS adaptability. This adaptation is reflected in a reduced reliance on visual input, a trait distinguishing elite athletes from non-athletes. Despite the small sample size, correlations between three nonlinear EEG parameters—maximum Lyapunov exponent, approximate entropy, and Lempel-Ziv complexity—and CNS fatigue were observed. These parameters provide a robust framework for monitoring CNS fatigue and assessing the effects of exercise on neural function. This study bridges biomechanics and neural analysis, offering a novel perspective on CNS functionality under varying exercise states. The results contribute a theoretical foundation for the development of biomechanical guidance systems tailored for basketball training, with implications for optimizing athletic performance and promoting CNS health.